What is the structure of chloroplast?
The Chloroplast is single, large and reticulate, which remains embedded in the cytoplasm. It extends from one end of the cell to the other end. Cells are uninucleate and nucleus is generally present in the centre of the cell within the cytoplasm or it may be excentric.
What is the shape of Oedogonium cells?
Cells of the genus Oedogonium are narrow and cylindrical in shape. The algal body consists of green, un-branched, and multi-cellular filaments, arranged end to end. Every cell of the filamentous algal body (called the thallus) is similar in shape apart from the apical cell (the uppermost) and the holdfast cell (the lowermost).
What is the structure of protoplasm in Oedogonium?
The protoplasm of Oedogonium is contained by a plasma membrane, and consists of a single nucleus, reticulate chloroplasts, cytoplasm and a central vacuole. Cell sap (contained by the central vacuole) is made up of inorganic compounds, excretions and secretions.
What is the shape of the reticulum in chloroplast?
The chloroplast is characteristically reticulate, extending or covering the whole cell and encircling the protoplast (Fig. 2 A, B). The strands of reticulum may be broad or narrow depending upon the species. In most of the cases the strands are parallel to the long axis of the cell.
What is the shape of Oedogonium?
Cells of the genus Oedogonium are narrow and cylindrical in shape. The algal body consists of green, un-branched, and multi-cellular filaments, arranged end to end.
What is the shape of chloroplast?
Chloroplasts are a type of plastid—a round, oval, or disk-shaped body that is involved in the synthesis and storage of foodstuffs.
What is the shape of chloroplast in Zygnema *?
Star-shaped chloroplastStar-shaped chloroplast remains in the cell of Zygnema.
What is the shape of chloroplast in Ulothrix?
girdle-shapedThe shape of the chloroplast in Ulothrix is girdle-shaped.
Which algae has discoid shaped chloroplast?
The chloroplast is lens-shaped, oval, discoid,cup-shaped, girdle shaped, reticulate, plate-like, ribbon-shaped, or spiral. Chlamydomonas is unicellular green algae. The shape of Chlamydomonas chloroplast is cup-shaped....Detailed Solution.Chloroplast shapeExamplesReticulateOedogoniumRibbon shapedEctocarpus2 more rows
What are the types of chloroplast?
The rhodophyte and chloroplastidan lineages are the largest, with chloroplastidan (green) being the one that contains the land plants.Glaucophyta.Rhodophyceae (red algae)Chloroplastida (green algae and plants)Paulinella chromatophora.Green algal derived chloroplasts.Red algal derived chloroplasts.More items...
What is the shape of chloroplast in Chlorella?
The chloroplasts are parietal, cup-shaped, or plate-like, and sometimes bear pyrenoids.
What is the shape of chloroplast in Spirogyra and Chlamydomonas?
Chloroplast in Chlamydomonas is cup- shaped. It is one celled structure. Whereas stellate, spiral and collar shaped chloroplasts are present in Zygnema, Spirogyra and Ulothrix respectively.
Which green algae has star shaped chloroplasts?
Zygnema Green AlgaeA common sight floating atop stagnant water, algae of the genus Zygnema can be identified microscopically by its two star-shaped chloroplasts per cell.
What is the shape of chloroplast present in Volvox?
Like Chlamydomonas, each spherical or ovoid cell has two equal flagella with a pair of contractile vacuoles at their base and a large cup-shaped chloroplast with a single pyrenoid.
What is spiral chloroplast?
Named for their beautiful spiral chloroplasts, spirogyras are filamentous algae that consist of thin unbranched chains of cylindrical cells. They can form masses that float near the surface of streams and ponds, buoyed by oxygen bubbles released during photosynthesis.
What is the structure of Chlamydomonas?
Structure. Chlamydomonas is a small (<10 um) unicellular, mobile organism. It is roughly spherical in shape with two anterior flagellae that it uses to 'swim' in a breast-stroke-like manner. Unlike many green algae, the cell wall is not made of cellulose (as it is in land plants) but instead of a glycoprotein.
What is the shape of chloroplast in lower plants?
Shape –The shape of the chloroplast in lower plants is generally variable. The chloroplasts may be filamentous, discoid spheroid, ovoid or club shaped etc. But in most of the algal cells large reticulate, spiral or stellate chloroplasts are present.
How does the shape of chloroplast help its function?
The structure of the chloroplast is adapted to the function it performs: Thylakoids – flattened discs have a small internal volume to maximise hydrogen gradient upon proton accumulation. Grana – thylakoids are arranged into stacks to increase SA:Vol ratio of the thylakoid membrane.
What does chloroplast look like under a microscope?
Chloroplast structure Chloroplasts are larger than mitochondria and can be seen more easily by light microscopy. Since they contain chlorophyll, which is green, chloroplasts can be seen without staining and are clearly visible within living plant cells.
What is the protoplasm of Oedogonium made of?
The protoplasm of Oedogonium is contained by a plasma membrane , and consists of a single nucleus, reticulate chloroplasts, cytoplasm and a central vacuole. Cell sap (contained by the central vacuole) is made up of inorganic compounds, excretions and secretions.
What are the two sections of the genus Oedogonium?
In 1991 a paper by Mrozińska presented a new taxonomic classification of the genus Oedogonium and a proposed division into two sections: I. Monospermatozoideae and II. Dispermatozoideae. These sections were based on the different number of spermatozoids the antheridial (male sex organ containing) cell expresses.
How does oedogonium reproduce?
Oedogonium can reproduce asexually by fragmentation of the filaments, germination of aplanospores and akinetes, and through zoospores. In fragmentation, the filament splits apart and each fragment reproduces to form a fully functioning thallus.
How many ORFs does Oedogonium have?
It has four long open reading frames (ORFs), containing 99 different conserved genes. Two of these ORFs showed high similarities to genes not usually found in cpDNA (chloroplast DNAs). The chloroplastic genome of Oedogonium reveals character evidence for a close alliance between the OCC clade.
Why is oedogonium difficult to identify?
Although quite common, Oedogonium is difficult to identify, since key ID factors are only present during reproduction, which is an uncommon life stage among this genus. Oedogonium has been found to be important in the fixation of heavy metals in freshwater ecosystems.
What is an oedogonium?
Oedogonium is a genus of filamentous, free-living green algae, first discovered in the fresh waters of Poland 1860 by W. Hilse and later named by German scientist K. E. Hirn. The morphology of Oedogonium is unique, with an interior and exterior that function very differently from one another and change throughout its life cycle. These protists reside in freshwater ecosystems in both hemispheres and are both benthic and planktonic in nature. Forming algal patches on water's surface, they interact closely with a multitude of other algae. These filamentous cell's life cycles include both sexual and asexual reproduction, depending on life cycle stage. Although quite common, Oedogonium is difficult to identify, since key ID factors are only present during reproduction, which is an uncommon life stage among this genus. Oedogonium has been found to be important in the fixation of heavy metals in freshwater ecosystems.
When was the first Oedogonium species discovered?
Oedogonium species were first reported in the late 19th century by Hilse (1860), Gołowin (1964), Kirchner (1878), Kozłowski (1895) and Gutwiński (1897). Hilse was a Polish phycologist who studied freshwater systems in hopes of learning more about microorganisms and how they interacted with their environment.
What is the cell structure of Oedogonium?
Cell Structure of Oedogonium: The intercalary cells are longer than their breadth and are cylindrical in outline. The cells are surrounded by thick and rigid cell wall (Fig. 3.72B). The cell wall is differentiated into three layers an outer chitin, middle pectin and innermost cellulosic.
What are the characteristics of Oedogonium?
Important Features of Oedogonium: 1. This is a common fresh water alga growing on substratum like sand particles, rocks etc. 2. The plant body is unbranched, filamentous and differentiated into apex and base. 3. Cells have reticulate chloroplasts. 4. Presence of caps on the young dividing cells.
What are the two groups of oedogonium?
Based on the size of the male (antheridial) filament the species of Oedogonium are divided into two groups macrandrous and nannandrous type: 1. Macrandrous Type: In macrandrous type the antheridium develops in the filament of normal size.
What filament does a monoecious zoomeiospore develop into?
In monoecious species all the zoomeiospores develop into similar Oedogonium filament.
What are the three ways that oedogonium reproduce?
Oedogonium reproduces by all the three means: vegetative, asexual and sexual.
What is the cell with a cap called?
Towards the upper end of some cells a ring-like structure is present known as cap or apical cap (Fig. 3.72A). The cell with cap is called cap cell. The number of caps on a cell indicates the number of cell divisions in that cell.
How does filament growth occur?
Growth of the filament takes place through cell division (Fig. 3.73). All cells except apical and basal ones are capable of dividing through cell division though division remains restricted in some of the cells of the filament.
Overview
Morphology
Cells of the genus Oedogonium are narrow and cylindrical in shape. The algal body consists of green, un-branched, and multi-cellular filaments, arranged end to end. Every cell of the filamentous algal body (called the thallus) is similar in shape apart from the apical cell (the uppermost) and the holdfast cell (the lowermost). The apical cell is wider and always rounded at its tip (having a cap) relative to the other cells of the thallus. The holdfast cell, however, produces elongated gro…
Etymology
Although K.E. Hirn was the first to publish concerning Odeogoniales, it is not clear as to whether he was the first to discover this new genus. First named Oedogoniaceen (German), Hirn used his knowledge of the Latin language to describe and name the green algal genus; oedos meaning swelling/tumor, and gonos meaning offspring/seed. This name was meant to describe the morphology during sexual and asexual reproduction which he saw and described within his publi…
History of Knowledge
Oedogonium species were first reported in the late 19th century by Hilse (1860), Gołowin (1964), Kirchner (1878), Kozłowski (1895) and Gutwiński (1897). Hilse was a Polish phycologist who studied freshwater systems in hopes of learning more about microorganisms and how they interacted with their environment. Along with Oedogonium, Hilse is also credited with the discovery and classification of many diatoms. Mrozińska was the first to exam this group in ter…
Habitat and Ecology
Oedogonium resides in freshwater ecosystems and prefers stagnant waters, such as small ponds, pools, roadside ditches, marshes, lakes, and reservoirs. It grows over a large pH range (7.3-9.6) and presents a wide tolerance to variation in nutrient type and amount in water. Cells exist either fastened to substrate at the bottom of the water system or free-floating within. When free-floating they form polyalgal patches (mats) on the water's surface to establish a relatively static habitat. …
Life Cycles
Oedogonium can reproduce asexually by fragmentation of the filaments, germination of aplanospores and akinetes, and through zoospores. In fragmentation, the filament splits apart and each fragment reproduces to form a fully functioning thallus. Splitting can occur more than once at the same position of the filament, explaining why some cells have more than one cap. The splitting of fragmentation may or may not be intentional – it could occur due to natural damage …
Genetics
Oedogonium nuclear genomes are rather unexceptional, and genome size and organisation remain largely unstudied within its phylum.
Oedogonium contain chloroplast with very distinct genome architecture. This genome is 196,547bp in length, and is the most compact among photosynthetic chlorophytes. It has a nonconforming quadripartite structure, with 17 group I and 4 group II introns – making it incredi…
Practical Importance
Recent studies from 2007 onwards have revealed that Oedogonium cells have a maximum high heavy metal absorption capacity (qe). The major mechanism of the lead–absorption interaction has been found to be ionic interactions and complex formation between metal cations and ligands contained within the structure of Oedogonium filaments. The biosorption of heavy metal ions by the Oedogoniales occur in two stages; an initial rapid uptake due to surface adsorption o…