what movement does the posterior longitudinal ligament limit

Does the posterior longitudinal ligament limit flexion?

The Anterior Longitudinal Ligament attaches to the front (anterior) of each vertebra. This ligament runs up and down the spine (vertical or longitudinal)....Ligaments.LigamentSpinal RegionLimits…Posterior LongitudinalAxis – SacrumFlexion & reinforces back of annulus fibrosisLigamentum FlavumAxis – SacrumFlexion12 more rows

What does the posterior longitudinal ligament prevent?

The posterior longitudinal ligament is a ligament connecting the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies of all of the vertebrae. It weakly prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column. It also prevents posterior spinal disc herniation, although problems with the ligament can cause it.

What motion does the anterior longitudinal ligament limit?

flexion and extensionThe anterior longitudinal ligament is located anterior to the axis of motion for flexion and extension of the spine; therefore, it limits extension.

What ligament limits anterior movement of the vertebral column?

The anterior longitudinal ligament is thick and strong. It's attached to the upper and lower edges of each vertebral body. It limits extension of the spine. In extension, the tightness of the anterior longitudinal ligament helps to prevent backward and forward movement of the vertebral bodies relative to each other.

What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

The posterior longitudinal ligament runs the entire length of the spine from the neck to the end of the spine and stabilizes the spinal column bones. Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament most commonly occurs in the cervical spine (neck).

What ligament prevents hyperflexion of the neck?

Posterior Longitudinal LigamentPosterior Longitudinal Ligament This ligament is situated within the vertebral canal, and it prevents hyperflexion, which is when bend your spine too far forward.

Where is the posterior longitudinal ligament located?

spinal canalThe posterior longitudinal ligament runs in the spinal canal attaching to the vertebral bodies and vertebral discs and tightens with cervical flexion.

Why anterior longitudinal ligament is stronger than posterior longitudinal ligament?

While anteriorly the ligament is thin due to the elastic fibers, the posterior capsule of each posterior joint is thicker due to the collagenous content.

What is the function of the Iliolumbar ligament?

They help stabilise the lumbosacral spine on the pelvis. The iliolumbar ligaments are crucial in supporting the lower lumbar spine; they join the 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae (L4 and L5) to the iliac bone crest at the back of the pelvis.

Which ligaments fail in excessive flexion of the spine?

The supraspinous ligament helps maintain the upright position of the head. It's stretched in flexion, it`s fibers resist separation of spinous processes during forward flexion, during hyperflexion interspinous ligament and supraspinous ligament are the first to fail.

What ligament stops vertebra L5 from sliding forward on S1?

The iliolumbar ligaments play an important role in the stability of the lumbosacral junction by restricting both side flexion and rotational movement at the L5–S1 joint and forward sliding of L5 on the sacrum[2].

Is the anterior or posterior longitudinal ligament thicker?

The lumbar posterior longitudinal ligament is much thinner, both in width and thickness, than its anterior counterpart; therefore, the main opposition to flexion of the lumbar spine comes from the ligamentum flavum (Panjabi & White 1990).

What ligament prevents hyperextension of the spine?

The anterior longitudinal ligamentThe anterior longitudinal ligament attaches to both the vertebra and the intervertebral discs. This ligament helps to prevent hyperextensions of the spine.

What does posterior longitudinal ligament connect?

The posterior longitudinal ligament runs in the spinal canal attaching to the vertebral bodies and vertebral discs and tightens with cervical flexion.

Why do Bose the body need posterior longitudinal ligament?

The posterior longitudinal ligament connects and stabilizes the bones of the spinal column. It runs almost the entire length of the spine, from the 2nd vertebra in the cervical spine (neck) all the way down to the sacrum (end of the spine).

Which ligament protects the spinal cord from direct compression?

The primary ligaments of the spine are the ligamentum flavum, anterior longitudinal ligament, and the posterior longitudinal ligament. The ligamentum flavum is critical in that it forms a cover protecting the dura mater. The dura mater protects the spinal cord.

What is the difference between PLL and discal attachment?

The width of the central attachment of the PLL to the lumbar vertebral bodies narrows as one moves down the spine, whereas the discal attachments remain relatively constant in width ( Table 7-10 and Fig. 7-20 ). The PLL firmly attaches to the superior and inferior bony end plates of all lumbar vertebrae, and also firmly attaches to the superior aspect of the S1 segment. However, the PLL does not attach to the central regions of the L1-S1 vertebral bodies. The PLL is also firmly attached to the IVD along the peripheral margins of the PLL, but does not firmly attach to the IVD centrally to these peripheral attachments. This creates a rhomboid-shaped fascial cleft deep to the PLL in the center of the IVD. This fascial cleft may be important in helping to contain IVD extrusions ( Oshima et al., 1993; Parke & Schiff, 1993; Yu et al., 1996; Cramer et al., 1998b ).

What is the PLL of the lumbar region?

The PLL in the lumbar region is denticulated in appearance (Figs. 7-19 and 7-20). That is, it is narrow over the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies and flares laterally at each IVD, where it attaches to the posterior aspect of the anulus fibrosus. The lumbar PLL is composed of two strata of fibers, superficial and deep. The superficial fibers form a distinct midline band that spans several vertebral levels. The deep fibers are much shorter, and they converge on the IVD and extend laterally to the wide attachment sites of the PLL to the anulus fibrosus of the IVD (Parke & Schiff, 1993 ).

How do oplls form?

OPLL lesions form through a combination of membranous and endochondral ossification [15]. These processes are potentially preceded by a period of ligamentous hypertrophy [8]. Pathologically, OPLL consists of lamellar bone with mature Haversian canals, in addition to fibrous cartilage and woven bone wrapped with calcified cartilage [16]. Ossification typically begins at the attachment of the PLL and lateral vertebral body with subsequent progression along the rostro-caudal axis. Neuronal degeneration, which results from prolonged pressure of OPLL foci on the cord or nerve roots, is highly variable and dependent on the specific lesion location [8]. The vast majority of cases—over 80% in some studies [17] —impact the cervical PLL. OPLL results in myelopathy (caused by spinal cord compression) considerably more often than radiculopathy (caused by nerve root compression). Pathologically, cord compression yields necrosis of the gray matter, decrease in anterior horn cell number and demyelination of white matter. Degree of cord compression and observed gray matter injury generally correspond with the severity of myelopathy [15].

What is OPLL in Japan?

OPLL is one of the major causes of cervical compressive myelopathy in Japan and is often associated with cervical spondylosis.

What is the posterior longitudinal ligament?

The posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) is the inferior continuation of the tectorial membrane (see Figs. 5-17 and 5-22). It courses from the posterior aspect of the body of C2, inferiorly to the sacrum, and possibly to the coccyx (Behrsin & Briggs, 1988 ). The ALL and PLL have similar tensile properties ( Przybylski et al., 1996). That is, they can withstand similar loads applied to the spine, although the ALL limits forces applied in extension and the PLL resists forces applied in flexion. The PLL is wide and regularly shaped in the cervical and upper thoracic regions and is also three to four times thicker, from anterior to posterior, in the cervical region than in the thoracic or lumbar regions (Bland, 1989). Its superficial fibers span several vertebrae, and its deep fibers course between adjacent vertebrae. Panjabi and colleagues (1991b) found the cervical PLL to be firmly attached to both the vertebral bodies and the IVDs, whereas Bland (1989) found the PLL to have a stronger discal attachment. In either case, the PLL probably functions to help prevent posterior IVD protrusion. Although the PLL is attached to the entire length of the vertebral bodies in the cervical region ( Przybylski et al., 1998 ), it is more loosely attached to the central region of the vertebral bodies to allow the exit of the basivertebral veins from the vertebral bodies ( Standring et al., 2008 ). The PLL in the middle and lower thoracic and lumbar regions differs from the PLL in the cervical region in that it becomes narrow over the vertebral bodies and then widens considerably over the IVDs in the thoracic and lumbar areas.

How to tell if PLL is epidural space?

Remember that the PLL has two layers—a very tough anterior layer containing longitudinal fibers and a thin, transparent posterior layer closely resembling the dura. Sometimes the posterior layer may be mistaken for the dura. To make sure that the exposed membrane is in fact the dura, a Penfield No. 4 dissector is inserted between the dura and the overlying membrane. If the dissector moves smoothly between the two layers, the space is epidural space. When the epidural space is confirmed, the PLL is excised piecemeal using a small Kerrison rongeur. When the dura is tightly adherent to the thickened PLL or the OPLL, it may be torn during the PLL removal, and the underlying arachnoid space and the cord may be seen.

Where is the PLL located?

The PLL extends along the posterior surface of the vertebral bodies from the clivus to the sacrum. Although OPLL may involve any portion of the PLL, by far the most common anatomic location is the cervical spine—accounting for approximately 75% of cases. The process typically involves 2.5 to 4 levels beginning at approximately C3/C4 and progressing distally to involve C4/C5 and C5/C6, although generally sparing C6/C7. Thoracolumbar involvement is less common, accounting for roughly 25% of cases, usually involving the upper thoracic spine rather than the lumbar segments.

What is the treatment for OPLL?

When symptoms are mild and not progressive, OPLL can be addressed with nonoperative measures. Nonoperative treatments may include pain medications, anti-inflammatory medications, anticonvulsants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and topical opioids.

What is the term for a ligament that becomes thicker and less flexible?

Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a condition in which a flexible structure known as the posterior longitudinal ligament becomes thicker and less flexible.

Where does OPLL occur?

OPLL most often occurs at the cervical spine (spine in the neck).

What causes OPLL?

The causes of OPLL are not fully understood. Genetic, hormonal, environmental, and lifestyle factors seem to play a role.

What is a plain film x-ray?

X-ray (also known as plain films): test that uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams (X-rays) to produce images of bones. Soft tissue structures such as the spinal cord, spinal nerves, the disc, and ligaments are usually not seen on X-rays, nor on most tumors, vascular malformations, or cysts. X-rays provide an overall assessment of the bone anatomy as well as the curvature and alignment of the vertebral column. Spinal dislocation or slippage (also known as spondylolisthesis), kyphosis, scoliosis, as well as local and overall spine balance can be assessed with X-rays. Specific bony abnormalities such as bone spurs, disc space narrowing, vertebral body fracture, collapse, or erosion can also be identified on plain film X-rays. Dynamic, or flexion/extension X-rays (X-rays that show the spine in motion) may be obtained to see if there is any abnormal or excessive movement or instability in the spine at the affected levels.

What is MR imaging?

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging: a diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of large magnets, radio waves, and a computer to produce detailed images of organs and structures within the body. MR imaging scans use no radiation. They may not be possible in patients with certain implants or devices, such as pacemakers or old aneurysm clips.

What is a CT scan?

Computed tomography (CT) scan: a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat, and organs. CT scans are more detailed than general X-rays.

What is the narrow ligament that covers the basivertebral veins?

The posterior longitudinal ligament is narrow at the vertebral bodies, where it covers the basivertebral veins, and widens at the intervertebral disc space. It is generally quite wide and thin.

What is the name of the ligaments that run vertically at the center of the vertebrae?

Posterior longitudinal ligament. Posterior longitudinal ligament, in the thoracic region. (Posterior longitudinal ligament runs vertically at center.) Median sagittal section of two lumbar vertebrae and their ligaments.

Where is the posterior longitudinal ligament located?

The posterior longitudinal ligament is situated within the vertebral canal, and extends along the posterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae, from the body of the axis, where it is continuous with the tectorial membrane of atlanto-axial joint, to the sacrum.

Which ligament weakly prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column?

The posterior longitudinal ligament weakly prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column. It also limits spinal disc herniation, although it is much narrower than the anterior longitudinal ligament.

Which ligament is narrow at the vertebral bodies?

In the thoracic and lumbar regions, it presents a series of dentations with intervening concave margins. The posterior longitudinal ligament is narrow at the vertebral bodies, where it covers the basivertebral veins, and widens at the intervertebral disc space.

Where is the median sagittal section of the lumbar vertebrae?

(Posterior longitudinal ligament runs vertically at center left.) The posterior longitudinal ligament is situated within the vertebral canal, and extends along the posterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae, from the body of the axis, where it is continuous with ...

Which ligaments cause back pain?

The posterior longitudinal ligament contains a higher density of nociceptors than many ligaments, so can cause back pain. It may ossify, particularly around cervical vertebrae.

What ligaments provide stability to the column?

Spinal ligaments also provide stability to the column. They do this by limiting the degree of movement in the direction opposite their location. For example, your anterior longitudinal ligament (see below for details) is located in front of your vertebral bodies. When you arch back, it prevents you from going too far.

What is ligamentum flavum?

The phrase ligamentum flavum means "yellow ligament". The ligamentum flavum is made of a (pale) yellow-colored elastic tissue. This tissue is similar to the type of connective tissue that comprises the other spinal ligaments, except there’s a degree of elasticity to it.

What is the intertransverse ligament?

Intertransverse ligaments go from a superior (remember, superior refers to an above location, relatively speaking) transverse process of a vertebra to the transverse process of the vertebra below it . The intertransverse ligaments connect these processes together and help limit the action of side bending (lateral flexion). They also form a sort of border between the bodies in front and the bony rings in the back of the vertebrae.

What does OPLL mean in myelopathy?

(OPLL stands for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. See below for more information on the posterior longitudinal ligament.)

Where does the interspinous ligament connect to the spinous process?

The interspinous ligaments connect the whole of each spinous process vertically. The interspinous ligament starts at the root of the spinous process, where it emerges from the ring of bone located at the back of the body of its respective vertebra, and extends all the way out to the tip.

Which ligaments are more fibrous?

In the thoracic (mid-back) area, the intertransverse ligaments are tougher and more fibrous. Now you know your ligament ABCs. These are the spinal ligaments that affect all or at least large portions of the spine. Other spinal ligaments are specific to an area such as the neck or the sacrum and sacroiliac joints.

Where is the ligament flavum located?

It is located between the laminae of the vertebra. At each vertebral level, fibers originate from a superior lamina (the term superior refers to a location above, relatively speaking) and connect to the inferior lamina (i.e. the lamina just below). The ligamentum flavum limits spinal flexion (bending forward), especially abrupt flexion. This function enables the ligamentum flavum to protect your discs from injury.

What are the two ligaments of the cervical spine?

Ligaments of the Back of the Cervical and Upper Thoracic Spine. 1. Supraspinous Ligament (flexion) 2. Ligamentum Nuchae (fibrous membrane) Ligament Systems – Atlas and Axis. As mentioned in the Vertebral Column, the Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2) are different from the other spinal vertebrae.

What are the primary spinal ligaments?

Primary Spinal Ligaments Include: Limits…. 1. Supraspinous Ligament (flexion) 2. Ligamentum Nuchae (fibrous membrane) As mentioned in the Vertebral Column, the Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2) are different from the other spinal vertebrae.

Which ligament connects the facet joints to the posterior openings of the vertebrae?

The Ligamentum Flavum forms a cover over the dura mater: a layer of tissue that protects the spinal cord. This ligament connects under the facet joints to create a small curtain over the posterior openings between the vertebrae. The Anterior Longitudinal Ligament attaches to the front (anterior) of each vertebra.

Which ligaments prevent movement in certain directions?

Further, some ligaments prevent movement in certain directions. Three of the more important ligaments in the spine are the Ligamentum Flavum, Anterior Longitudinal Ligament and the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament . The Ligamentum Flavum forms a cover over the dura mater: a layer of tissue that protects the spinal cord.

Which vertebrae have the greatest range of motion?

Although the cervical vertebrae are the smallest, the neck has the greatest range of motion. Occipitoatlantal Ligament Complex (Atlas) These four ligaments run between the Occiput and the Atlas: Anterior Occipitoatlantal Ligament. Posterior Occipitoatlantal Ligament.

What is a ligament?

Peer Reviewed. Ligaments are fibrous bands or sheets of connective tissue linking two or more bones, cartilages, or structures together. One or more ligaments provide stability to a joint during rest and movement. Excessive movements such as hyper–extension or hyper–flexion, may be restricted by ligaments.

Where is the anterior longitudinal ligament located?

The Anterior Longitudinal Ligament attaches to the front (anterior) of each vertebra. This ligament runs up and down the spine (vertical or longitudinal). The Posterior Longitudinal Ligament runs up and down behind (posterior) the spine and inside the spinal canal.

Overview

Function

The posterior longitudinal ligament weakly prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column. It also limits spinal disc herniation, although it is much narrower than the anterior longitudinal ligament.

Structure

Clinical significance

See also

Additional images

External links