What are three examples of reservoirs of infections?
Exercise 1.9
- Reservoirs:
- Portals of exit:
- Modes of transmission:
- Portals of entry:
- Factors in host susceptibility:
What are the 6 links in the chain of infection?
- Pathogen or infectious agent — the infection cause
- Reservoir or carrie r — the person, animal or environmental source
- Portal of exit — the way the infection comes out of the body, such as through the respiratory tract, skin contact, mucus or blood
How do you break the chain of infection?
Break the chain by cleaning your hands frequently, staying up to date on your vaccines (including the flu shot), covering coughs and sneezes and staying home when sick, following the rules for standard and contact isolation, using personal protective equipment the right way, cleaning and disinfecting the environment, sterilizing medical instruments and equipment, following safe injection practices, and using antibiotics wisely to prevent antibiotic resistance.
What is the correct order of the chain of infection?
What is the correct order of the chain of infection for transmission of a disease from one person to another? Select one: a. establishment, portal of entry, transmission, portal of exit, reservoir, pathogen b. pathogen, reservoir, portal of exit, transmission, portal of entry, establishment
Which is an example of a reservoir for infection?
Examples of reservoirs are standing water, a person with a common cold or syphilis, or a dog with rabies. Mode of Transmission. Since microorganisms cannot travel on their own, they require a vehicle to carry them to other persons and places.
What is the reservoir in the chain of infection *?
Reservoir. The reservoir of an infectious agent is the habitat in which the agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies. Reservoirs include humans, animals, and the environment. The reservoir may or may not be the source from which an agent is transferred to a host.
What is a human reservoir?
Human reservoirs are human beings infected by pathogens that exist on or within the human body. Poliomyelitis and smallpox exist exclusively within a human reservoir.
Where is the reservoir of the microorganism?
The reservoir is the place where microorganisms live, such as in humans and animals, in soils, food, plants, air or water. The reservoir must meet the needs of the pathogen in order for the pathogen to survive and multiply.
What is reservoir and types of reservoir?
There are three types of reservoirs: The valley-dammed reservoir, which floods a valley. The bank-side reservoir, which diverts water from local rivers. The service reservoir, which is usually a concrete structure holding water.
What are the three most common reservoir hosts?
The reservoir Common reservoirs for infectious agents include humans, animals or insects and the environment.
What is a reservoir system?
A reservoir system has three main components: a reservoir, an aquifer, and a transition zone (interface) between the two. A reservoir is a porous and permeable rock saturated with oil or gas in buoyancy pressure equilibrium with a free water level (zero buoyancy pressure).
What is a reservoir and vector?
A disease reservoir is analogous to a water reservoir. But instead of supplying water, a disease reservoir serves as a supply for a virus or other pathogen. Vector: Any living creature that can pass an infection to another living creature.
What is a reservoir microbiology quizlet?
reservoir of infection. source, living or inanimate object, that provides a pathogen with adequate conditions for survival and multiplication and an opportunity for transmission.
How do you break the chain of infection reservoir?
Break the chain by cleaning your hands frequently, staying up to date on your vaccines (including the flu shot), covering coughs and sneezes and staying home when sick, following the rules for standard and contact isolation, using personal protective equipment the right way, cleaning and disinfecting the environment, ...
In which of the following ways can microorganisms leave the reservoir?
A portal of exit is a way for a microorganism to leave the reservoir. For example, the microorganism may leave the reservoir through the nose or mouth when someone sneezes or coughs, or can be carried away from the body by feces from an infected bowel.
Which of the following is a primary reservoir of zoonotic infection?
Wild animals seem to be involved in the epidemiology of most zoonoses and serve as major reservoirs for transmission of zoonotic agents to domestic animals and humans.
What are some examples of chain of infection?
Example of a Chain of Infection. An example of illness resulting from the chain of infection is the common cold. In this case, the pathogen is often referred to as rhinovirus. The reservoir is another person carrying this virus, who then propels the virus into the air via a portal of exit, such as a cough or sneeze.
How does a reservoir work?
The reservoir may be a human, an animal, or part of the environment. The pathogen exits its reservoir and is transmitted toward the new host. One method of transmission from a human reservoir is coughing. The pathogen then enters the new host. It may be inhaled or ingested.
What is the term for the natural environment that a pathogen requires to survive?
Pathogen :the disease-causing organism. Reservoir: the natural environment that the pathogen requires to survive. Portal of exit: what is needed for the pathogen to leave the reservoir. Means of transmission: how the pathogen passes directly or indirectly from one reservoir to the next.
What is the route of transmission of a virus?
The route of transmission is direct to the new host, which takes place through inhalation (the portal of entry) of the virus. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, knowledge of the portals of exit, entry, and modes of transmission provides a basis for determining appropriate control measures.
What is the second link in pathogens?
The second link is the reservoir. This is the natural environment that the pathogen requires for survival. Reservoirs can be a person, an animal, or an environmental component, such as soil or water. This link can be broken through medical treatment and testing, insect and rodent eradication, or quarantine.
Source of Infection
We refer to the source of infection as the origin from which a host acquires the infection, either endogenous (i.e. originating from a person’s own commensal microbial flora) or exogenous (i.e. an individual, animal or object that in the external environment of the host).
Human reservoir
By far the most important source or reservoir of infection for humans is the man himself.
What is the chain of infection?
The Chain of Infection. In order for the spread of infectious diseases to take place, the ‘chain of infection’ must be completed. The First link in the chain is the causative agent. This is the harmful germ or pathogen that can cause infection, illness. and disease. Examples include bacteria and viruses. The Second link is the reservoir or source.
How do pathogens enter the body?
Pathogens can enter the body by coming into contact with broken skin, being breathed in or eaten, coming into contact with the eyes, nose and mouth or, for example, when needles or catheters are inserted. The Sixth link in the chain is a person at risk. A person at risk is the individual the pathogen moves to.
Why is it important to protect people from infection?
The steps taken to protect individuals and workers from infection are an important part of providing high quality care and support . It is vital to remember that not everybody who carries harmful micro-organisms will be ill or show any symptoms , so you must work in ways that prevent infection at all times.
What is the second link of a pathogen?
The Second link is the reservoir or source. This is where pathogens live and multiply. Remember, that could be in or on a person or animal (host), or in soil or water. The Third link is the means of exit. This is how pathogens leave source.
What is the 6th link in the chain?
The Sixth link in the chain is a person at risk. A person at risk is the individual the pathogen moves to. The risk of a person becoming infected depends on factors such as their general health and the strength of their immune system (which is the body’s system for fighting germs and micro-organisms)
What is reservoir in infectious agents?
Reservoir. The reservoir of an infectious agent is the habitat in which the agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies. Reservoirs include humans, animals, and the environment. The reservoir may or may not be the source from which an agent is transferred to a host. For example, the reservoir of Clostridium botulinum is soil, ...
What is the final link in the chain of infection?
The final link in the chain of infection is a susceptible host. Susceptibility of a host depends on genetic or constitutional factors, specific immunity, and nonspecific factors that affect an individual’s ability to resist infection or to limit pathogenicity.
How is vectorborne transmitted?
Vectorborne (mechanical or biologic) In direct transmission, an infectious agent is transferred from a reservoir to a susceptible host by direct contact or droplet spread. Direct contact occurs through skin-to-skin contact, kissing, and sexual intercourse.
What is the pathogen triad?
As described above, the traditional epidemiologic triad model holds that infectious diseases result from the interaction of agent, host, and environment . More specifically, transmission occurs when the agent leaves its reservoir or host through a portal of exit, is conveyed by some mode of transmission, and enters through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host. This sequence is sometimes called the chain of infection.
What is herd immunity?
In theory, herd immunity means that not everyone in a community needs to be resistant (immune) to prevent disease spread and occurrence of an outbreak. In practice, herd immunity has not prevented outbreaks of measles and rubella in populations with immunization levels as high as 85% to 90%.
What is the purpose of knowledge of the portals of exit and entry and modes of transmission?
Knowledge of the portals of exit and entry and modes of transmission provides a basis for determining appropriate control measures. In general, control measures are usually directed against the segment in the infection chain that is most susceptible to intervention, unless practical issues dictate otherwise.
What is the portal of exit?
Portal of exit is the path by which a pathogen leaves its host. The portal of exit usually corresponds to the site where the pathogen is localized. For example, influenza viruses and Mycobacterium tuberculosis exit the respiratory tract, schistosomes through urine, cholera vibrios in feces, Sarcoptes scabiei in scabies skin lesions, and enterovirus 70, a cause of hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, in conjunctival secretions. Some bloodborne agents can exit by crossing the placenta from mother to fetus (rubella, syphilis, toxoplasmosis), while others exit through cuts or needles in the skin (hepatitis B) or blood-sucking arthropods (malaria).
Source of Infection
Source vs Reservoir of Infection
Types of Reservoirs
- The reservoir of infection may be of three types: 1. Human reservoir 2. Animal reservoir, and 3. Reservoir in non-living things.
Human Reservoir
- By far the most important source or reservoir of infection for humans is the man himself.
- He may be a case or carrier.
Animal Reservoir
- The source of infection may sometimes be animals and birds.
- These, like the human sources of infection, maybe cases or carriers.
- The diseases and infections which are transmissible to man from vertebrates are called zoonoses. There are over 100 zoonotic diseases which may be conveyed to man from animals and birds.
- The source of infection may sometimes be animals and birds.
- These, like the human sources of infection, maybe cases or carriers.
- The diseases and infections which are transmissible to man from vertebrates are called zoonoses. There are over 100 zoonotic diseases which may be conveyed to man from animals and birds.
- The best known examples are rabies, yellow fever and influenza. The role of pigs and ducks in the spread of epidemic and pandemic influenza both as reservoirs, carriers and “amplifying hosts” is no...
Reservoir in Non-Living Things
- Soil and inanimate matter can also act as reservoirs of infection.
- For example, the soil may harbour agents that cause tetanus, anthrax, coccidioidomycosis, and mycetoma.
References
- Park, K. (n.d.). Park’s textbook of preventive and social medicine.
- Beaglehole, Robert, Bonita, Ruth, Kjellström, Tord & World Health Organization. (1993). Basic epidemiology, Updated reprint. World Health Organization.
- https://wiki.ecdc.europa.eu/fem/w/wiki/source-of-infection
- Hennekens CH, Buring JE. Epidemiology in Medicine, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1987.