What are the 4 phases of pharmacokinetics?
Think of pharmacokinetics as a drug’s journey through the body, during which it passes through four different phases: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). The four steps are: Absorption: Describes how the drug moves from the site of administration to the site of action.
What is pharmacokinetics?
Pharmacokinetics is derived from the Greek roots pharmakon, which means drug, and kinetikos, which refers to movement. The definition of pharmacokinetics is the study of what the body does to a drug. It involves four main processes: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
How do you determine a drug’s PK?
This can be accomplished by examining a drug’s PK through the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, also known as “ADME,” are the internal processes that describe how a drug moves throughout and is processed by the body.
What is first-pass metabolism in pharmacology?
This is referred to as first-pass metabolism, which reduces drug absorption. The process of drug distribution is important because it can affect how much drug ends up in the active sites, and thus drug efficacy and toxicity. A drug will move from the absorption site to tissues around the body, such as brain tissue, fat, and muscle.
What is pharmacokinetics phase?
Pharmacokinetic Phase. This phase describes the time course and disposition of a drug in the body, based on its absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. Definitions. • Pharmacokinetics: – describes what the body does to a drug.
What is an example of pharmacokinetics?
Digoxin, particularly when given intravenously, is an example of a drug that is well described by two- compartment pharmacokinetics. After an intravenous dose is administered, plasma concentrations rise and then rapidly decline as drug distributes out of plasma and into muscle tissue.
What are the 5 steps of pharmacokinetics?
Pharmacokinetics is the movement of a drug through the body's biological systems, these processes include absorption, distribution, bioavailability, metabolism, and elimination.
What are the 3 phases of drug action?
Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the human body interacts with a drug: Absorption. Digestion and Absorption. Distribution.
What is pharmacokinetics quizlet?
Pharmacokinetics. the study of what happens to the drug(s) in the patients body after administered. Includes absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
What 4 factors affect pharmacokinetics?
This is closely related to but distinctly different from pharmacodynamics, which examines the drug's effect on the body more closely. The four main parameters generally examined by this field include absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).
What are pharmacokinetic factors?
Elderly individuals can have different sensitivity to these agents than younger adults because of pharmacokinetic factors (chemical absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and pharmacodynamic factors that control cellular response to the chemical.
Which factor is a major pharmacokinetic process quizlet?
Absorption is the primary pharmacokinetic factor determining the length of time it takes a drug to produce its effect.
What are the 4 stages of the medication process?
What is the Medication Use Process? The medication use process involves several steps: 1) prescribing, 2) transcribing and documenting, 3) dispensing, 4) administering, and 5) monitoring.
Which action occurs during the pharmacokinetic phase of drug activity?
Pharmacokinetic Phase. Pharmacokinetics is the process of drug movement to achieve drug action. The four processes are absorption, distribution, metabolism (or biotransformation), and excretion (or elimination).
What are the 4 phases of clinical trials?
Each stage of a clinical trial has its own purpose in ensuring that a treatment is safe and effective for use by the public....Phases of Clinical TrialsPhase 1 Clinical Trial. ... Phase 2 Clinical Trial. ... Phase 3 Clinical Trial. ... Monitoring Post-FDA Approval.
What is the main difference between pharmacodynamic phase and pharmacokinetic phase of drug metabolism?
The main difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is that pharmacokinetics (PK) is defined as the movement of drugs through the body, whereas pharmacodynamics (PD) is defined as the body's biological response to drugs.
What is pharmacokinetics in simple words?
Listen to pronunciation. (FAR-muh-koh-kih-NEH-tix) The activity of drugs in the body over a period of time, including the processes by which drugs are absorbed, distributed in the body, localized in the tissues, and excreted.
What is pharmacodynamics with example?
Pharmacodynamic interactions. The term “pharmacodynamic interactions” refers to interactions in which drugs influence each other's effects directly. As a rule, for example, sedatives can potentiate each other. The same is true of alcohol, which can potentiate the sedative effects of many drugs.
What is difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics?
The main difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is that pharmacokinetics (PK) is defined as the movement of drugs through the body, whereas pharmacodynamics (PD) is defined as the body's biological response to drugs.
What patient factors affect pharmacokinetics?
Pharmacokinetics can vary from person to person and it is affected by age, gender, diet, environment, body weight and pregnancy, patient's pathophysiology, genetics and drug- drug or food-drug interactions. Drug therapy is impacted by factors that affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
What is pharmacokinetics and why is it important?
Pharmacokinetics is what the body does to a drug. It depends on the patient's conditions and the chemical characteristics of the drug. Understandin...
What are the main principles of pharmacokinetics?
The main principles of the pharmacokinetic processes are absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Absorption is the process that brings...
What are the 4 steps of pharmacokinetics?
The primary pharmacokinetics processes are absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Those processes can be influenced by patient...
Why is pharmacokinetics important?
When a provider prescribes medication, it is with the ultimate goal of a therapeutic outcome while minimizing adverse reactions. A thorough understanding of pharmacokinetics is essential in building treatment plans involving medications. Pharmacokinetics, as a field, attempts to summarize the movement of drugs throughout the body and the actions of the body on the drug. By using the above terms, theories, and equations, practitioners can better estimate the locations and concentrations of a drug in different areas of the body.
What is PK in medicine?
Pharmacokinetics (PK) is the study of how the body interacts with administered substances for the entire duration of exposure (medications for the sake of this article). This is closely related to but distinctly different from pharmacodynamics, which examines the drug’s effect on the body more closely. The four main parameters generally examined by this field include absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Wielding an understanding of these processes allows practitioners the flexibility to prescribe and administer medications that will provide the greatest benefit at the lowest risk and allow them to make adjustments as necessary, given the varied physiology and lifestyles of patients.
Why do nurses need to have an open communication line with the prescribing physician?
Both nurses and pharmacists need to have an open communication line with the prescribing physician so they can report or discuss any concerns regarding drug therapy or the patient's drug regimen in general. This type of interprofessional communication is necessary to optimize patient outcomes with minimal adverse events.[13] [ Level 5]
What is clearance in medicine?
Clearance is an essential term when examining excretion. It is defined as the ratio of the elimination rate of a drug to the plasma drug concentration. This is influenced by the drug, blood flow, and organ status (usually kidneys) of the patient. In the perfect extraction organ, in which blood would completely be cleared of medication, the clearance would become limited by the overall blood flow through the organ.[4] An understanding of clearance allows practitioners to calculate appropriate dosing rates of medications. Maintenance dosing ideally replaces the amount of drug that was eliminated since the previous administration.[9] It is calculated by clearance times the desired plasma concentration divided by bioavailability.
What is the process of converting a drug into a metabolite?
Metabolism is the processing of the drug by the body into subsequent compounds. This is often used to convert the drug into more water-soluble substances that will progress to renal clearance or, in the case of prodrug administration such as codeine, metabolism may be required to convert the drug into active metabolites.[8] Different strategies of metabolism may occur in multiple areas throughout the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract, skin, plasma, kidneys, or lungs, but the majority of metabolism is through phase I (CYP450) and phase II (UGT) reactions in the liver. Phase I reactions generally transform substances into polar metabolites by oxidation allowing conjugation reactions of Phase II to take place.[2] Most commonly, these processes inactivate the drug, convert it into a more hydrophilic metabolite, and allow it to be excreted in the urine or bile.
What is distribution in medicine?
Distribution describes how a substance is spread throughout the body. This varies based on the biochemical properties of the drug as well as the physiology of the individual taking that medication. In its simplest sense, the distribution may be influenced by two main factors: diffusion and convection.[3] These factors may be influenced by the polarity, size, or binding abilities of the drug, the fluid status of the patient (hydration and protein concentrations), or the body habitus of the individual.[4] The goal of the distribution is to achieve what is known as the effective drug concentration. This is the concentration of the drug at its designed receptor site. To be effective, a medication must reach its designated compartmental destination, described by the volume of distribution, and not be protein-bound in order to be active.
What is the process of absorbing a drug?
Absorption is the process that brings a drug from the administration, e.g., tablet, capsule, into the systemic circulation. Absorption affects the speed and concentration at which a drug may arrive at its desired location of effect, e.g., plasma. There are many possible methods of drug administration, including but not limited to oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intrathecal, subcutaneous, buccal, rectal, vaginal, ocular, otic, inhaled, nebulized, and transdermal. Each of these methods has its own absorption characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages.
Where do drugs undergo biotransformation?
Drugs undergo biotransformation in the liver or gastrointestinal track. What benefit is produced when the drugs become water soluable (hydrophilic)?
What is critical concentration in nursing?
The nurse understands that the critical concentration is the amount of the drug needed to cause: therapeutic effect.
What is the drug that a nurse administers to a client?
The nurse administers doxycycline, a drug known to cause gastritis. When the client reports abdominal discomfort after taking the medication, the nurse should classify this discomfort as what type of adverse effect?
What is the purpose of a drug monitor?
To monitor unexpected responses to a drug dose, such as decreased therapeutic effects or increased adverse effects. When a drug overdose is suspected.
Does excretion take place slowly?
Excretion is likely to take place slowly.
Do female clients experience drug effects for a longer time than male clients?
An experienced nurse has observed that female clients sometimes experience a drug's effects for a longer time than male clients of similar age and size. The nurse should attribute this to what factor?
