What is a hacienda in Spain?
Spanish word used in colonies of the Spanish empire to refer to estates with large business enterprises. A hacienda (UK: /ˌhæsiˈɛndə/ or US: /ˌhɑːsiˈɛndə/; Spanish: [aˈθjenda] or [aˈsjenda]), in the colonies of the Spanish Empire, is an estate (or finca), similar to a Roman latifundium. Some haciendas were plantations, mines or factories.
How did the Andalusian hacienda system work?
The sudden acquisition of conquered land allowed kings to grant extensive holdings to nobles, mercenaries, and religious military orders to reward their military service. Andalusian haciendas produced wine, grain, oils, and livestock, and were more purely agricultural than what was to follow in Spanish America .
What was the economic impact of the hacienda?
Haciendas were developed as profit-making, economic enterprises linked to regional or international markets. Although the hacienda is not directly linked to the early grants of indigenous American labor, the encomienda, many Spanish holders of encomiendas did acquire land or develop enterprises where they had access to that forced labor.
What role did the hacendados play in the colonies?
By the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century, the hacendados often had multiple roles—serving simultaneously as landowner, miner, bureaucrat, or merchant—with observable economic and political power and influence in the colonies.
What purpose did the Hacienda serve in Spanish America multiple choice question?
What purpose did the hacienda serve in Spanish America? It supplied crops to nearby communities.
What was the primary goal of Spanish voyagers in the Pacific?
Led by explorer Ferdinand Magellan, the armada's goal was to reach the Spice Islands of Maluku (in the Indonesian archipelago) and open a new trading route for Spain. A modern replica of the Victoria, one of the ships in Magellan's fleet.
What were the farms the Spanish operated in America called?
All colonial haciendas were owned almost exclusively by Spaniards and criollos, or rarely by mixed-race individuals. In Argentina, the term estancia is used for large estates that in Mexico would be termed haciendas.
What commodity was of primary importance to the economy of Portuguese Brazil?
The Portuguese economy depended chiefly on the reexportation of Brazilian sugar and tobacco, and on the exportation of Portugal's own salt, wine, and fruit. These went to pay for the imports of cereals, cloth, and other manufactured goods, mostly from Northern Europe.
What were the reasons for Spanish exploration?
Columbus's discovery opened a floodgate of Spanish exploration. Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable native peoples, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as conquistadores.
What were the main motives of Pacific exploration and Colonisation?
Much of the European exploration of the Pacific was inspired by two obsessions: the search for the fastest routes to the spice-rich islands of the Moluccas (modern-day Maluku in Indonesia) and the theory that somewhere in the South Pacific lay a vast undiscovered southern continent, possibly also rich in gold, spices, ...
How did the Spanish try to convert the natives?
Interactions with Native Americans: Spanish colonizers attempted to integrate Native Americans into Spanish culture by marrying them and converting them to Catholicism. Although some Native Americans adopted aspects of Spanish culture, others decided to rebel.
How did the encomienda system function in the Spanish colonies quizlet?
How did the encomienda system function? The Spanish Crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter.
Why did the Spanish government established the encomienda system in the Spanish colonies?
The purpose of the encomienda system in the Spanish Empire was to provide an incentive for conquistadors to conquer new territories and to provide free labour to extract wealth from the colonies. For the Catholic Church, the system permitted indigenous peoples to be exposed to Christianity.
Is Brazil a growing economy?
The country is rich in natural resources. From 2000 to 2012, Brazil was one of the fastest-growing major economies in the world, with an average annual GDP growth rate of over 5%....Economy of Brazil.StatisticsGDP rank10th (nominal, 2022) 9th (PPP, 2022)GDP growth1.2% (2019) –3.9% (2020) 4.6% (2021) 3.25% (2022f)37 more rows
How did poor English people go to the New World in the early stages of the colonial period in the 1600s?
Throughout the 17th century, between half and two-thirds of all white immigrants to the American colonies came as indentured servants. In exchange for passage to Virginia or other colonies, these poor English people traded 4-7 years of their labor. They were fed, sheltered and clothed in exchange for their work.
What are two big problems Brazil has had to deal with for much of its history?
What are two big problems Brazil had had to deal with for much of its history? One problem has been cash-crop agriculture, in sugar and rubber, then coffee. The second problem has been a two-class society of rich landowners and poor plantation laborers.
What did the Spanish call the Pacific?
In 1513, Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and encountered the Pacific Ocean, calling it the South Sea.
Why did the Spanish explorers want to find the Strait of Anian?
Cortez, the conqueror of the great Aztec Empire, was amassing a fleet near Acapulco on the Pacific coast of Mexico with the intention of discovering the mythical straits of Anian, the northern passage believed to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, hence providing a shortcut to the Orient.
What was the Spanish exploration?
19.2. 3: Spanish Exploration The voyages of Christopher Columbus initiated the European exploration and colonization of the American continents that eventually turned Spain into the most powerful European empire.
Who was the first to sail across the Pacific ocean?
MagellanMagellan was sponsored by Spain to travel west across the Atlantic in search of the East Indies. In doing so, his expedition became the first from Europe to cross the Pacific Ocean and circumnavigate the world.
What is a hacienda in Spanish America?
Hacienda, in Spanish America, a large landed estate, one of the traditional institutions of rural life. Originating in the colonial period, the hacienda survived in many places late into the 20th century. Labourers, ordinarily American Indians, who worked for hacendados (landowners) were.
What is a hacienda?
Hacienda, in Spanish America, a large landed estate, one of the traditional institutions of rural life. Originating in the colonial period, the hacienda survived in many places late into the 20th century.
What did the Spanish have?
The Spanish had cannons, guns and armor; The Spanish had help from peoples conquered by the Aztecs; The Spanish had horses and were good horsemen .
Why did the natives of Brazil flee?
The natives of Brazil were not settled farming people; the natives of Brazil often fled to avoid the Portuguese; Smallpox and measles killed many natives.
What was the majority of the colonists who came from the Iberian Peninsula?
The vast majority of the colonists who came from the Iberian peninsula were males.
Did the Incas fight the Spanish?
People conquered by the Incas often did not resist the Spanish; Smallpox had swept through before Pizarro's arrival; People conquered by the Incas joined with the Spanish to defeat the Incas.
What was the purpose of the haciendas?
The system was designed to keep people that were in debt working on a piece of land. People working on haciendas were made to stay there as long as possible using various means. The owners of haciendas were called hacendados, and they were able to make huge amounts of money by exploiting these workers.
Why were haciendas important during the Mexican Revolution?
Haciendas were major factors during the Mexican Revolution because everything that was happening during the Revolution left a mark on them and the people living there. The evolution of haciendas happened gradually, and they did not just appear suddenly. Haciendas faced significant problems in the 18th century, which were preventing them from becoming the major institutions that they were during the Mexican Revolution. They needed to find a cheaper workforce and also find a way to deal with the prices of their products, which were being held down by other peasants in the area.
Why did the haciendas become the place of class conflict?
However, once the Revolution happened in the early 20th century, for obvious reasons, the haciendas became the place of class conflict. The workers revolted against the landlords and started defending their rights. They lost their identities when the hacienda system was put in place, and they started demanding it back.
How were haciendas organized?
Haciendas were traditionally organized in a clear hierarchy that was inspired by paternalistic societies. In this social organization, the landlords were sitting at the top of the system while the workers were at the bottom.
Why did the hacienda system prosper?
They had more available workers because they destabilized villages, and they managed to beat the competition that was offering lower prices. Hacienda landlords also managed to gain some political power as well.
What is a hacienda?
A hacienda is most easily defined as an estate, mostly seen in the colonies of the Spanish Empire. A lot of haciendas were used as mines, factories, or plantations, and some combined all of these activities. Haciendas were actually small business enterprises that were built for the sole goal of making money. It is not easy to exactly define the ...
How did the Liberal Reforms help the haciendas?
Once the Liberal Reforms released haciendas from the burdens of demands from other ways of taxation such as annuity payments and extremely high mortgage interests, they managed to raise their profitability and started earning a lot more money. These reforms also allowed landlords of the haciendas to take more land and existing villages and use them as they please.
How were haciendas developed?
Haciendas were developed as profit-making, economic enterprises linked to regional or international markets. Although the hacienda is not directly linked to the early grants of indigenous American labor, the encomienda, many Spanish holders of encomiendas did acquire land or develop enterprises where they had access to that forced labor. Even though the private landed estates that constituted most haciendas did not have a direct tie to the encomienda, they are nonetheless linked. Encomenderos were in a position to retain their prominence economically via the hacienda. Since the encomienda was a grant from the crown, holders were dependent on the crown for its continuation. As the crown moved to eliminate the encomienda with its labor supply, Spaniards consolidated private landholdings and recruited free labor on a permanent or casual basis. The long term trend then was the creation of the hacienda as secure private property, which survived the colonial period and into the 20th century. Estates were integrated into a market-based economy aimed at the Hispanic sector and cultivated crops such as sugar, wheat, fruits and vegetables and produced animal products such as meat, wool, leather, and tallow.
What is a hacienda?
A hacienda ( UK: / ˌhæsiˈɛndə / or US: / ˌhɑːsiˈɛndə /; Spanish: [aˈθjenda] or [aˈsjenda] ), in Spain and the colonies of the Spanish Empire, is an estate (or finca ), similar to a Roman latifundium. Some haciendas were plantations, mines or factories. Many haciendas combined these activities.
What is a hacienda in Argentina?
The term hacienda is imprecise, but usually refers to landed estates of significant size. Smaller holdings were termed estancias or ranchos that were owned almost exclusively by Spaniards and criollos and in rare cases by mixed-race individuals. In Argentina, the term estancia is used for large estates that in Mexico would be termed haciendas. In recent decades, the term has been used in the United States to refer to an architectural style associated with the earlier estate manor houses.
What are the haciendas in the Philippines?
In Puerto Rico, haciendas were larger than estancias, ordinarily grew either sugar cane, coffee, or cotton, and exported their crops outside Puerto Rico.
How did the work force on a hacienda work?
Labor could be recruited from nearby indigenous communities on an as-needed basis, such as planting and harvest time. The permanent and temporary hacienda employees worked land that belonged to the patrón and under the supervision of local labor bosses. In some places small scale cultivators or campesinos worked small holdings belonging to the hacendado, and owed a portion of their crops to him.
Where did the Hacienda Atequiza originate?
Wheat mill and theatre of Vicente Gallardo; Hacienda Atequiza, Jalisco, Mexico, 1886. Haciendas originated in the Spanish colonization of the Americas as conquests followed a similar pattern in many places. As the Spanish established cities in the middle of conquered territories smaller plots of land were distributed in nearby while far-away areas ...
What was the economy of the 18th century?
In a number of places, the economy of the 18th century was largely a barter system, with little specie circulated on the hacienda . Jaral de Berrios, probably the most important Hacienda of colonial times. Its owner at one time was one of the largest landowners in the world. Located in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico.
What is a hacienda?
Before proceeding further we must take up the question of how to define the concept of the hacienda, if it is not to be used merely as synonymous with “large landed estate.” According to a well-known definition of social anthropologists Eric Wolf and Sidney Mintz, an hacienda is a rural property under a dominating owner, worked with dependent labor, employing little capital, and producing for a small-scale market. Under such a system the factors of production would not only serve for the accumulation of capital but also to underwrite the social ambitions of the owner. On the other hand, plantations would address themselves to a large-scale market with the assistance of abundant capital. Consequently, in the latter case, the factors of production only serve for the accumulation of capital. 8
What are the two sources of hacienda history?
There are two main categories of source material available for hacienda history: records kept by the landowners themselves, and public or publicly registered documents referring to their estates. These two categories complement each other. It is obvious, however, that it is mainly the former which provides insight into the inner workings of the hacienda.
Who first raised the question of non-economic motivations behind the formation of the hacienda?
The question of non-economic motivations behind the formation of the hacienda was first raised by Chevalier. According to the French scholar, the hacendado with his peculiar, archaic mentality, “acquired land not to increase his earnings, but to eliminate rivals and hold sway over an entire region.” Thus Chevalier easily discerned a parallel between the Mexican hacendados and the “ricos homes” of Medieval Castile. 36