The Inuit had strong gender roles but those rules were not set in stone. The women are generally domestic and did work such as cooking, cleaning, sewing and looking after children. While the men were usually the hunters, fishers and gatherers. Although these were the principal jobs they were not set in stone.
How do Inuit make a living?
Most Inuit have transitioned to traditional wage earning work to earn money for electricity and other modern comforts. However, the hunting culture, skills and diet are still very much a part of their lives and their identity. The Inuit continue to eat their traditional regime of seal, walrus and reindeer.
What did the Inuit do in their daily life?
For generations the Inuit people of Nunavut lived a traditional life in the Arctic, moving from one place to another with the seasons, to hunt caribou, muskox and seal, or fish for char and whitefish. Inuit did not wander aimlessly in search of meat and fish.
What do Inuit kids do for fun?
Today Inuit enjoy volleyball, basketball, badminton, ice hockey, and curling. Most communities have a school gym, a community hall and an ice hockey rink with one or two sheets of curling ice available.
What did Inuit children do for fun?
About two out of five play outside every day in cold weather, while another half of children play outside less than once a day in cold weather. Two out of three Inuit children do arts and crafts and three out of four participate in role playing games (pretend play like playing house or school) every day.
What did the Inuit people do in the summer?
During the summer months, Inuit families left the turf huts and gathered berries, hunted reindeer, and caught fish, enabling them to stockpile enough provisions to carry them through the cold and dark winter months.
What traditions did the Inuit have?
Traditional Inuit religious practices include animism and shamanism, in which spiritual healers mediate with spirits. Today many Inuit follow Christianity, but traditional Inuit spirituality continues as part of a living, oral tradition and part of contemporary Inuit society.
What are Inuits homes like?
An igloo is constructed of large blocks of snow that are cut out in different sizes with a special snow knife. The blocks are placed on top of each other in a spiral and form an effective dome-shaped shelter. The igloo was only used in the very north of Greenland, where the sea was frozen in winter.
How do Inuits survive winter?
The Inuit had developed winter clothing that ensured an effective use of the body heat, avoiding holes that would allow air to leak out. Apart from seal, mostly caribou skin was used, and in Greenland polar bear fur.
What are some of the traditions of the Inuit?
Many Inuit traditions and customs have developed over thousands of years and include extensive oral history and storytelling traditions. The Inuit pass stories from one generation to another as a way to preserve their culture. Many Inuit ceremonies consisted of singing and dancing. Some dances were religious, and others were celebratory.
What is the preferred term for the Inuit?
They favor the term Yupik, Yupiit, or Eskimo. In Canada, Inuit is the preferred term, while in Greenland, they use Greenlanders or Kalaallit as well. The continued arrival of explorers and traders caused numerous cultural changes for the Inuit.
What are the two main groups of eskimo people?
The word “Eskimo” was once commonly used to refer to the two main Indigenous groups in the Arctic: the Inuit of northern Alaska, Canada, and Greenland, and the Yupik of western Alaska , south-central Alaska, and the Russian Far East. It is now considered a derogatory term, and the Indigenous people of Greenland, Alaska, and Canada prefer the term “Inuit” instead. However, the Yupik people of Alaska and Siberia do not consider themselves Inuit and are ethnically different from Inuit people. They favor the term Yupik, Yupiit, or Eskimo. In Canada, Inuit is the preferred term, while in Greenland, they use Greenlanders or Kalaallit as well.
Why are Inuit in Greenland under threat?
Their traditional way of life is under threat due to urbanization and animal rights campaigns against hunting. Inuit people, particularly youth, have a much higher suicide rate than the rest of Canada and Greenland.
What is the Inuit spirituality?
Inuit spirituality is animistic, which is the belief that everything on earth, from objects to animals, is inhabited by a spirit . The Inuit believe that everything has its own Inua (or spirit), and the Inua of the moon, sea, and air was of particular importance.
Where do Inuit live in Canada?
In Canada, most of the Inuit live in Inuit Nunangat, which translates loosely to “Inuit homeland” and encompasses Nunavut, Nunavik in Northern Quebec, Nunatsiavut in Northern Labrador, and the Inuvialuit Settlement Region of the Northwest Territories. In 2016, about 73% lived in 53 Arctic communities in Inuit Nunangat, ...
How many Inuit are there in the world?
There are approximately over 150,000 Inuit globally, with 65,000 in Canada, 35,000 in Alaska, 50,000 Greenland, and smaller populations in Siberia.
Where do Inuit live?
The Inuit are indigenous people who live in the Arctic and subarctic regions of North America (parts of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland ). The ancestors of the present-day Inuit, are culturally related to Iñupiat (northern Alaska), and Yupik (Siberia and western Alaska), and the Aleut who live in the Aleutian Islands of Siberia and Alaska.
What animals did the Inuit hunt?
Seals, walrus, whales and caribou were the most common targets of Inuit hunters. Animals killed by the hunters needed to be butchered and frozen quickly, before they went bad or froze before being butchered. Women were traditionally responsible for the butchering, skinning, and cooking of animals taken by the hunters.
How did Inuit women give birth?
When she was ready to push, the midwife would tell the woman to pull on her hair with both hands and bear down. While most Inuit women gave birth at home, in some Alaskan communities women gave birth in separate birthing huts ( aanigutyak) built exclusively for this purpose. If this was not done, the place where the woman gave birth must be abandoned.
Why were Inuit marriages rare?
Inuit marriages rarely included large ceremonies; couples were often considered married after the birth of their first child. There were monogamous and polygamous marriages, but polygyny was rare because few men could afford to support multiple wives. Families exchanged gifts before marriages, but no official bride price or dowry was paid. Although men were considered the head of the family, both genders could demand a divorce. However, divorce was frowned upon because it was bad for the family and the community as a whole.
How does kinship help an Inuit child?
Kinship is an important factor to an Inuit child's cultural belonging . Starting from the time the child is born, he or she is introduced to their duties and ties of kinship. One way the Inuit tribe achieves this is by the practice referred to as name-soul. After a member of the family has passed away, their name is used as the name for a child of the same family line. The name provides a child with a cultural tie, a belonging within their community, and personal identity. In addition, name-soul allows for prior family members to carry on their legacy in their family lineage even after passing. The children are raised in a family-oriented environment, as their name serves as a reminder that the group comes first. There were no boy's and girl's names in Inuit culture, so it was common for a girl to have the name of her grandfather, for example.
How does the Inuit tribe achieve name soul?
One way the Inuit tribe achieves this is by the practice referred to as name-soul. After a member of the family has passed away, their name is used as the name for a child of the same family line.
What were the main sources of food for the Inuit?
Hunting and fishing were the primary sources of food for the Inuit people, and men were traditionally responsible for these duties. Women's duties included gathering other sources of food, such as eggs and berries, and preparing the food the hunters brought back.
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Overview
History
Inuit are the descendants of what anthropologists call the Thule people, who emerged from western Alaska around 1000 CE. They had split from the related Aleut group about 4000 years ago and from northeastern Siberian migrants. They spread eastwards across the Arctic. They displaced the related Dorset culture, called the Tuniit in Inuktitut, which was the last major Paleo-Eskimo cult…
Nomenclature
The term Eskimo is still used by people, but in the 21st century, usage in North America has declined.
In the United States the term "Eskimo" was, as of 2016, commonly used to describe Inuit and the Siberian and Alaskan Yupik, and Iñupiat peoples. Eskimo is still used by some groups and organizations to encompass the Inuit and Yupik, as well as other Indigenous Alaskan and Siberi…
Cultural history
Inuit speak Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, and Greenlandic languages, which belong to the Inuit-Inupiaq branch of the Inuit-Yupik-Unangan language family. The Greenlandic languages are divided into: Kalaallisut (Western), Inuktun (Northern), and Tunumiit (Eastern).
Inuktitut is spoken in Canada and along with Inuinnaqtun is one of the official l…
Traditional beliefs
The environment in which the Inuit lived inspired a mythology filled with adventure tales of whale and walrus hunts. Long winter months of waiting for caribou herds or sitting near breathing holes hunting seals gave birth to stories of mysterious and sudden appearance of ghosts and fantastic creatures. Some Inuit looked into the aurora borealis, or northern lights, to find images of their f…
Demographics
In total there are about 148,000 Inuit living in four countries, Canada, Greenland, Denmark, and the United States.
As of the 2016 Canadian census , there were 65,025 people identifying as Inuit living in Canada. This was up 29.1% from the 2006 Canadian census. Close to three-quarters (72.8%) of Inuit lived in one of the four regions comprising Inuit Nunangat (Nunavut, Nunavik, Nunatsiavut, and Inuvialui…
Governance
The Inuit Circumpolar Council is a United Nations-recognized non-governmental organization (NGO), which defines its constituency as Canada's Inuit and Inuvialuit, Greenland's Kalaallit Inuit, Alaska's Inupiat and Yup'ik, and Russia's Siberian Yupik, despite the last two neither speaking an Inuit dialect or considering themselves "Inuit". Nonetheless, it has come together with other ci…
Genetics
A genetic study published in Science in August 2014 examined a large number of remains from the Dorset culture, Birnirk culture and the Thule people. Genetic continuity was observed between the Inuit, Thule and Birnirk, who overwhelmingly carried the maternal haplogroup A2a and were genetically very different from the Dorset. The evidence suggested that the Inuit descend from the Birnirk of Siberia, who through the Thule culture expanded into northern Canada and Greenland, …