what is the scientific name for shortleaf pine

What is the scientific name of the pine tree?

subgenus Pinus, section Trifoliae (Duhamel), subsection Australes (Loudon). Pinus echinata, first described in 1768 by Philip Miller (1691–1771), is commonly known as shortleaf pine, shortstraw pine, and southern yellow pine.

What is a shortleaf pine?

The shortleaf pine is one of the southern US " southern yellow pines; it is also occasionally called southern yellow pine or the shortstraw pine. This pine occupies a variety of habitats from rocky uplands to wet flood plains.

What is the average site index of a shortleaf pine tree?

Site indices for shortleaf pine on these sites may exceed 30 m (100 ft). Very shallow, rocky soils on upland sites in the lower rainfall sections of the species' range have very low site indices, sometimes as low as 10 m (33 ft) (21).

What is the size of a shortleaf pine cone?

The cones are 4–7 cm ( 1 3⁄4 in) long, with thin scales with a transverse keel and a short prickle. They open at maturity but are persistent. Shortleaf pine seedlings develop a persistent J-shaped crook near the ground surface.

What is the scientific name for a shortleaf pine tree?

Pinus echinata. Species Native to Missouri. Common Name: short-leaf pine. Type: Needled evergreen.

What is shortleaf pine used for?

Shortleaf pine's wood is typically used for lumber, plywood, composites, and pulp. When shortleaf pine is grown on a quality site it can reach heights of 100 ft with diameters of 36 inches; at 70 years heights of 130 ft and diameters of 48 inches have been recorded (Lawson and Edwin 1990; Alden 1997).

What family is Pinus Echinata?

Pine familyShortleaf pine / FamilyThe Pinaceae, or pine family, are conifer trees or shrubs, including many of the well-known conifers of commercial importance such as cedars, firs, hemlocks, larches, pines and spruces. The family is included in the order Pinales, formerly known as Coniferales. Wikipedia

How do you identify a shortleaf pine?

The cones are reddish-brown in color aging to a dull grey-brown. The scales have a short, sharp, small prickle. Shortleaf pine has contrasting border colors on the cone scale tips. The cones are open at maturity but stay attached to the twigs and branches for 2- 3 years, leaving the crown full of cones of various ages.

Is shortleaf pine edible?

Edible parts of Short-Leaf Pine: A vanillin flavouring is obtained as a by-product of other resins that are released from the pulpwood.

How long do shortleaf pine trees live?

200 yearsShortleaf pine is a medium to large tree reaching 80 to 100 feet tall and 2–3 feet in diameter in a lifespan of 200 years.

What animal eats Shortleaf pine?

Shortleaf pine is sometimes planted as an evergreen ornamental and as a screen in urban areas. The seeds of shortleaf pine are eaten by birds and small mammals. Squirrels may cut the cones and eat the seeds before the cones open naturally (23).

How do you plant a Shortleaf pine tree?

Shortleaf pine can be planted from October through February. Late planting in March or April becomes increasingly more risky and is not recommended. Do handle the seedlings carefully. Shortleaf root system is sensitive to rough handling and exposure to sun or wind.

Where do shortleaf pines grow?

Distribution and habitat Shortleaf pine has the largest range of the southern US yellow pines. It is found from southernmost New York, south to northern Florida, west to eastern Texas and Oklahoma. This pine occupies a variety of habitats from rocky uplands to wet flood plains.

What is the difference between a Longleaf Pine and a loblolly pine?

Longleaf pine naturally grows straighter, tapers less, and produces a stronger, heavier wood than loblolly pine. The superior wood quality brings top dollar for poles, pilings and grade sawtimber. While longleaf trees grow slow at first, they can catch-up on nutrient poor sites. Longleaf lives longer than other trees.

What kind of pine tree has long needles?

Longleaf pine (pinus palustris) has the longest pine needles measuring 18” (45 cm) long.

What are the different types of pine trees?

Pinus sylvestrisStone pineEastern white pineMountain pinePinus nigraPinus pinasterPine/Lower classifications

Is shortleaf pine a softwood?

Comments: Shortleaf Pine is considered to be in the group of southern yellow pines, and shares many characteristics with other species of this group (Longleaf, Slash, and Loblolly Pine) such as being: hard, dense, and possessing an excellent strength-to-weight ratio.

What is the difference between long needle and short needle pine straw?

Short-needle pine straw is the shedding from either a loblolly pine or the slash pine tree. The needles can range from about 6 to 10 inches in length and are light brown in color. Long-needle pine straw comes from the southern yellow pine tree, and needles range in length from 12 to 18 inches.

What is the difference between a loblolly and a longleaf pine?

Typically, stands of loblolly contain less than 15 percent pole quality trees. Longleaf pine wood is stronger, straighter, and produces more growth rings per inch than other pines – characteristics favored for high grade sawtimber.

How many needles does a short leaf pine have?

The shortleaf pine produces needles in fascicles of two and three needles that range in length from 3 to 5 inches.

What is a shortleaf pine tree?

Shortleaf pine is a large tree with a long, clear trunk and broad, open crown. Leaves are needles, from persistent sheaths at the base of the needles; needles in bundles of 2 (sometimes 3), 3–5 inches long, slender, flexible, not twisted, sharp-pointed, dark bluish-green.

What is the purpose of shortleaf pine in Missouri?

Missouri’s shortleaf pine forests provided countless railroad ties for our nation’s expanding transportation network in the early 20th century. Its contribution to the growth of railroads therefore contributed to the growth of our nation's economy. The wood is also used for general construction, exterior and interior finishing, and pulpwood.

What type of pines are found in Missouri?

The bottom line is, unless you are at an old home site or at a place where the nonnative pines have been cultivated and might persist on a local scale, the only type of pine you will encounter in the wild in Missouri is almost always the shortleaf pine.

Why are shortleaf pines being restored?

Once a dominant tree community over much of the Ozarks, shortleaf pine woodlands are being restored not only for their intrinsic value and the sake of the plants and animals associated with them, but also for future generations to know and appreciate this part of our state’s natural heritage.

What is pine wood used for?

The wood is also used for general construction, exterior and interior finishing, and pulpwood. Teas made from pines once were used to treat many ailments. Many old-time Missouri place-names include the word "piney" (for example, the Piney River), reflecting the former prevalence of pine woods in those areas.

How tall are trees and shrubs?

There are no sharp dividing lines between trees, shrubs, and woody vines, or even between woody and nonwoody plants. “Wood” is a type of tissue made of cellulose and lignin that many plants develop as they mature — whether they are “woody” or not. Trees are woody plants over 13 feet tall with a single trunk. Shrubs are less than 13 feet tall, with multiple stems. Vines require support or else sprawl over the ground.

Is shortleaf pine native to Missouri?

Similar species: Shortleaf pine is Missouri's only native pine species. The other five pines included in our flora are nonnative species that are commonly planted in timber plantations, for wildlife habitat, for erosion control, or as ornamentals:

What is a shortleaf pine?

This pine is a source of wood pulp, plywood veneer, and lumber for a variety of uses. The shortleaf pine is one of the southern US " southern yellow pines; it is also occasionally called southern yellow pine or the shortstraw pine. This pine occupies a variety of habitats from rocky uplands to wet flood plains.

Where is the shortleaf pine native to?

Pinus echinata, the shortleaf pine, is a species of pine native to the eastern United States from southernmost New York, south to northern Florida, west to eastern Oklahoma, and southwest to eastern Texas. Shortleaf pine has the largest range of the southern US yellow pines, but reaches its ecological maxima around western Arkansas in ...

What is the size of a resin pocket on a pinus echinata?

Pinus echinata bark with resin pockets visible as small, ~1 mm diameter depressions. This feature can be used to distinguish P. echinata from all other Pinus species within its native range.

Where is Pinus echinata native to?

subsect. Australes. Mill. Pinus echinata, the shortleaf pine, is a species of pine native to the eastern United States from southernmost New York, south to northern Florida, west to eastern Oklahoma, and southwest to eastern Texas.

Where is the shortleaf pine tree located?

Shortleaf pine has the largest range of the southern US yellow pines, but reaches its ecological maxima around western Arkansas in the Ouachita Mountains. The tree is variable in form, sometimes straight, sometimes crooked, with an irregular crown.

Is loblolly pine a hybrid?

It frequently hybridizes naturally with loblolly pine and pitch pine where their ranges intersect. Hybridization with loblolly pine has become increasingly frequent in recent decades and results in a loss of fire tolerance. This pine is a source of wood pulp, plywood veneer, and lumber for a variety of uses.

What is the purpose of shortleaf pine forests?

Provides excellent nesting sites for woodpeckers and shelter to other species; deer graze on young sprouts while some animals feed on the seeds; the shortleaf pine forests aid in preventing sandy soil from erosion. Uses. Good source of wood pulp, lumber, and plywood veneer. IUCN Conservation Status. Least Concern.

What type of tree has a straight crown?

It can tolerate varied soil and site conditions and maintains steady growth rate for a long period. Shortleaf Pine. Shortleaf Pine Tree.

Is shortleaf pine bonsai?

Interesting Facts. Like most pines, Shortleaf pine is a popular bonsai. Young trees may sprout from the base especially after fires or mowing which differentiate them from other southern pines. A deep taproot develops early in its life cycle, which helps it to grow on poor sites.

How tall is a shortleaf pine tree?

Description. Shortleaf pine is an evergreen coniferous species of tree that grows to mature heights of 125 feet (40 m) with a straight trunk to 48 inches (1.2 m) in diameter, measured at breast height, and rounded to conic crown. Bark is red-brown in color, scaly-plated with evident resin pockets ...

What is a pinus echinata?

Pinus echinata, first described in 1768 by Philip Miller (1691–1771), is commonly known as shortleaf pine, shortstraw pine, and southern yellow pine. The species named is derived from the Latin term, echinatus, meaning prickly, obviously describing the short, prickly foliage. Ethnobotany. This pine is highly valued for timber and pulpwood.

Where is Pinus echinata located?

Pinus echinata — a large tree growing in North Carolina, USA.

Physical Properties of Shortleaf Pine Wood

Color of wood: The dry Heartwood is colored from orange to reddish-brown. The sapwood is yellowish-white. The sapwood is thicker in the second-growth stands. When the tree is 10 years old, the Heartwood is grown. The sapwood is 25 millimeters to 50 millimeters in thickness in the case of old trees and grown in the sides.

Mechanical properties of Shortleaf Pine Wood

The shortleaf pine is inferior to the longleaf pine, but they are categorized in the same genera as the grading rule.

Uses of Shortleaf Pine Wood

A grading rule is used to determine the limit of density and strength of the trees of the Southern pine genera. With the help of the grading rule, a list is made, making the selection of wood of superior strength and density for the works in the construction site easy.

What is shortleaf pine?

Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) is one of the four most important commercial conifers in the southeastern United States. Depending upon locale, the species is also called shortleaf yellow, southern yellow, oldfield, shortstraw, or Arkansas soft pine. Shortleaf pine tolerates a wide range of soil and site conditions and maintains its growth rate for a relatively long period. However, the species tends to grow slower during the early years after establishment than other southern pines. Shortleaf pine is the most common species regenerated in the northern and western parts of its range.

Where does shortleaf pine grow?

It grows in 22 States over more than 1 139 600 km² (440,000 mi²), from southeastern New York and New Jersey west to Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, Kentucky, southwestern Illinois, and southern Missouri; south to eastern Oklahoma and eastern Texas; and east to northern Florida and northeast through the Atlantic Coast States to Delaware (33). In 1915, shortleaf pine was reported to grow in 24 States. Fossil pollen found in Michigan suggests that it may have once grown there (18).

What type of forest cover is shortleaf pine?

Shortleaf pine is now considered a major component of three forest cover types (Society of American Foresters, 16), Shortleaf Pine (Type 75), Shortleaf Pine-Oak (Type 76), and Loblolly Pine-Shortleaf Pine (Type 80). Although shortleaf pine grows very well on good sites, it is generally only temporary and gives way to more competitive species, particularly hardwoods. It is more competitive on drier sites with thin, rocky, and nutrient deficient soils. With the species' ability to grow on the medium and poor sites, it is not surprising that shortleaf pine is a minor component of at least 15 other forest cover types.

Why does shortleaf pine grow in even age?

Because of its intolerance to shade and other environmental factors, shortleaf pine commonly grows in even-aged stands (22,32). Natural and artificial regeneration methods are used to establish such stands (4). Uneven-aged management is feasible, however, and may be an attractive alternative for small tracts of land (44,45,67).

How much precipitation does a shortleaf pine get?

Annual precipitation averages between 1020 mm (40 in) on the western edge of its range and 1520 mm (60 in) at the southern tip of its range (59).

What type of soil does shortleaf pine grow in?

Shortleaf pine's adaptability to a great variety of site and soil conditions partly accounts for its wide distribution. The best growth rate is on South Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain soils. However, most of the soils that shortleaf pine occupies are classed in the order Ultisols and suborder Udults. Soils in this suborder are usually moist and relatively low in organic matter in subsurface horizons. They are formed in humid climates that have short or few dry periods during the year. Two great soil groups, Paleudults and Hapludults, include the primary soils occupied by shortleaf pine. Paleudults have a thick horizon of clay accumulation without appreciable weatherable materials. Hapludults may have either relatively thin clay subsurface horizons or a subsurface horizon with appreciable weatherable materials, or both. Shortleaf pine may occupy soils in other orders, but they do not constitute a significant part of its range (58).

What are some examples of shortleaf pine hybrids?

For example, shortleaf pine can be crossed with slash pin e (Pinus elliottii) to yield progeny that are resistant to fusiform rust, a disease to which slash pine is highly susceptible. Shortleaf pine has been successfully crossed with slash, loblolly, longleaf, and Sonderegger pines (P. elliottii, P. taeda, P. palustris, and P. x sondereggeri) (50,55). Some of the hybrids have also been backcrossed. Shortleaf pine x loblolly pine hybrids have also shown resistance to fusiform rust, have grown as well as or better than one or both parents, and have shown increased resistance to cold and ice damage (30). Characteristics of most shortleaf hybrids, as well as other pine hybrids, are intermediate between the parent species. Fusiform rust resistance of shortleaf x slash hybrids, however, is closer to shortleaf pine than slash pine (66). The longleaf x shortleaf pine hybrid is difficult to produce and crosses have yielded only a few seedlings. These have shown intermediate characteristics, but seedling height growth was not delayed as it is characteristically for longleaf pine. Shortleaf x pitch pine (P. echinata x P. rigida) and Table Mountain x shortleaf pine (P. pungens x P. echinata) hybrids have also been produced and generally have intermediate characteristics (14).

What is southern pine used for?

Dense southern pine is preferred in heavy construction, such as bridges, trestles, and dock works. Shortleaf and loblolly pines are used for construction where strength is not as important. Southern pine lumber shares with Douglas-fir the major market for laminated softwood timbers.

Where does loblolly pine grow?

Loblolly pine grows on the Coastal Plain and Piedmont from southern New Jersey to eastern Texas and as far south as central Florida (fig. 1). Its wide range, occurrence in pure stands, and general utility make it the most com-mercially important southern pine species. This species grows on a wide variety of soils, but it grows best on soils that have poor to moderate surface drainage, a deep surface layer, and a firm subsoil. Loblolly pine grows at all elevations up to 2,000 feet. Where it does not grow in pure stands, loblolly pine is found in mixtures with shortleaf pine and many hardwoods and com-petes with other trees to about the same degree as shortleaf pine.

Overview

Description

Taxonomy

Distribution and habitat

Ecology

Uses

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