Valinomycin is a naturally occurring dodecadepsipeptide used in the transport of potassium and as an antibiotic. Valinomycin is obtained from the cells of several Streptomyces species, S. fulvissimus being a notable one. It is a member of the group of natural neutral ionophores because it does not have a residual charge.
What is valinomycin made from?
Valinomycin is a naturally occurring dodecadepsipeptide used in the transport of potassium and as an antibiotic. Valinomycin is obtained from the cells of several Streptomyces strains, among which "S. tsusimaensis" and S. fulvissimus. It is a member of the group of natural neutral ionophores because it does not have a residual charge.
What is valinomycin ionophore used for?
Valinomycin acts as a nonmetallic isoforming agent in potassium selective electrodes. This ionophore is also used in experiments with membrane vesicles to destroy the electrochemical gradient, if such is required by the design of the experiment. http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/2001-95-8.
Is valinomycin effective against SARS-CoV?
Valinomycin was recently reported to be the most potent agent against severe acute respiratory-syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in infected Vero E6 cells. Valinomycin acts as a nonmetallic isoforming agent in potassium selective electrodes.
What is the function of the potassium valinomycin complex?
It functions as a potassium-specific transporter and facilitates the movement of potassium ions through lipid membranes "down" the electrochemical potential gradient. The stability constant K for the potassium-valinomycin complex is nearly 100,000 times larger than that of the sodium-valinomycin complex.
Is valinomycin an antibiotic?
Valinomycin is a depsipeptide antibiotic which selectively translocates potassium across biologic membranes. This potassium ionophore was observed to inhibit phytohemagglutinin-stimulated blastogenesis and proliferation in human lymphocytes.
Why is valinomycin a powerful antibiotic?
Valinomycin is highly selective for potassium ions over sodium ions within the cell membrane. It functions as a potassium-specific transporter and facilitates the movement of potassium ions through lipid membranes "down" the electrochemical potential gradient.
How does valinomycin affect cellular respiration?
Valinomycin produces higher steady state potassium phosphate swelling which can be reversed to give active shrinkage if mersalyl is added to block the Pi−/OH− antiporter. Respiration declines concurrently. Uncouplers accelerate the shrinkage and restore the respiration.
What cell structure is targeted by valinomycin?
Valinomycin is a highly selective potassium ionophore that transports K+ across lipid membranes inducing cell death through depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane (1).
How does an ionophore work?
Ionophores function by selecting against or negatively affecting the metabolism of gram-positive bacteria and protozoa in the rumen. The affected bacteria are those that decrease efficient rumen digestive physiology and the energy supplied from the ruminal digestion of feedstuffs.
Why Valinomycin is selective to potassium ions?
Valinomycin is highly selective for potassium ions over sodium ions within the cell membrane. It functions as a potassium-specific transporter and facilitates the movement of potassium ions through lipid membranes "down" the electrochemical potential gradient....Valinomycin.NamesHazard statementsH300 , H31035 more rows
How does valinomycin inhibit oxidative phosphorylation?
The presence of valinomycin caused the follow- ing response of intact mitochondria to increasing potassium concentrations: lower ADP/O ratio, lower rate of phosphorylation, no increase in state-3 respiration, higher respiration rate in state 4, and lower respiratory control.
How does valinomycin affect mitochondrial electron transfer?
Valinomycin triggers rapid loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. This precedes cytoplasmic acidification, which leads to cysteine-active-site protease activation, DNA fragmentation and cell death.
Is valinomycin a peptide?
Valinomycin is a nonribosomal peptide that was discovered from Streptomyces in 1955. Over the past more than six decades, it has received continuous attention due to its special chemical structure and broad biological activities.
Why can Valinomycin cross the membrane?
Because valinomycin is uncharged and contains no ionisable groups, it acquires the charge of the complexed ion. Both the uncomplexed and the complexed forms of valinomycin are able to diffuse across the membrane.
How do valinomycin and gramicidin antibiotics interact with lipid bilayer?
Valinomycin, which is isolated fromStreptomyces fulvissimus, is an example of a carrier molecule that binds K+ and literally ferries it across the lipid bilayer. On the other hand,gramicidin catalyzes K+ movement by the same basic mechanism that has been established for ion channel proteins in cell membranes.
Does Valinomycin act as an uncoupler or an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation?
Valinomycin acts as an uncoupler. It combines K+ to form a complex that passes through the inner mitochondrial membrane, dissipating the membrane potential. ATP synthesis decreases, which causes the rate of electron transfer to increase.
Why are molecules such as valinomycin effective at transporting ions across the membrane?
Because valinomycin is uncharged and contains no ionisable groups, it acquires the charge of the complexed ion. Both the uncomplexed and the complexed forms of valinomycin are able to diffuse across the membrane.
What class of antibiotic is gramicidin?
A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis.
What is the action of gramicidin?
Gramicidin A is an antimicrobial peptide that destroys gram-positive bacteria. The bactericidal mechanism of antimicrobial peptides has been linked to membrane permeation and metabolism disruption as well as interruption of DNA and protein functions.
Does Valinomycin act as an uncoupler or an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation?
Valinomycin acts as an uncoupler. It combines K+ to form a complex that passes through the inner mitochondrial membrane, dissipating the membrane potential. ATP synthesis decreases, which causes the rate of electron transfer to increase.
What is the function of potassium valinomycin?
It functions as a potassium-specific transporter and facilitates the movement of potassium ions through lipid membranes "down" the electrochemical potential gradient. The stability constant K for the potassium-valinomycin complex is nearly 100,000 times larger than that of the sodium-valinomycin complex.
How many carbonyl groups are in valinomycin?
Valinomycin is a dodecadepsipeptide, that is, it is made of twelve alternating amino acids and esters to form a macrocyclic molecule. The twelve carbonyl groups are essential for the binding of metal ions, and also for solvation in polar solvents.
Does valinomycin have carbonyls?
For polar solvents, valinomycin will mainly expose the carbonyls to the solvent and in nonpolar solvents the isopropyl groups are located predominantly on the exterior of the molecule. This conformation changes when valinomycin is bound to a potassium ion.
Is valinomycin a neutral ionophore?
It is a member of the group of natural neutral ionophores because it does not have a residual charge. It consists of enantiomers D- and L-valine (Val), D- alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, and L- lactic acid. Structures are alternately bound via amide and ester bridges. Valinomycin is highly selective for potassium ions over sodium ions within the cell membrane. It functions as a potassium-specific transporter and facilitates the movement of potassium ions through lipid membranes "down" the electrochemical potential gradient. The stability constant K for the potassium-valinomycin complex is nearly 100,000 times larger than that of the sodium-valinomycin complex. This difference is important for maintaining the selectivity of valinomycin for the transport of potassium ions (and not sodium ions) in biological systems.
Is valinomycin a nonmetallic isoforming agent?
Valinomycin acts as a nonmetallic isoforming agent in potassium selective electrodes.
What is the purpose of vancomycin?
Oral (taken by mouth) vancomycin fights bacteria in the intestines. Vancomycin is used to treat an infection of the intestines caused by Clostridium difficile , which can cause watery or bloody diarrhea.
Where does vancomycin work?
Oral vancomycin works only in the intestines and will not treat infections in other parts of the body. Follow all directions on your medicine label and package. Tell each of your healthcare providers about all your medical conditions, allergies, and all medicines you use.
How should I take vancomycin?
Take vancomycin exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Follow all directions on your prescription label and read all medication guides or instruction sheets.
What should I avoid while using vancomycin?
Follow your doctor's instructions about any restrictions on food, beverages, or activity.
Can you share vancomycin with children?
Remember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use vancomycin only for the indication prescribed.
Does vancomycin cause leg cramps?
Side effects on the kidneys may be more likely in older adults taking this medicine. Common vancomycin side effects may include:
Can you take vancomycin with a viral infection?
Skipping doses can increase your risk of infection that is resistant to medication. Vancomycin will not treat a viral infection such as the flu or a common cold.
Is valinomycin a potent antibiotic?
For Research Use Only. Not for human or animal therapeutic or diagnostic use.
Is valinomycin a lipid?
Valinomycin is a natural, lipid-soluble molecule (Mr = ~1,110) that binds potassium ions (K+) and facilitates their transfer across lipid bilayers (i.e., it is an ionophore). It is a macrocyclic molecule formed from 12 alternating amino acids and esters, synthesized by specific Streptomyces. Valinomycin exhibits a 10,000-fold selectivity ...
What is anti-bacteria?
Substances that inhibit the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA. (See all compounds classified as Anti-Bacterial Agents .)
Is valine a base or an amide?
VALINOMYCIN is an amide. Amides/imides react with azo and diazo compounds to generate toxic gases. Flammable gases are formed by the reaction of organic amides/imides with strong reducing agents. Amides are very weak bases (weaker than water ). Imides are less basic yet and in fact react with strong bases to form salts. That is, they can react as acids. Mixing amides with dehydrating agents such as P2O5 or SOCl2 generates the corresponding nitrile. The combustion of these compounds generates mixed oxides of nitrogen (NOx).
What is clindamycin used for?
People use clindamycin to treat bacterial infections. Clindamycin is an antibiotic drug. People use antibiotics to treat bacterial infections. Antibiotics, including clindamycin, do not work for infections caused by viruses. Clindamycin is in the lincosamide family.
Why do doctors prescribe clindamycin?
They prescribe it when they cannot use penicillin and when they have determined the type of bacteria involved in the infection.
What family is clindamycin in?
Clindamycin and lincomycin are the only members of the lincosamide family.
Why do you take clindamycin capsules?
Clindamycin capsules may irritate the esophagus, the tube that runs from the mouth to the stomach.
How long does cleocin cream last?
Cleocin vaginal cream is safe for pregnant women to use in the second and third trimesters. A pregnant woman requires 7 days of treatment.
How many forms of clindamycin are there?
There are four forms of clindamycin: injectable, intravaginal, oral, and topical. The following table lists forms of clindamycin, along with their dosages in milligrams (mg), milligrams per milliliter (mg/ml), or percentage. Injectable. Intravaginal.
How many times a day can you take clindamycin?
One suppository pill contains 100 mg of clindamycin. People can use this form once daily at bedtime for 3 consecutive nights.
Identification
Valinomycin is a naturally occurring dodecadepsipeptide used in the transport of potassium and as an antibiotic. Valinomycin is obtained from the cells of several Streptomyces species, S. fulvissimus being a notable one.
It is a member of the group of natural neutral ionophores because it does not have a residual charge. It consists of enantiomers D- and L-valine (Val), D-alph…
Pharmacology
Interactions
Chemical Identifiers
Pharmacoeconomics
- Generic Name
1. Valinomycin - DrugBank Accession Number
1. DB14057
Properties
- Indication
1. Not AvailableReduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning models with evidence-based and structured datasets.See howsee_moreBuild, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.See how - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
1. Avoid life-threatening adverse drug eventsImprove clinical decision support with information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Learn moresee_moreAvoid life-threatening adverse drug events & improve clinical decision support.Le…
Spectra
- Drug Interactions information
1. This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist. - Food Interactions
1. Not Available