What does triangulation mean in social science research?
In social science triangulation is defined as the mixing of data or methods so that diverse viewpoints or standpoints cast light upon a topic. The mixing of data types, known as data triangulation, is often thought to help in validating the claims that might arise from an initial pilot study.
What is triangulation in research examples?
Theory triangulation involves using multiple theoretical models to study a particular phenomenon or issue. For example, a researcher may use two different psychological theories to explain the same phenomenon, such as competitive and cooperative behavior in dogs.
What does it mean to triangulate your research?
According to the Encyclopedia of Research Design: Definition: Triangulation is the practice of using multiple sources of data or multiple approaches to analyzing data, to enhance the credibility of a research study.
What is an example of a triangulation?
Examples. If a parent refuses to acknowledge their children's personality and individualism, and at the same time, siblings are treated very differently and discouraged from communicating with one another except through the parent, it's triangulation.
What are the 4 types of triangulation?
In 1978, Norman Denzin identified four basic types of triangulation: (1) data triangulation: the use of multiple data sources in a single study; (2) investigator triangulation: the use of multiple investigators/research- ers to study a particular phenomenon; (3) theory triangulation: the use of multiple perspectives to ...
What is triangulation and why is it important?
Triangulation is a technique to analyze results of the same study using different methods of data collection. It is used for three main purposes: to enhance validity, to create a more in-depth picture of a research problem, and to interrogate different ways of understanding a research problem.
How do you triangulate research data?
Data triangulation involves the use of different sources of data/information. A key strategy is to categorize each group or type of stakeholder for the program that you are evaluating. Then, be certain to include a comparable number of people from each stakeholder group in the evaluation study.
Why is it called triangulation?
Triangulation is a term that was borrowed from surveying, where it refers to the collection of different compass bearings (usually three, hence triangulation) in order to pinpoint a location on a map.
What are three forms of triangulation?
301) proposes four basic types of triangulation: Data triangulation: involves time, space, and persons. Investigator triangulation: involves multiple researchers in an investigation. Theory triangulation: involves using more than one theoretical scheme in the interpretation of the phenomenon.
What are the steps of triangulation method?
The algorithm proceeds as follows :Add a point to the triangulation.Find all existing triangles whose circumcircle contains the new point (Figure 3-2). ... Delete these triangles, which creates (always) a convex cavity.Join the new point to all the vertices on the boundary of the cavity (Figure 3-2)
Is triangulation qualitative or quantitative?
Triangulation is mainly used in qualitative research, but it's also commonly applied in quantitative research. Mixed methods research always uses triangulation.
How is triangulation used?
Triangulation is a way of determining something's location using the locations of other things. It is commonly used by geologists to find the locations of Earthquakes, and is also used to determine spacecraft location.
How do you do triangulation in research?
Data triangulation involves the use of different sources of data/information. A key strategy is to categorize each group or type of stakeholder for the program that you are evaluating. Then, be certain to include a comparable number of people from each stakeholder group in the evaluation study.
What are three forms of triangulation?
Types of triangulation in researchData triangulation: Using data from different times, spaces, and people.Investigator triangulation: Involving multiple researchers in collecting or analyzing data.Theory triangulation: Using varying theoretical perspectives in your research.More items...•
What is an example of triangulation quizlet?
Involves the use of different data, which could mean using data collected from different sources; for example, two different schools or a single school at two different times.
Which of the following is not an example of triangulation?
Which of the following is not an example of triangulation? Taking results of a study back to the participants and asking for their feedback (this establishes the credibility of findings, but isn't triangulation; doesn't have to be 3 either).
What is triangulation in psychology?
Triangulation refers to the strategy of using multiple operationalizations of constructs to help separate the construct under consideration from other irrelevancies in the operationalization. At its simplest level, triangulation refers to the use of multiple measures to capture a construct. The triangulation strategy, however, also can be applied to multiple operationalizations of treatments and manipulations and to the use of multiple theories, analyses, analysts, methodologies, and research designs, to name but a few. At a basic level, the triangulation strategy requires an acknowledgment that no one measure in the social sciences is a perfect measurement of the construct under consideration. With only one measure of the construct, the error and biases inherent in the measure are inextricably confounded with the construct of interest. By using different measures with different irrelevancies, a researcher can bring into better focus the construct of interest. Although this triangulation logic was initially explicated in the social sciences in terms of measures (e.g., Campbell and Fiske 1959 ), the same logic can be extended to treatments, settings, populations, and many other aspects of the research enterprise. Although simple in concept, triangulation ‘carries with it a host of implications regarding the proper conduct of social research, the effects of imperfection or unreliability of measurement operations on the development of theory, and the manner in which our field might gradually attain the status of the more developed sciences’ (Crano 1981, p. 320).
What is triangulation in research?
Triangulation is an analysis technique used in multi-method research designs. Many research projects utilize more than one data collection method, leading to the development of different datasets. Datasets might be those collected from a quantitative survey or participant observation, for example. The results from the datasets are analyzed independently, but they also need to be compared to each other in some way. How they are compared depends on the methodological framework used. Triangulation is one technique to combine datasets, and three different kinds of triangulation can be distinguished: convergence, complementarity, and divergence or dissonance. These three kinds of triangulation are discussed in detail below.
What is the most common plotting method?
Triangulation is the most common plotting method used. This method can be employed anywhere, indoors or outdoors. The method requires two fixed reference points to locate the position of objects. (For example, if the crime scene is in a room, objects can be located by using the corners of the room.)
How does triangulation work?
Triangulation is a type of survey which starts at a baseline joining two positions with a known distance and grows by adding sides to form a triangle, measuring the angles formed – always exceeding 20° – and shaping a network of connected triangles whose sides have ‘calculated’ distances.
What are the two main datasets used in research?
The datasets are compared for convergence, complementarity, and divergence . If the results lead to the same conclusions, then the methods help to validate each other.
What are the three types of triangulation?
Triangulation is one technique to combine datasets, and three different kinds of triangulation can be distinguished: convergence, complementarity, and divergence or dissonance . These three kinds of triangulation are discussed in detail below.
What is analogue in medical informatics?
An analogue from the medical domain is the efforts that might be put into carrying out additional biochemical investigations on samples preserved for precisely that purpose. Examples from the medical informatics domain may be interviews of the respondents and the people involved, or supplementary questionnaires, or even elicitation of more data. An inspiring example can be found in ( Østbye et al. 1997 ), who used telephone consumption as an explicit measure, as in some cases it is feasible to retrieve information on the use of the phone from telephone companies or bills, or the like. Similarly, in a case study of an IT system, the verification of correctness of any outcome measure (see Section 11.1.7.5) that is judged significant for the study conclusion may be accomplished afterward, provided that the system has not changed in the interim. For instance, the study of Wiik and Lam (2000) uses kappa statistics; however, kappa statistics are not just obvious to everyone, and a reference to the formula applied is necessary for a reader with the relevant insight to be able to verify that the statistics are appropriately used and thus that the measures are valid (see also Section 11.1.2.2 ).
What is triangulation used for?
evaluation and research findings. Triangulation is used to combine the advantages of
Why is triangulation important in research?
This article discusses 'triangulation' as a strategy for increasing the validity of evaluation and research findings. Triangulation is used to combine the advantages of both the qualitative and the quantitative approach. Each method offers specific advantages as well as disadvantages. Recent developments in the philosophy of science have argued that the two traditions should not have a separate-but-equal status, and should instead interact. Triangulation is not aimed merely at validation but at deepening and widening one's understanding, and tends to support interdisciplinary research rather than a strongly bounded discipline of sociology or anthropology.
What is triangulation in social work?
The origins of 'triangulation' in social work and in the wider social sciences are only metaphorically related to the process in the discipline within the field of geography concerned with land surveying based on the laws of
What is perineal trauma?
Background: Perineal trauma is a common injury sustained during childbirth that, if not managed appropriately, can lead to significant physical and psychological morbidities. Knowledge and skills gaps for perineal wound trauma assessment and repair exist among health professionals and students. These deficits can be effectively addressed through structured education and training. Currently, there is a lack of research that has evaluated perineal trauma education and training in undergraduate midwifery programs. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a perineal wound assessment and repair workshop for midwifery students in their final year of study. Methods: A multi-method study design was used to measure knowledge, self-confidence and skills of a midwifery student cohort, before and after the implementation of an educational workshop on perineal wound assessment and repair. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 65 midwifery students in their final year of a Bachelor of Midwifery program at an Australian university. Results: Post-workshop mean test scores for a multiple-choice questionnaire were statistically significant (p < .0001) indicating an overall improvement in students’ knowledge in perineal wound assessment and repair. Students’ self-assessment on their knowledge, confidence and skills in anatomy and physiology, assessment and recognition of perineal trauma and repair, were statistically significantly higher in all areas (p < .0001) after the workshop. Midwifery students’ reflective journals were analysed verbatim and five main themes identified: communication is important, confidence growth, perineal pain, perineal outcomes are associated to practitioner’s skills and experience, reflecting on the experience. Twelve sub-themes were determined that gave a deeper insight into students’ learning and support the main findings of this study. Conclusion: This study showed that the inclusion of a perineal wound assessment and repair workshop in an undergraduate midwifery curriculum improved the knowledge and confidence of midwifery students in the management of childbirth-related perineal trauma. Implications: While this study is limited in scope it demonstrates the clear need to ensure perineal wound education is provided in undergraduate midwifery programs. Further research that focuses on student midwives’ knowledge and confidence after attending perineal wound education over a longer period is recommended.
What is the key agent of internationalization?
Faculty is the key agent for internationalization. This interview-based study explored faculty views about the internationalization understanding, rationales, roles, engagement, and motivation in a research-centric, double-first class university in China. Faculty motivation was analyzed using the lens of the motivation systems theory (MST). The main findings concerning the five main themes emerging from the analysis of documents and interviews of twenty-eight faculty members are as follows. First, Chinese faculty’ s understanding, rationales, roles, engagement, and motivation were significantly influenced by the national and university policies. Second, they mainly understood internationalization as activities, openness, and cross-cultural exchange. Third, unlike other countries, Chinese faculty espoused a broader scope of internationalization in their rationales, spanning from personal to university, higher education, China, and world development. Fourth, faculty perceived roles in internationalization included main drivers, role models, liaisons, and coordinators. Fifth, faculty motivation comprised goals, beliefs, and emotions. Faculty, among other goals, aspired to improve teaching content and expand students and self-abilities, yet they had mixed context and capacity beliefs. For example, they appreciated the university and national support for international travel, funding, and research but criticized complex travel procedures and teaching evaluation methods. They also felt concerned about their teaching, research, and communicating in a foreign language with students and international peers, except those with foreign backgrounds and experience. Faculty experienced different emotions when undertaking international activities, for example, joy, interest, and excitement to explore and learn. Finally, there was a high-medium level of faculty engagement in teaching and research than service internationalization (low or no engagement).
How do SMEs relate to business?
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) establish formal and informal relations to access required resources for business competitiveness in Uganda. The major challenge of acquiring the required resources is attributed to inadequate management of informational differences among employees. This paper examines the relationship between informational differences and entrepreneurial networking among SMEs in Uganda. A mixed research method was deployed. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire from 228 SMEs. An interview guide was used for key informants. Stratified random sampling was used in selecting SMEs from the Kampala district, business owners/managers were purposively selected as the respondents. Multiple regression was used, and data were analysed using SmartPLS and Nvivo software. Findings confirmed a significant positive relationship between informational differences and entrepreneurial networking. Specifically, both divergent opinions and new knowledge values are positively associated with entrepreneurial networking. The study recommends that SME owners/managers should establish policies and flat structures as an opportunity to address non-linear interchanges of information. Managers should create an enabling environment for employees with divergent opinions to interact with each other to become innovative with new methods of accessing resources from entrepreneurial networks. Future studies should use a longitudinal approach to study the trends over years. This study extends knowledge of entrepreneurial networking using complexity systems leadership theory.
What is methodological triangulation?
methodological 'triangulation' represents the most common meaning of the. term. The type of 'triangulation' chosen depends on the purpose of a study , and. more than one type of 'triangulation' can be used in the same study. Each of the. method obviously has its own strengths and weaknesses.
What is the purpose of triangulation?
Researchers use triangulation for a more holistic perspective on a specific research question. Triangulation is also helpful for enhancing credibility and validity.
Pros and cons of triangulation in research
Like all research strategies, triangulation has both advantages and disadvantages.
Frequently asked questions about triangulation
Triangulation in research means using multiple datasets, methods, theories and/or investigators to address a research question. It’s a research strategy that can help you enhance the validity and credibility of your findings.
Pritha Bhandari
Pritha has an academic background in English, psychology and cognitive neuroscience. As an interdisciplinary researcher, she enjoys writing articles explaining tricky research concepts for students and academics.
Why is triangulation important in research?
Research triangulation, over the years, has gained much popularity as researchers become more sophisticated in generating and testing theories. Indeed of what use is research whose findings are unreliable and invalid? Answers to research questions are expected to be as close as they possibly can to the reality if they cannot be perfectly accurate. Researchers find a way of producing reliable results by making use of research triangulation. This paper seeks to identify advantages that come with a researcher making use of research triangulation in a study.
What is the meaning of conicting?
conicting ndings. Improving on credibility and validity of a research through triangulation
What is methodological triangulation?
Methodological triangulation is the use of more than one method to investigate a phenomenon. Nurse researchers investigate health phenomena using methods drawn from the natural and social sciences. The methodological debate concerns the possibility of confirming a single theory with different kinds of methods. The nursing debate parallels the philosophical debate about how the natural and social sciences are related. This article critiques the presuppositions of the nursing debate and suggests alternatives. The consequence is a view of triangulation that permits different methods to confirm a single theory. The article then explores the consequences for the philosophy of social science.
What is the advantage of triangulation?
The rst advantage of triangulation is the f act that it helps to conr m research ndings.
What is triangulation in science?
basically aims at validating the results of a study. Triangulation, sometimes, makes use of
What is the research act?
The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods.
What is the deciency of one method reduced by?
the deciencies in one method is reduced by the strengths in the other method. F or example
