What is the purpose of a traverse?
The purpose of traverse is to locate the unknown points relative to each other and to locate all points within the traverse relative to a common grid. Three elements of starting data are needed. They are the coordinates and height of a starting point and an azimuth to a visible azimuth mark.
What are the three types of traverse?
Closed (polygon) (6a), control-zigzag (6b) and control-linear (6c) traverses. One of the sources of uncertainty in the measurement of a horizontal angle in surveying comes from the instrument centring. There are two ways of evaluating the uncertainty coming from this source.
What is a traverse line?
A traverse is a series of connected lines whose lengths and directions are to be measured and the process of surveying to find such measurements is known as traversing. In general, chains are used to measure length and compass or theodolite are used to measure the direction of traverse lines.
How is traverse calculated in survey?
Thus, to obtain the area of the traverse, divide the sum of the double areas by two. For the side AB, the latitude AB' is a + latitude and (B'B+C'C)xAB' is twice the area of the triangle AB'B.
What is the principle of traversing?
The traversing is the field method which is used for delivering the control of different networks. This also involves the placing of the points in the line access in general conditions. The surveyed points for the base observation.
What are the methods of traversing?
Methods of TraversingChain traversing.Chain and compass traversing.Transit type traversing a)By fast needle method b)By measurement of angles between the lines.Plane table traversing.
What is a traverse in construction?
In the dictionary, traverse (noun) is defined as something that crosses, obstructs, or thwarts; obstacle. In Civil 3D a traverse is used by surveyors in the field as a series of established stations tied together by angle and distance. There are different types of traverse depending on what is needed.
What is azimuth in survey?
What is Azimuth in Surveying? Azimuths are defined as horizontal angles that are measured from the reference meridian in the clockwise direction. Azimuths are also called a whole circle bearing system(W.C.B). Azimuths are used in compass surveying, plane surveying, where it is generally measured from the north.
What is theodolite traverse?
Theodolite traverse survey is a method of establishing control points, their position being determined by measuring the distances between the traverse station which serve as control points and the angles subtended at the various stations by their adjacent stations.
How do you plot a traverse?
5 Main Methods of Plotting a Traverse Survey | Compass Surveying |SurveyingMethod # 1. By Parallel Meridians through Each Station:Method # 2. By Included Angles:Method # 3. By Central Meridian or Paper Protractor:Method # 4. By Rectangular Co-Ordinates:Method # 5. By Chords:
What is open and closed traverse?
There are two types of traverse surveying. They are: 1. Closed traverse: When the lines form a circuit which ends at the starting point, it is known as closed traverse. 2. Open traverse : When the lines form a circuit ends elsewhere except starting point, it is said to be an open traverse.
What is bearing in survey?
In land surveying, a bearing is the clockwise or counterclockwise angle between north or south and a direction. For example, bearings are recorded as N57°E, S51°E, S21°W, N87°W, or N15°W.
What does traverse mean in hiking?
To move sideways across a mountain face, or to climb a mountain by one route and come down by another.
What is the difference between travel and traverse?
"traverse" specifically means to cross from one side of something to the other, possibly repeatedly (back and forth), and is a less common word. "travel" is general-purpose and can be used for any journey of reasonable length.
Whats a traverse on a mountain?
A traverse is a lateral move or route when climbing or descending (including skiing); going mainly sideways rather than up or down. The general sense of 'a Traverse' is to cross, or cut across and in general mountaineering, a road or path traveled traverses the steep gradient of the face.
What is the synonym of traverse?
peregrinate, proceed (along), track, transit, travel.
What is traverse?
Traverse means traveling through. In CE terms, traversing in surveying where it refers to a line surveyed across a plot of ground. The actual meani...
What is the Bowditch method?
The basis of this method is on the assumption that the errors in linear measurements are proportional to f and that the errors in angular measureme...
What is closing error?
When a close traverse is plotted according to field measurements, the ends of the traverse usually do not coincide owing to the error in the measur...
How are bearings measured?
Bearings are measured by theodolite fitted with a compass by loose needle method or fast needle method. If the angles measured by deflection angles method, angle to the right, traverse they are called deflection angle traverse. It is specially used in an urban survey where triangulation is not possible.
What does traverse mean in surveying?
The word traverse means ‘passing across.’. In surveying, it means ‘determining the lengths and directions of consecutive lines.’. The linear measurements are made with tape or chain, and the relative directions of the lines are measured with a compass, theodolite or Chain.
How to determine traverse?
The lengths of the lines are determined by direct measurement of horizontal distances, slope measurement, or by indirect measurement using the methods of stadia or the subtense bar.
What is a closed traverse?
Also, a traverse which ends and begins at positions on the plan is known are also referred to as a closed traverse (as per below trapezoidal drawing) A closed traverse is employed for locating the boundaries of lakes and woods across which tie lines cannot be measured, for area determination, control for mapping.
Why do the ends of a close traverse not coincide?
When a close traverse is plotted according to field measurements, the ends of the traverse usually do not coincide owing to the error in the measurement of angles and distances.
What is the magnetic bearing of the lines of the survey?
Compass and chain traversing, the magnetic bearings of the lines of the survey are t the length of lines is measured either with tape or with a chain and measured by a compass .
How to do chain traversing?
Chain traversing is done by taking linear measurements only. The chain angles concept is nothing but finding the angle between two adjacent sides by establishing the third side using tie stations. This angle between the sides can also be fixed by establishing a chord of known length between the sides.
What is a traverse?
Traverse (surveying) Traverse is a method in the field of surveying to establish control networks. It is also used in geodesy. Traverse networks involve placing survey stations along a line or path of travel, and then using the previously surveyed points as a base for observing the next point.
Which is more accurate, traverse or triangulate?
The traverse is more accurate than triangulateration (a combined function of the triangulation and trilateration practice).
What is a control point?
Control point — The primary/base control used for preliminary measurements; it may consist of any known point capable of establishing accurate control of distance and direction (i.e. coordinates, elevation, bearings, etc.).
What is observation in a traverse?
Observation – All known control points that are set or observed within the traverse.
What is a closed traverse?
Closed traverse: either originates from a station and returns to the same station completing a circuit, or runs between two known stations. Diagram of an open traverse. Open traverse: neither returns to its starting station, nor closes on any other known station. Diagram of a closed traverse.
Can a traverse change shape?
While in other systems, which may require the survey to be performed along a rigid polygon shape, the traverse can change to any shape and thus can accommodate a great deal of different terrains;
How to bisect a signal?
Release the upper clamp and swing the instruments to bisect the signal at P. Read vernier A and B record the reading.
How to bisect station mark?
Release the upper clamp. Swing the instruments clockwise to bisect the station mark at R.
How to read zero on a Vernier telescope?
Using the upper clamp and upper tangent screw, set Vernier A to read zero. Loosen the magnetic needle. Release the lower clamp and point the telescope in the magnetic needle comes to rest the zero position.
How to sight the first station P?
Release the lower clamp and swing the instruments to sight the first station P.
Which way to swing instruments to bisect signal at R?
Release the upper plate with the upper clamp and swing the instruments clockwise to bisect the signal at R. (traverse surveying)
What will give the deflection angle at P.?
Read vernier this will give the deflection angle at P.
What does Vernier A give?
The reading on vernier A gives directly the bearing on QR.
What is the measure of theodolite directions?
With the help of theodolites directions can be measured in the form of the bearings, Deflection angle, Angle to the right, interior angles or azimuths and distance with a tape, electric distance measuring equipment (EDM) or a tachometer in theodolite traversing.
Why is traversing a line of sight important?
It is a quick and easy way to establish horizontal control especially when the lines of sight are short owing to heavily built-up areas and unable to apply triangulation and trilateration. Following are the purposes of traversing
What is the best way to measure bearings?
Compass and theodolite can be used to measure bearing using either the lose needle method or the fast needle method.
What is the disadvantage of traversing a pond?
Its disadvantage is that when a traverse is close, work done is double as once going and once coming back.
What is traverse line?
Definition Traverse – a series of points (stations), each one intervisible with its adjacent points. The lines joining these stations are the traverse lines, consists of the measurement of angles (bearing) and length (distance) of each line.
What is the purpose of theodolite?
The various purposes for which theodolite can be used are for measuring horizontal angles, vertical angles, deflection angles, magnetic bearings, the horizontal distance between two points, the vertical height of an object. It is also used for ranging a line and finding the difference of elevation between various points.
What type of survey is suitable for roads, canals, rail tracks and sewerages?
This type of traverse survey is suitable for roads, canals, rail tracks and sewerages or pipes.
What do you use to measure angular measurements?
In Theodolite traversing basically, we have to use the theodolite and we have to attach the compass to the theodolite for angular measurements also we need to use chain or tape for linear measurements.
What is traversing survey?
Traverse Surveying – Definition, Types, Methods, Checks. Definition: Traverse is a series of connecting lines or paths. This process is called traversing. Let us assume an area and some points over there, connecting all points by traversing through these points for survey of that area is Traverse.
What is the fast needle method?
If we use the fast needle method then we will measure angles at each and every station along with the angle we also measure the bearing at the first station. In this case, the chances of local attraction are less because we only use the compass at the first station.
What is chain traversing?
Chain Traversing. As the name indicate the method of traversing in which the whole work is performed with the chain and tape is called chain traversing. In chain traversing, there is no angle measurement is used and the directions of the lines are fixed entirely by linear measurements.
How many types of traverse surveying are there?
There are two types of traverse surveying.
What is the difference between departure D and departure BC?
Line BC lies on the 2nd Quadrant so Latitude L is negative (-ve) and Departure D is (+ve).
What is the line on the NS axis called?
So Projection of a line ‘AB’ on the ‘NS’ axis is called Latitude.
What is traversing in surveying?
Traversing in surveying is used to establish a network of control points.
What are the objectives of traversing?
Objectives of Traversing in Surveying. The main objectives of traversing may be listed as follows: 1. To establish the control points for other methods of surveying such as plane table surveying, chain surveying etc.
What is chain traversing?
1. Chain Traversing (Traversing by means of chaining using chains and tapes).
What is link traverse?
A link traverse is the type of traverse where an open type traverse is linked at the ends of an existing traverse so as to form a closed loop or closed traverse. The closing line is generally defined by the coordinates at the endpoints which have been determined by the previous survey.
What is it called when a traverse starts and finishes at a point other than the starting point of known coordinate?
If a traverse starts and finishes at points other than the starting point of known coordinates, then such traverse is known as an open traverse.
What is the series of straight lines that connect the survey stations?
Traverse may be defined as the series of straight lines that connect the survey stations. In this method of surveying, the co-ordinates of the first established station, as well as the bearing of the first line, are determined, then, the co-ordinates of all the successive stations are computed using the formula:
How to correct latitude and departure?
Correction of Latitude or Departure = (Total error in Latitude or Departure* Length of the leg)/ Perimeter of the traverse
What Is Traverse Surveying?
- Traversing is a sort of survey in which a network of connected survey lines forms the framework and the survey lines’ directions and lengths are measured using an angle measuring instrument and tape or chain, respectively. Traverse surveying is a means of accurately surveying a field or other area by establishing a network of fixed points and measu...
Methods of Traversing
- The traversal is done using four alternative ways, which are categorized based on the survey instrument utilized. The methods are as follows.
Traversing Methods Advantages and Disadvantages
- Chain Traversing
Advantages 1. Easy for use and cheap 2. Accurate 3. Can be done as a one-man job 4. Accuracy is not affected by the skill of the surveyor or by an error in the transit Disadvantages 1. It is only applicable to a restricted number of surveys 2. Difficult to set up at a high angle and to traverse l… - Compass Traversing
Advantages 1. Can be applied to any survey 2. Simple and easy to use 3. Accurate 4. Not affected by the skill of the surveyor or by the error in the transit 5. Accuracy is affected by the medium and sensitivity of the compass Disadvantages 1. One of the most difficult methods. 2. Requires a hig…
Traverse Surveying FAQs
- What is the traversing method in surveying?
A traverse is a surveying approach for establishing control networks. Geodesy makes use of it as well. Traverse networks are constructed by installing survey stations along a line or course of travel and then using the previously surveyed sites as a base for surveying the following point. - What is a simultaneous traverse?
A simultaneous traverse is one in which two or more different instruments are used to establish points. It is often used when there isn’t enough time to take a set of bearings. Another advantage of the method is that it can be done by either a long-distance or short-distance surveyor.