What is the revisionist approach?
If you describe a person or their views as revisionist, you mean that they reject traditionally held beliefs about a particular historical event or events. [formal] Revisionist history must be challenged by historical research. ...
What does being a revisionist mean?
/rɪˈvɪʒ. ən.ɪst/ examining and trying to change existing beliefs about how events happened or what their importance or meaning is: revisionist historians.
What is the revisionist view of history?
When used as a criticism in everyday conversation, “revisionist history” refers to conscious, intentional misstatements about things in the past, whether distant or recent. It can be used in the context of personal lives and relationships—the cause of an argument, for instance—or in political and cultural discussions.
What is an example of revisionist?
The Nazi Holocaust is one of the most well-known examples of historical revision or denial. The deniers' argument was that the Nazi regime's murder of some six million Jews during World War II did not occur.
Who was the leader of the revisionists?
Eduard Bernstein, a close acquaintance of Marx and Engels, was one of the first major revisionists, and was prominent in the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).
Which countries are revisionist?
Powerful and influential nations in international relations such as the United Kingdom, France and other nations like Japan that are better placed in the world order, are likely to fall under the category of status quo states while North Korea, Turkey, Iran and other nations dissatisfied with their place in the ...
What is the purpose of revisionist historians?
Revisionist historians use deception techniques to help achieve their political or ideological goals. Because historians are credited as people who single-mindedly pursue truth, revisionist historians capitalize on the profession's credibility and present their pseudohistory as true scholarship.
Why is revisionist history needed or important?
The ideal of historical revisionism is to find the truth in a past occurrence, complete historical panoramas, and enrich the way we view the events that have shaped our current reality. As long as the historiographic objective is to know and interpret history better, it can be a valuable epistemic tool.
Who created revisionist history?
Malcolm GladwellRevisionist History is a podcast by Malcolm Gladwell produced by Gladwell's company Pushkin Industries. It began in 2016 and has aired six 10-episode seasons.
What are the main differences in approach in traditional and revisionist histories?
While traditional accounts of history tend to focus on specific aspects of a historical event, historical revisionists take a holistic view when writing history. In other words, historical revisionists try to take into account facts and information that reflect the overall event rather than a small set of elements.
What is the opposite of revisionist history?
Historical negationism, also called denialism, is falsification or distortion of the historical record. It should not be conflated with historical revisionism, a broader term that extends to newly evidenced, fairly reasoned academic reinterpretations of history.
What is a synonym for revisionist?
nounperson who stirs up others for a cause. anarchist. demagogue. disrupter. dissident.
What is a synonym for revisionist?
nounperson who stirs up others for a cause. anarchist. demagogue. disrupter. dissident.
What is revisionist literature?
In analysis of works of fiction, revisionism denotes the retelling of a conventional or established narrative with significant variations which deliberately "revise" the view shown in the original work.
What is a post revisionist historian?
The post-revisionist vision In the 1970s and 1980s, a group of historians called the post-revisionists argued that the foundations of the Cold War were neither the fault of the U.S. nor the Soviet Union. They viewed the Cold War as something inevitable.
Do you think historical revisionism is good or bad Why?
Historical revisionism is both positive and negative, positive when it brings to light new or historically valid information that enlightens readers about hitherto unknown historical realities, and negative when historical interpretation is changed by selectively using historical evidence that supports a particular set ...
What is revision theory?
Revision theory is a subfield of philosophical logic. It consists of a general theory of definitions, including (but not limited to) circular and interdependent concepts. A circular definition is one in which the concept being defined occurs in the statement defining it—for example, defining a G as being blue and to the left of a G.
Who developed revision theory?
The philosophical background of revision theory is developed by Gupta and Belnap. Other philosophers, such as Aladdin Yaqūb, have developed philosophical interpretations of revision theory in the context of theories of truth, but not in the general context of circular definitions.
What is revision sequence?
Revision sequences are sequences of hypotheses satisfying extra conditions. We will focus here on sequences that are#N#ω {displaystyle omega }#N#-long, since transfinite revision sequences require the additional specification of what to do at limit stages.
Why is revision theory important?
Although circular definitions have been regarded as logically incorrect or incoherent, revision theory demonstrates that they are meaningful and can be studied with mathematical and philosophical logic. It has been used to provide circular analyses of philosophical and logical concepts.
Is revision theory a standard theory?
In general, there is no unique extension on which revision will settle. Revision theory offers an alternative to the standard theory of definitions. The standard theory maintains that good definitions have two features. First, defined symbols can always be eliminated, replaced by what defines them.
Is revision theory the same as definitional equivalence?
Revision theory distinguishes material equivalence from definitional equivalence. The sets of definitions use the latter. In general, definitional equivalence is not the same as material equivalence. Given a definition
What is the difference between revisionism and Marxism?
Revisionism is something very different. Revisionism is to revise the revolutionary heart out of Marxism. Revisionists are those who turn revolutionary science into its opposite.
What is the nature of the reactionary state?
Such is the nature of the reactionary state. Those revolutionaries who try to enter the state only end up getting captured in the process. They do not capture the state, the state captures them. Rather, the old state must be smashed. A dual power must be built within society to contest with the old power.
Why is Third World socialism not a part of First World capitalism?
Third World socialism will not measure up to First World capitalism in terms of creating a consumer society because socialism is based on sustainability and not based on imperialism.
What is Marxism science?
Marxism is simply applying science to the task of total liberation, to the task of reaching Leading Light Communism. Like any science, revolutionary science evolves over time. If any deviation from Marx’s original works were revisionism, then everything published after Marx’s lifetime would be revisionist. This is not the case.
Was Mao right when he said we must oppose book worship?
Mao was right when he said we must oppose book worship. We should not quote the classics of Marxism in the same way that Jesuits quote the Bible. Real Marxism, Leading Light Communism, is not a dogma, it is simply revolutionary science.
Do revisionists say we need to go all the way to communism?
Failure to go all the way to Leading Light Communism. Some revisionists say that we do not need to go all the way to communism. This revisionism is one that downplays the need to continue class struggle under socialism. These revisionists say that class struggle simply dies out under socialism.
What was revisionism in the 1950s?
In the 1940s and 1950s within the international communist movement, revisionism was a term used by Marxist-Leninists to describe communists who focused on consumer goods production instead of heavy industry; accepted national differences instead of promoting proletarian internationalism; and encouraged liberal reforms instead of remaining faithful to established doctrine. Revisionism was also one of the charges leveled at Titoists as punishment for their pursuit of a relatively independent communist ideology, amidst a series of post- World War II purges beginning in 1949 in Eastern Europe by the Soviet administration under Stalin. After Stalin's death, a more democratic form of socialism briefly became acceptable in Hungary during Imre Nagy 's government (1953–1955) and in Poland during Władysław Gomułka 's government, containing ideas that the rest of the Soviet bloc and the Soviet Union itself variously considered revisionist, although neither Nagy nor Gomułka described themselves as revisionists, since to do so would have been self-deprecating.
Who was Eduard Bernstein?
Eduard Bernstein, an early revisionist. Within the Marxist movement, revisionism represents various ideas, principles and theories that are based on a significant revision of fundamental Marxist premises that usually involve making an alliance with the bourgeois class . The term revisionism is most often used by those Marxists who believe ...
What is revisionism in science?
Revisionism describes the process of critically reviewing established theories and suggesting amendments. It comes into play when newer findings contradict older theories, or when a mistake is discovered in the previously held explanations during reexamination.
Where does the word "revisionism" come from?
The word ‘Revisionism’ is derived from the Latin word ‘revidere’, which means, to view again.
How Does Historical Revisionism Influence History?
It has always been known that, history is written by the one who is victorious. However, the victor’s version is often biased, and the facts are usually exaggerated in his favor. With the passage of time, as the true sequence of events are forgotten, this biased version of history is all that remains, and when it starts to be accepted as actual history, the entire system gets tainted.
Why are theories subject to change?
They are subject to change when ongoing research finds new evidences that support a different explanation. As such, often, it is seen that, older theories which have been held for a long time have to be altered or even completely abandoned in favor of newly developed ones.
Why is revision important?
Revisionism is important for maintaining the accuracy of human knowledge.
What is the study of history?
The study of history is a part of social and natural sciences. In it, facts and information about the past are gathered through various means, such as studying old documents, analyzing ancient artifacts, etc. Through this information, historical theories are formed. Like any other scientific theory, historical theories too are subject ...
Do revisionist historians work?
Most modern-day revisionist historians do legitimate work. However, just as other branches of science have to deal with pseudosciences, historians too have to deal with illegitimate historical revisionists theories.
Who led the revisionist school of just war theory?
In recent years, the revisionist school of just war theory, led by Jeff McMahan, has radically undermined Walzer's defense of these principles. This essay situates Walzer's and the revisionists’ arguments, before illustrating the disturbing vision of the morality of war that results from revisionist premises.
What is the theory of just war?
Modern analytical just war theory starts with Michael Walzer's defense of key tenets of the laws of war in his Just and Unjust Wars. Walzer advocates noncombatant immunity, proportionality, and combatant equality: combatants in war must target only combatants; unintentional harms that they inflict on noncombatants must be proportionate to ...
What is Michael Walzer's theory of war?
Michael Walzer's Just and Unjust Wars was influential in numerous academic disciplines, as well as in public policy and military education; its uptake in analytical just war theory is only one dimension of that influence. Just and Unjust Wars takes on realists and pacifists, addresses questions of resort, conduct, and aftermath, and explores topics that have since been largely (and inexplicably) neglected, including the ethics of sieges, reprisals, and maintaining neutrality while other states make war. Noncombatant immunity, proportionality, and combatant equality are only part of his theory, but are at the heart of the “war convention” that Walzer sought to vindicate: “the set of articulated norms, customs, professional codes, legal precepts, religious and philosophical principles, and reciprocal arrangements that shape our judgements of military conduct.” 10
Who is the most influential critic of Walzer's arguments?
The most influential proponent of the revisionist critique of Walzer has been the philosopher Jeff McMahan, but similar arguments have been advanced by others. 21
Who wrote Just and Unjust Wars?
Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New York: Basic Books, 2006), 44.
Overview
Revision theory is a subfield of philosophical logic. It consists of a general theory of definitions, including (but not limited to) circular and interdependent concepts. A circular definition is one in which the concept being defined occurs in the statement defining it—for example, defining a G as being blue and to the left of a G. Revision theory provides formal semantics for defined expressions, and formal proof systems study the logic of circular expressions.
History
Revision theory is a generalization of the revision theories of truth developed Anil Gupta, Hans Herzberger, and Nuel Belnap. In the revision theories of Gupta and Herzberger, revision is supposed to reflect intuitive evaluations of sentences that use the truth predicate. Some sentences are stable in their evaluations, such as the truth-teller sentence,
The truth-teller is true.
Philosophical background
The philosophical background of revision theory is developed by Gupta and Belnap. Other philosophers, such as Aladdin Yaqūb, have developed philosophical interpretations of revision theory in the context of theories of truth, but not in the general context of circular definitions.
Gupta and Belnap maintain that circular concepts are meaningful and logically acceptable. Circular definitions are formally tractable, as demonstrated by the formal semantics of revision t…
Semantics for circular predicates
The central semantic idea of revision theory is that a definition, such as that of being a , provides a rule of revision that tells one what the new extension for the definiendum should be, given a hypothetical extension of the definiendum and information concerning the undefined expressions. Repeated application of a rule of revision generates sequences of hypotheses, which can be used to define logics of circular concepts. In work on revision theory, it is common to use the symbol, , …
Sequences
Revision sequences are sequences of hypotheses satisfying extra conditions. We will focus here on sequences that are -long, since transfinite revision sequences require the additional specification of what to do at limit stages.
Let be a sequence of hypotheses, and let be the -th hypothesis in . An -long sequence of hypotheses is a revision sequence just in case for all ,
Examples
For the first example, let be Let the domain of the ground model be {a, b} , and let and . There are then four possible hypotheses for : , {a} , {b} , {a, b} . The first few steps of the revision sequences starting from those hypotheses are illustrated by the following table.
As can be seen in the table, goes in and out of the extension of . It never stabilizes. On the other hand, either stays in or stays out. It is stable, but whether it is stably true or stably false depends …
Transfinite revision
For some definitions, validity is not strong enough. For example, in definition , even though every number is eventually stably in the extension of , the universally quantified sentence is not valid. The reason is that for any given sentence to be valid, it must stabilize to true after finitely many revisions. On the other hand, needs infinitely many revisions, unless the initial hypothesis already assigns all the natural numbers as the extension of .
Finite definitions
While validity outstrips validity, in general, there is a special case in which the two coincide, finite definitions. Loosely speaking, a definition is finite if all revision sequences stop producing new hypotheses after a finite number of revisions. To put it more precisely, we define a hypothesis as reflexive just in case there is an such that . A definition is finite iff for all models , for all hypotheses , there is a natural number , such that is reflexive. Gupta showed that if is finite, then validity and vali…