Animal Trypanosomiasis is a disease of all species of animals, but especially cattle, and caused by a protozoan parasite that gets into the bloodstream via biting flies. It is most common in Africa and is not seen in North America. Animal Trypanosomiasis is a progressive disease and usually fatal.
What are the symptoms of trypanosomiasis in cattle?
You are hereTrypanosomiasis (Surra)An important disease of cattle and buffalo caused by protozoa. It is transmitted mechanically by biting flies. ... Common symptoms:Progressive anaemia, abortion, swollen lymph nodes and nervous signs like circling, paddling movements etc.It is curable if treated promptly.
How is trypanosomiasis treated in cattle?
If detected early, Trypanosomosis can be treated with trypanocidal drugs for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Therapeutic drugs for cattle include diminazene aceturate, homidium chloride and homidium bromide. Prophylactic drugs for cattle include homidium chloride, homidium bromide and isometamidium.
What are the symptoms of trypanosomiasis?
What are the signs and symptoms of East African trypanosomiasis? A bite by the tsetse fly is often painful and can develop into a red sore, also called a chancre. Fever, severe headaches, irritability, extreme fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, and aching muscles and joints are common symptoms of sleeping sickness.
What is Trypanosoma in animals?
Animal trypanosomiasis, also known as nagana and nagana pest, or sleeping sickness, is a disease of vertebrates. The disease is caused by trypanosomes of several species in the genus Trypanosoma such as Trypanosoma brucei. Trypanosoma vivax causes nagana mainly in West Africa, although it has spread to South America.
Which drug is used for trypanosomiasis?
Medical Care. The acute phase of trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) is treated with nifurtimox or benznidazole. Cases of congenital Chagas disease have been successfully treated with either drug.
What kills Trypanosoma?
To kill the parasite, Chagas disease can be treated with benznidazole or nifurtimox.
How do you control trypanosomiasis?
Prevention & ControlWear long-sleeved shirts and pants of medium-weight material in neutral colors that blend with the background environment. Tsetse flies are attracted to bright or dark colors, and they can bite through lightweight clothing.Inspect vehicles before entering. ... Avoid bushes. ... Use insect repellent.
What are the causes of trypanosomiasis?
African Trypanosomiasis, also known as “sleeping sickness”, is caused by microscopic parasites of the species Trypanosoma brucei. It is transmitted by the tsetse fly (Glossina species), which is found only in sub-Saharan Africa.
How do you diagnose trypanosomiasis?
The classic approach for diagnosing T. b. gambiense infection is by light-microscopic detection of the parasite in a lymph node aspirate (usually, from a posterior cervical node).
What is the name of the disease Trypanosoma causes in cattle?
Other parasite species and sub-species of the Trypanosoma genus are pathogenic to animals and cause animal trypanosomiasis in wild and domestic animals. In cattle, the disease is called Nagana.
How is trypanosomiasis transmitted in animals?
Cyclical transmission: trypanosomes are transmitted through the bite of an infected tsetse fly. Tsetse flies get the infection when feeding on an infected animal; after implementation of the parasitic cycle in the fly (15–21 days) it becomes infective and may remain infective for the rest of its life.
What 3 types of diseases does Trypanosoma cause?
brucei, which causes sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in cattle. T. cruzi, which causes Chagas disease in humans. Trypanosoma culicavium, which infects birds and mosquitoes.
How do you get rid of trypanosomiasis?
There is no vaccine or drug for prophylaxis against African trypanosomiasis. Preventive measures are aimed at minimizing contact with tsetse flies. Local residents in endemic countries are usually aware of the areas that are heavily infested and may be able to provide advice about places to avoid.
Which breed of cattle is resistant to trypanosomiasis?
Certain indigenous taurine breeds of cattle, namely N'Dama and West African Shorthorn, in West and Central Africa aare significantly more resistant to trypanosomiasis than Bos indicus breeds. This trait, termed trypanotolerance, is an innate characteristic.
Which breed of cattle is susceptible to trypanosomiasis?
The study confirmed that N'Dama cattle are innately less susceptible to trypanosomiasis than Zebu cattle and can survive and be productive in endemic areas of trypanosomiasis where Zebu perish.
What is trypanosomiasis in humans?
Trypanosomiasis or trypanosomosis is the name of several diseases in vertebrates caused by parasitic protozoan trypanosomes of the genus Trypanosoma. In humans this includes African trypanosomiasis and Chagas disease. A number of other diseases occur in other animals.
What is the treatment for stage 1 melarsoprol?
Treatment. Stage I of the condition is usually treated with pentamidine or suramin through intramuscular injection or intravenous infusion if sufficient observation is possible. Stage II of the disease is typically treated with melarsoprol or eflornithine preferably introduced to the body intravenously.
How can trypanosomiasis be prevented?
Trypanosomiasis could, in future be prevented by genetically altering the tsetse fly. As the tsetse fly is the main vector of transmission, making the fly immune to the disease by altering its genome could be the main component in an effort to eradicate the disease. New technologies such as CRISPR allowing cheaper and easier genetic engineering could allow for such measures. A pilot program in Senegal, funded by the International Atomic Energy Agency, has considerably reduced the tsetse fly population by introducing male flies which have been sterilized by exposure to gamma rays.
How to control trypanosomiasis?
The main approaches to controlling African trypanosomiasis are to reduce the reservoirs of infection and the presence of the tsetse fly. Screening of people at risk helps identify patients at an early stage. Diagnosis should be made as early as possible and before the advanced stage to avoid complicated, difficult and risky treatment procedures.
What happens if you bite a tsetse fly?
The tsetse fly bite erupts into a red chancre sore and within a few weeks, the person can experience fever, swollen lymph glands, blood in urine, aching muscles and joints, headaches and irritability. In the first phase, the patient has only intermittent bouts of fever with lymphadenopathy together with other non-specific signs and symptoms. The second stage of the disease is marked by involvement of the central nervous system with extensive neurological effects like changes in personality, alteration of the biological clock (the circadian rhythm), confusion, slurred speech, seizures and difficulty in walking and talking. These problems can develop over many years and if not treated, the person dies. It is common in Subsaharan Africa.
What are the diseases of camels?
Kaodzera (Rhodesian trypanosomiasis) Tahaga (a disease of camels in Algeria) Galziekte, galzietzke (bilious fever of cattle; gall sickness of South Africa) Peste-boba (of Venezuela; Derrengadera) Some species of cattle such as the African buffalo, N'dama, and Keteku appear trypanotolerant and do not develop symptoms.
What animals are trypanotolerant?
Nagana, or animal African trypanosomiasis, also called 'Souma' or 'Soumaya' in Sudan. Some species of cattle such as the African buffalo, N'dama, and Keteku appear trypanotolerant and do not develop symptoms. Calves are more resistant than adults.
What is trypanosomiasis in cattle?
African trypanosomiasis in cattle represents a major constraint to agricultural and socio-economic development in vast areas of Africa. The disease is caused principally by three species of trypanosome ( Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei) which are transmitted by several species of tsetse flies ( Glossina ). Trypanosomiasis in cattle results in poor productivity and mortality. The widespread nature of the disease is due to the distribution of tsetse, the ability of the trypanosomes to escape host defense mechanisms by undergoing antigenic variation and by their capacity to infect a large variety of other hosts, including wild game. Cattle can also act as carriers of the human pathogen T. b. rhodesiense. Following the intradermal inoculation of trypanosomes by the tsetse fly into a susceptible host, there is proliferation of trypanosomes within the skin resulting in a localized skin reaction, known as the chancre, which develops before the appearance of parasites in the bloodstream.
Why is trypanosomiasis so widespread?
The widespread nature of the disease is due to the distribution of tsetse, the ability of the trypanosomes to escape host defense mechanisms by undergoing antigenic variation and by their capacity to infect a large variety of other hosts, including wild game.
What is the name of the reaction that occurs before the appearance of parasites in the bloodstream?
Following the intradermal inoculation of trypanosomes by the tsetse fly into a susceptible host, there is proliferation of trypanosomes within the skin resulting in a localized skin reaction, known as the chancre, which develops before the appearance of parasites in the bloodstream.
What are the agents of trypanosomiasis?
In addition to T. b. brucei, economically significant agents of animal trypanosomiasis include T. congolense and T. vivax. Identification of trypanosome infection in the field depends on clinical criteria and microscopic diagnosis of trypanosomes, however, lacks adequate sensitivities. There is a useful card agglutination test for T. b. gambiense good for mass screening but no such test for T. b. rhodesiense. PCR-based specific diagnostic tools are available for experimental uses but sensitive, inexpensive, diagnostic tests for field use are urgently required. Chappuis et al. (2005) reviewed diagnostic options.
What is the emergence of trypanosomiasis in rhinoceros?
The emergence of animal trypanosomiasis (surra) in Sumatran rhinoceros highlights the growing threat of pathogens transferred to novel hosts that have not adapted (or poorly adapted) to the agent.16 Trypanosomes evolved on the African continent, and African rhinoceros have evolved a relatively stable host-parasite relationship, with disease observed primarily during periods of stress or following translocation of naïve animals into tsetse fly zones. 17 However, Asian rhinoceros are particularly susceptible and suffer high mortality.
What is the cause of African animal trypanosomiasis?
African animal trypanosomiasis (tsetse disease, tsetse fly disease, African animal nagana) is a disease complex caused by infection with Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax, or T. brucei brucei , either singly or in combination. 49–52 In East Africa, T. congolense is the most important cause of AAT. Cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and pigs develop significant clinical disease if infected. In West Africa, T. vivax is the most important cause of AAT in cattle. The polymorphic trypanosome T. brucei brucei causes significant disease in horses, dogs, cats, camels, and pigs.
Why are tsetse flies important?
15.2) are among the most important insects in sub-Saharan Africa because they are obligate blood feeders and the vectors of African trypanosomiasis caused by hemoflagellate trypanosomes that kill humans and domestic mammals. More than 70 million people are at risk for human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in 36 countries. 4 Nagana, animal trypanosomiasis (AAT), was estimated to cost African agriculture US $4.5 billion per year 5 via loss of food, dung, and drafting power. Additional reviews include. 6–9
How thick is the VSG?
In the mammalian host the VSG forms an enveloping 15 nm thick coat covering the entire trypanosome plasma membrane, body and flagellum, and is readily visualized by electron microscopy. In this monomolecular layer of a single species of glycoprotein (46–65 kDa, depending on the trypanosome species or variant), the immunogenic epitopes reside in the N-terminal domains distal to the membrane rather than in the C-terminal domains; each molecule is anchored to the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinostiol (GPI) moiety at its C-terminus. Variant surface glycoproteins become N -glycosylated at one or more asparagine residues but the carbohydrate plays no part in the VSG immunogenicity. Dense packing of VSG homodimers in the exposed coat results in an effective macromolecular diffusion barrier and proteins as small as 50 kDa are unable to penetrate it. The coat thus protects the parasite against nonspecific attack by the alternative complement pathway. It also deters phagocytosis by macrophages. On entering the tsetse fly the VSG coat is shed and replaced by a different immunodominant protein called procyclin; by electron microscopy the various developmental stages in the tsetse gut and salivary glands or mouthparts appear uncoated, but the VSG coat is reacquired at the final metacyclic stage which is discharged in the fly's saliva. The metacyclic trypanosomes thus enter the mammal already protected against its host's nonspecific defences.
How much tartar emetic should I give my cattle?
vivax infections in cattle and T. evansi in camel. The usual dose of tartar emetic is 1-1.5 g/ animal given intravenously, while stibophen may be administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously at a dose of 3-6 g/100 kg. However, both the drugs are toxic and do not find much use in modern therapy of animal trypanosomiasis [65 ]. Cattle and sheep infected with Schistosoma japonicum, S. nasalis and S. mattheei may be treated with some organoantimonials like tartar emetic ( 10 ), stibocaptate ( 15) and stibophen ( 16 ). These drugs are toxic and require great care of animals during treatment. The usual dose of tartar emetic for treating S. nasalis in sheep and cattle is 2 mg/kg daily during 6 days or 3.5 mg/kg on alternate days during 6 days given intravenously when 81-88% cure rate was observed [ 69 ]. Similarly for treating S. mattheei infection in sheep and cattle, stibophen has been given at a dose of 5-10 mg/kg, intramuscularly for 3-10 days [ 70,71 ]. High cures may be achieved against S. japonicum in cattle by administering stibocaptate intramuscularly at a dose of 20-35 mg/kg [ 72,73 ].
Where are Glossina brevipalpis found?
f. quanzensis, and Glossina longipalpis are unknown and these are the vectors in Mozambique and much of Central Africa. The present view that most, if not all, Morsitans and many Palpalis group populations are local may serve to define areas in which systematic vector management schemes may be applied without massive immigration from untreated, conspecific populations. Effective and affordable genetically based area-wide tsetse fly population management is unlikely to be developed in the foreseeable future while coordinated application of conventional methods can achieve highly effective control of Glossina and AAT. 24
What are the prophylactic drugs for cattle?
Prophylactic drugs for cattle include homidium chloride, homidium bromide and isometamidium. However the effectiveness of these drugs is now questionable following years of use, causing resistence and now variuos strains of Trypanosomosis to occur.
What is the best treatment for trypanosomosis?
Prevention and treatment. At present no vaccine is available. If detected early, Trypanosomosis can be treated with trypanocidal drugs for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Therapeutic drugs for cattle include diminazene aceturate, homidium chloride and homidium bromide.
How to control tsetse flies?
The most common of the procedures that have been deveoped are: spraying insecticide on tsetse habitat, destruction of tsetse habitat and alteration of vegetation so that it becomes unsuitable for tsetse flies.
How is trypanosomosis transmitted?
Trypanosomosis is usually transmitted through blood lymph and other fluids of infected animals. It is caused by Flagellated protozoan parasites that live in the fluids and tissue of its host animal. Often the disease is transmitted through the bite of an infected tsetse fly which has been feeding on an infected animal. Symptoms.
Where does trypanosomosis occur?
Mainly occuring in Africa, Trypanosomosis, or Sleeping Disease, is a infection affecting both animals and humans. The disease mainly occurs in areas where Tsetse flies inhabit. Tsetse flies infest 10 million square kilometres and affect 37 countries, mostly in Africa, where it is known as ‘Nagana’. It is the most economically important livestock ...
What is Nagana trypanosome?
Nagana. The various species of trypanosome produce various ill effects in different species of livestock, but they are all collectively referred to as trypanosomiasis. Mixed infections may occur, with corresponding variations in clinical disease. The general patterns are shown in the table below.
What happens at the end of the parasite destruction period?
The end of the period of parasite destruction is the crisis, when antibodies are being produced and large quantities of trypanosome protein are liberated into the bloodstream. Death commonly coincides with a crisis.
What happens when an animal lags behind a herd?
The animal becomes listless, it lags behind the herd, loses interest in its surroundings, its ears and tail hang limply and it ceases to react to biting insects.
How long does it take for an ox to die from an infection?
not actually result in death to an acute infection leading to death in about ten days. An infected ox becomes progressively thinner. The hair has a characteristic rough and upstanding appearance (‘staring coat’) and the skin is drawn tightly over the ribs and pelvis and lacks the looseness of healthy animals.
Where is the discharge from the eye?
There may be discharge from the eyes, varying between a copious weeping with photophobia (avoidance of light by closing the eyes) to a slight but definite crusting of the discharge at the inner corner of the eyelids.
Is pig disease self-cure?
Infections in cattle and pigs, disease is mild and self-cure is usual.
What is trypanosomiasis in Africa?
What is African trypanosomiasis? There are two types of African trypanosomiasis ( also called sleeping sickness); each is named for the region of Africa in which they were found historically. East African trypanosomiasis is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. West African trypanosomiasis is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma ...
How to get rid of tsetse fly?
The tsetse fly is less active during the hottest period of the day. It rests in bushes but will bite if disturbed. Use insect repellant. Though insect repellants have not proven effective in preventing tsetse fly bites, they are effective in preventing other insects from biting and causing illness.
How long does it take for a tsetse fly bite to show symptoms?
They are usually apparent within a few months to a year after getting an infected tsetse fly bite.
How often should trypanosomiasis be treated?
Medical treatment of African trypanosomiasis should begin as soon as possible and is guided by the infected person’s laboratory results. Hospitalization for treatment is usually necessary. Follow-up may require lumbar puncture every 6 months (or sooner if symptoms return) for 2 years.
What to wear to protect against a tsetse fly?
Wear protective clothing, including long-sleeved shirts and pants. The tsetse fly can bite through thin fabrics, so clothing should be made of medium-weight material.
What is the red sore from a tsetse fly?
With East African trypanosomiasis, a bite by the tsetse fly is often painful and can develop into a red sore, also called a chancre. This reaction is rarely seen with West African trypanosomiasis. Fever, severe headaches, irritability, extreme fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, and aching muscles and joints are common symptoms of sleeping sickness.
How long does it take for trypanosomiasis to progress?
East African trypanosomiasis is a more acute disease than West African trypanosomiasis, progressing to the second phase within a few weeks.