Industrial softened water contains excessively high chloride ions, because it is difficult to control chloride ions in boiler water. It is easy to cause boiler corrosion. The high chloride ion content has always been the primary problem that plagues factories, especially in coastal areas.
Full Answer
What if I measured 1500 ppm chloride in my neighbourhood river?
How much chlorine is in boiler water?
Is chloride a BFW?
Does it take much Cl to destroy a steam turbine?
Will Eng tips check this out?
Can makeup water be filtered?
See 3 more
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Maximum allowable chloride level of the boiler water - Marine Pro Help
The maximum considered to 200 ppm, but it better be as low as possible to avoid corrosion of boiler tubes and drum(s).
What maximum chloride levels (in PPM) should be maintained in boiler ...
Answer: There is no specified chloride limit by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers . BSI doesn’t set any standard until you are operating over 60 Bar (BS2486). EPRI does have recommendations on chlorides for power boilers such as for boilers operating under all volatile treatment EPRI ...
Chlorides in the boiler water - Marine Pro Help
The sea water leakage from the condenser makes chlorides in the boiler water to go high. This is very dangerous because corrosion may damage the boiler.
What is the effect of chloride in boiler? - Answers
What will be the effect of the lower water level in the boiler? Effect of low water level in the boiler is rapid increase the temperature of the metal tubes, causing a collapse or rupture.
What could high content of chloride impose or affect to the boiler
Industrial softened water contains excessively high chloride ions, because it is difficult to control chloride ions in boiler water. It is easy to cause boiler corrosion. The high chloride ion content has always been the primary problem that plagues factories, especially in coastal areas.
Tag Archives: Chloride Is Found Too Much In Boiler
What is meant by erosion in boilers?. It is a mechanical attack on the metal surface which may be due to a disturbance in the flow of the fluid over the metal surfaces, resulting in a loss of metal. Suspended abrasive matters in the fluid can increase the rate of metal losses. What is meant by corrosion in boilers ?. It is the deterioration of metals due to oxidation.
What does priming mean in boilers?
What it means. Foaming and priming in a boiler occurs when there are high amounts of dissolved solids present at the water surface. When the steam is generated, these impurities bubble up (foaming) and evaporate with the steam (priming), latching on to superheaters and turbines, decreasing their efficiency.
How to avoid foaming and priming?
How to avoid it. The best way to avoid foaming and priming is to maintain a low level of dissolved solids and control alkalinity in your boiler. Membrane filtration, ion exchange, and softening can be helpful, as well as making sure pH remains between 8.5 and 9.5.
What is boiler feed water treatment?
A good overall boiler feed water treatment program includes: proper pretreatment of the feed water to the boiler (the strategy is to remove harmful impurities before they enter the boiler) a good program of internal chemistry control (this consists of a proper chemical feed and blowdown program to control scaling, fouling, sludge, and TDS buildup) ...
How is scaling determined?
The level of scaling on a boiler will be determined by the amount of these impurities in relation to the pressure a boiler is run at. For example, many higher-pressure boilers will require a higher quality of water with less contaminants than some lower-pressure boilers. Boilers that generate steam to power turbines, for example, require high-pressure boilers and therefore more complex feed water treatment system to remove as many impurities as possible.
Why does a boiler break down?
The most common reason is the presence of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide, which eat away at areas of the boiler causing system stress and cracking. The higher the boiler pressures, the more severe the corrosion.
What happens when you treat boiler feed water?
When treating boiler feed water (the combination of boiler makeup and condensate return water), several issues can arise that cause boiler scaling, corrosion, fouling, and system failure.
Why do boilers foam?
Foaming is the production of persistent foam or bubbles in boilers, which do not break easily. Foaming is due to presence of substances like oils (which greatly reduce the surface tension of water). Priming and foaming usually happen simultaneously. It’s best to avoid them because:
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You should be able to develop an absorbance method using silver chloride as the final analyte.
Similar questions and discussions
What is the difference between rinsing sample 3 times with 100 ml diluent and rinsing one time with 300 ml diluent in membrane filtration ?
What is the purpose of a deaerator?
Since makeup water contains considerable amounts of dissolved oxygen, corrosion becomes a critical reliability concern, because high heat intensity at the boiler tubes accelerates the oxidation process. Therefore, feedwater to the boiler must be made oxygen free. Generally the higher the makeup water, the higher is the dissolved oxygen loading. Deaerator is most commonly used equipment to get rid of dissolved oxygen. Very briefly, the declaration process uses live stream and mechanical agitation to encourage dissolved oxygen to escape from the water. The liberated dissolved oxygen must be continuously removed from the deaerator, and hence, a small purge stream normally one percent of boiler capacity has been accepted industrial norm. Simply speaking, the purpose of deaeration is : 1) To remove oxygen, carbon dioxide and other non-condensable gases from feed water. 2) To heat the incoming makeup water and return condensate to an optimum temperature for minimizing solubility of the undesirable gases and providing the highest temperature water for injection to the boiler. Do you require additional treatment when Deaerator is installed ? Yes. complete oxygen removal cannot be attained by mechanical deaeration alone. Equipment manufacturers state that a property operated deaerating heater can be mechanically reduce the dissolved oxygen concentration in the feed water to 0.005 cc per liter (7 ppb) and zero free carbon dioxide. Typically, plant oxygen level very from 3 to 50 ppb. Traces of dissolved oxygen remaining in the feed water can then be chemically removed with the oxygen scavenger, usually catalyzed sodium sulfite. it is common practice to maintain a sulfite residual of 5-10 ppm in the feedwater and, if necessary, feed sufficient caustic soda or neutralizing amine to increase the feed water pH to between 8.0 and 9.0. How do chemical corrosion inhibitors work ? Chemical inhibitors reduce or stop corrosion by interfering with corrosion mechanism. Inhibiting usually affect either the anode or the cathode. Anodic corrosion inhibitors establish a protective film on the anode. Though these inhibitors can be effective, they can be dangerous, if sufficient anodic inhibitor is present, the entire corrosion potential occurs at the unprotected anode sites. This causes severe localized (or pitting) attack. Cathodic corrosion inhibitors from a protective film on the cathode. These inhibitors reduce the corrosion rate in direct proportion to the reduction of cathodic area. General corrosion inhibitors protect by filming all metal surfaces whether anodic or cathodic. What inhibitors are commonly used O
How does alkalinity affect scale formation?
As alkalinity increases, salts such as calcium carbonate decreases in solubility and therefore results in deposits at high alkalinity. Some materials, such as silica (sio
How does water velocity affect corrosion?
How does the water velocity affect corrosion ? High velocity water increases corrosion by transporting oxygen to the metal and carrying away the products of corrosion at a faster rate. When water velocity is low, deposition of suspended solids can establish localized corrosion cells, thereby increasing corrosion rates. How does temperature affect corrosion ? The influence of temperature on the corrosivity of dissolved oxygen is particularly important in closed heaters and economizers where the water temperature increases rapidly. Elevated temperature in itself does not cause corrosion but small concentration of oxygen at elevated temperature do cause severe problems. this temperature rise provides the driving force that accelerates the reaction so that even small quantities of dissolved oxygen can cause serious corrosion. As a rule of thumb, every 25-30 F increases in temperature causes corrosion rates to double. Which materials are susceptible to corrosion ? Carbon steel is a commodity used metal in the construction of boiler system that is most susceptible to corrosion. Iron is carried into the boiler in various forms of chemical composition and physical state. Most of the iron found in the boiler enters as iron oxide or hydroxide. Any soluble iron in the feedwater is converted to the insoluble hydroxide when exposed to the high alkalinity & temperature in the boiler. These iron compounds are divided roughly into two types, red iron oxide (Fe2o3) and black magnetic oxide (Fe3o4). The red oxide (hematite) is formed under oxidizing condition that exist, for example, in the condensate system or in a boiler that is out of service. The black oxides (magnetite) are formed under reducing conditions that typically exist in an operating boiler. Other metals in general, such as copper, stainless steel, aluminum alloys also do corrode but the process is slow. However in some waters and in presence of dissolved gases, such as H2S or NH3, the corrosion to these metals more severe & destructive than to mild steel. What methods are used to remove O
How to control scale formation in boiler?
The best way to deal with scale is not to let it form in first place. scale formation is prevented by : 1) External pretreatment of boiler make- up water (using water softeners, dealkalizers, and reserve osmosis) to remove hardness/scale-forming minerals before they enter the boiler system. 2) Internal treatment using chemical formulation into the boiler feed water for instance phosphate treatment to keep the common scale forming materials in dissolved form. 3) Adopting proper boiler blowdown practices to limit the concentration of scale forming materials by controlling cycles of concentration. A part of water is purposely drained off (blow down) to prevent minerals built up. A cycle of concentration is the ratio of the make-up rate to the blow down rate. 4) The boiler feed water is sum of condensate return + makeup water. The condensate water produced as a result of condensation of evaporated steam is very pure and free of hardness causing salts. Thus higher the make up water, the higher shall be the impurities and higher will be scale forming tendencies. How does the internal chemical treatment work ? There are two primary methods used to control hardness in internal boiler treatment problems: the carbonate cycle and the phosphate cycle. In general the carbonate cycle is recommended for system with operating pressures below 125 psig. The phosphate cycle is recommended for system with operating pressure above 125 psig. The carbonate cycle is based upon the principle of precipitating the hardness in the form of carbonate. This reaction proceeds in the following manner: (ca++) +(2HCO-)+heat/pressure=caco+co+H0 3 3 2 2
How to treat carbon dioxide?
Internal treatment for carbon dioxide is normally accomplished by the use of a volatile amine. "Amine" refers to any of number of chemicals derived from ammonia. There are two major groups of amines in practice, normally referred to as "neutralizing amines" or "filming amines" depending upon whether they neutralize the acid formed by carbon dioxide or form a protective film on the metal. 1) Filming amines do not neutralize the carbonic acid which forms in condensate system. Instead, they form a film on the metal which is non-wettable, or impervious to water. This protective film prevents the corrosive impurities from contacting the metal. By design, film formers have been developed to function best at a pH of 5.5-7.5. In addition, these amines are highly surface- active and will slough loosely adherent iron oxide and other corrosion products back to receiving points are to the boiler. Care must be exercised with the feed of filming amines. 2) Neutralizing amines function by increasing the pH of the condensate. Normally they are fed as such a rate that the pH of the condensate is maintain slightly above7.0. Satisfactory reduction of carbon dioxide corrosion is possible with the use of a neutralize amine. It is necessary to supplement this type of condensate protection with an oxygen scavenger to remove dissolved oxygen.
Which alkalinity is the most common?
Bicarbonate alkalinity is by far the most common.
How does scale conditioning work?
How does the scale conditioning work ? Scale conditioners modify the crystal structure of scale, creating a bulky transportable sludge instead of hard deposit. When hardness is controlled through carbonate and phosphate programs, the resulting sludge must be conditioned into a fluid substance ease in bottom blowdown. sludge conditioners are generally very long synthetic or natural chains of polymeric molecules. The sludge conditioner physically bonds with the calcium carbonate or phosphate formed in the boiler to prevent the formation of precipitated scale on the heat transfer surfaces. Several of the most popular internal boiler sludge conditioners are sodium polymethacrylate and sulfonated copolymers. t is important to remember that an effective bottom blowdown schedule must be maintain to ensure that the conditioned sludge is removed from the boiler. How does the scale deposits Energy Consumption ? As a rule of thumb, one millimeter of scale build-up can increase fuel consumption by two percent. The figures below bring out the importance of the scales and its influence on energy conservation.
What if I measured 1500 ppm chloride in my neighbourhood river?
If I measured 1500 ppm chloride in my neighbourhood river I would report it to the environment regulator.
How much chlorine is in boiler water?
Thanks for all the answers. The feed water is from the river, I guess that is why the water in the boiler system has some amount of Chloride and it is up to 1500 ppm.
Is chloride a BFW?
Chloride is normally never tested in BFW. It is tested in DM water, though, where a typical analysis would show nil chlorides (chlorides as CaCO3).
Does it take much Cl to destroy a steam turbine?
It doesn't take much Cl to greatly accelerate boiler tube corrosion and to destroy a steam turbine.
Will Eng tips check this out?
The Eng-Tips staff will check this out and take appropriate action.
Can makeup water be filtered?
The raw makeup water can be from any source. That is why it get filtered, softened, goes through ion exchange, and is then degassed. Before it goes into the boiler it must be u;tra high purity.
What if I measured 1500 ppm chloride in my neighbourhood river?
If I measured 1500 ppm chloride in my neighbourhood river I would report it to the environment regulator.
How much chlorine is in boiler water?
Thanks for all the answers. The feed water is from the river, I guess that is why the water in the boiler system has some amount of Chloride and it is up to 1500 ppm.
Is chloride a BFW?
Chloride is normally never tested in BFW. It is tested in DM water, though, where a typical analysis would show nil chlorides (chlorides as CaCO3).
Does it take much Cl to destroy a steam turbine?
It doesn't take much Cl to greatly accelerate boiler tube corrosion and to destroy a steam turbine.
Will Eng tips check this out?
The Eng-Tips staff will check this out and take appropriate action.
Can makeup water be filtered?
The raw makeup water can be from any source. That is why it get filtered, softened, goes through ion exchange, and is then degassed. Before it goes into the boiler it must be u;tra high purity.
An Increase of Sludge
- What it means
If a boiler is seeing higher-than-normal amounts of sludge (sediment of solids or oil that are usually softer than scale but can get hard and scale after being “baked” onto the heat exchangers), there could be an issue with filtration and/or solids removal upstream or the collected precipitan… - How to avoid it
The best way to combat sludge in a boiler is to eliminate any sludge-causing contaminants before they become an issuein addition to blowing out any sludge accumulations before they have a chance to bake onto high-heat surfaces, where they are extremely difficult to remove. Sometime…
Scale Buildup
- What it means
Scaling is a deposit formed on the inside of piping and heat transfer surfaces when the water is heated and impurities precipitate or settle out leaving behind extremely hard deposits. Some common feed water contaminants that cause scalinginclude: 1. Silica 2. Iron 3. Calcium 4… - How to avoid it
The level of scaling on a boiler will be determined by the amount of these impurities in relation to the pressure a boiler is run at. For example, many higher-pressure boilers will require a higher quality of water with less contaminants than some lower-pressure boilers. Boilers that generate …
System Corrosion
- What it means
Corrosion in boilers, or the breakdown of the metal elements of the device, can happen for a variety of reasons. The most common reason is the presence of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide, which eat away at areas of the boiler causing system stress and cracking. The higher th… - How to avoid it
High-quality oxygen scavengers can be effective in removing these dissolved gases from boiler feed water in addition to deaerators. These two methods are widely used in the removal of the harmful gases that can break down and wreak havoc on boiler tubing and equipment. Managing …
Foaming and Priming
- What it means
Foaming and priming in a boiler occurs when there are high amounts of dissolved solids present at the water surface. When the steam is generated, these impurities bubble up (foaming) and evaporate with the steam (priming), latching on to superheaters and turbines, decreasing their ef… - How to avoid it
The best way to avoid foaming and priming is to maintain a low level of dissolved solids and control alkalinity in your boiler. Membrane filtration, ion exchange, and softening can be helpful, as well as making sure pH remains between 8.5 and 9.5.
How Samco Can Help
- A good overall boiler feed water treatment program includes: 1. proper pretreatment of the feed water to the boiler (the strategy is to remove harmful impurities before they enter the boiler) 2. a good program of internal chemistry control (this consists of a proper chemical feed and blowdown program to control scaling, fouling, sludge, and TDS buildup) 3. a proper treatment pr…