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What is Pine Ridge Reservation known for?
The Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota, which encompasses more than 2.8 million acres, was established in 1889 as Camp 334 for indigenous prisoners of war as white colonists pressed westward across the North American continent. It is home to the Oglala Lakota, a tribe that is part of the Sioux people.
Are Lakota and Oglala Sioux the same?
Oglala is a Lakota word meaning "to scatter one's own." The Oglala Lakota Nation is one of the seven bands of the Titowan (Lakota) division of the Great Sioux Nation. They are a proud people with a rich history and culture.
Are the Black Hills in the Pine Ridge Reservation?
Located in the southwestern corner of South Dakota, the Pine Ridge Reservation is approximately 100 miles from Rapid City. Surrounded by rolling prairie, Badlands, and the Black Hills, the Pine Ridge Reservation is home to the Oglala Lakota Nation.
Are Lakota and Sioux the same?
The Sioux are a confederacy of several tribes that speak three different dialects, the Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota. The Lakota, also called the Teton Sioux, are comprised of seven tribal bands and are the largest and most western of the three groups, occupying lands in both North and South Dakota.
What is the richest tribe in the United States?
Wealthy: Members of the Shakopee Mdewakanton Tribe are the richest American Indians in the nation, thanks to $1million annual payouts to each member.Lucrative: The Mystic Lake Casino Hotel includes five restaurants, a 600-room hotel, convention center, 2,100 seat showroom, 8,350 seat amphitheater and a golf course.More items...•
Do they prefer Lakota or Sioux?
Many Lakota people today prefer to be called Lakota instead of Sioux, as Sioux was a disrespectful name given to them by their enemies. There are seven bands of the Lakota tribe. In South Dakota, there are four Lakota reservations: Pine Ridge, Rosebud, Standing Rock, and Cheyenne River.
Is it safe to visit Pine Ridge Reservation?
Pine Ridge is a dangerous place, especially for women, who suffer from some of the highest rates of abuse and assault, along with some of the lowest rates of prosecution. So when I saw a woman thumbing a ride on the side of Highway 27, near Wounded Knee, I stopped and offered her a ride.
Who is the rightful owner of the Black Hills?
According to the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, the Black Hills region, which includes what is now known as Mount Rushmore, rightfully belongs to the Lakota Sioux Tribe.
What is the richest Indian tribe in Oklahoma?
The Chickasaw are the richest and most politically connected of the Five, whose numbers include the Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, and Muscogee Creek. All came to Oklahoma in the early 19th Century after being forcibly removed from the Southeast to make room for white expansion.
What is a Native American girl called?
In most colonial texts squaw was used as a general word for Indigenous women.
Does Mt Rushmore belong to the Sioux?
Although the subject of this work addresses one aspect of Rushmore's offenses, the land is still considered Sioux property, and the mountain that the Ziolkowskis are carving is still sacred.
What are the 7 Lakota tribes?
In alphabetical order, they are Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes (AST), Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe (CRST), Lower Brule Sioux Tribe (LBST), Oglala Sioux Tribe (OST), Rosebud Sioux Tribe (RST), Standing Rock Sioux Tribe (SRST), and Wood Mountain First Nation (WMFN).
What are the 7 Lakota tribes?
In alphabetical order, they are Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes (AST), Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe (CRST), Lower Brule Sioux Tribe (LBST), Oglala Sioux Tribe (OST), Rosebud Sioux Tribe (RST), Standing Rock Sioux Tribe (SRST), and Wood Mountain First Nation (WMFN).
What tribe is Oglala Lakota?
Oglala Sioux Tribe (previously listed as Oglala Sioux Tribe of the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota)
What are the different Lakota tribes?
The Lakota, Dakota and Nakota Nation (also known as the Great Sioux Nation) descends from of the original inhabitants of North America and can be divided into three major linguistic and geographic groups: Lakota (Teton, West Dakota), Nakota (Yankton, Central Dakota) and Dakota (Santee, Eastern Dakota).
What are the 7 tribes of the Sioux Nation?
Seven sub-bands: Oglala, Brule, Sans Arcs, Blackfeet, Minnekonjou, Two Kettle, and Hunkpapa. They live in South Dakota, on Pine Ridge, Rosebud, Lower Brule, Cheyenne River and Standing Rock Reservations.
How many acres are there in the Badlands?
In 1942 the federal government took privately held Pine Ridge Indian Reservation land owned by tribal members in order to establish the Badlands Bombing Range of 341,725 acres (1,382.91 km 2) (the largest portion is located in Oglala Lakota County ). It also leased communally held Oglala Sioux Tribe (OST) land for this defense installation.
How did the Oglala Sioux Tribe develop their government?
The Oglala Sioux Tribe developed a tribal government along democratic constitutional lines, with a chairman to be elected for a two-year term. This short term makes it difficult for leaders to accomplish longer-term projects, but the tribe has not changed its constitution. The BIA still has had the ability to oversee some tribal operations, including the police. Historically BIA tribal police were often assigned from other Indian tribes rather than representing local people and understanding their culture, which created tensions. Many traditionalists among the Oglala Lakota never supported the new style of government; tribal elders were still respected, and there were multiple lines of authority and influence among different groups on the reservation. Political factions also formed between those who were mixed-bloods or had urban experiences, and those who were full-bloods and tended to be more traditional in practices and culture.
What county is Oglala Lakota in?
The reservation encompasses the entirety of Oglala Lakota County and Bennett County, the southern half of Jackson County, and a small section of Sheridan County added by Executive Order No. 2980 of February 20, 1904. Of the 3,142 counties in the United States, these are among the poorest.
Why did McGillycuddy advocate for the buffer zone?
McGillycuddy lobbied for the buffer zone to prevent white peddlers from engaging in the illegal sale of "knives, guns, and alcohol" to the Oglala Lakota residents of Pine Ridge. A law passed in Congress in 1832 banned the sale of alcohol to Native Americans.
What was the purpose of the White Clay Extension?
Arthur issued an executive order establishing the White Clay Extension, an area of land in Nebraska extending 5 miles (8.0 km) south of the reservation's border and 10 miles (16 km) wide approximately perpendicular to the road leading north into the town of Pine Ridge on the reservation. This road is today's Nebraska Highway 87. McGillycuddy lobbied for the buffer zone to prevent white peddlers from engaging in the illegal sale of "knives, guns, and alcohol" to the Oglala Lakota residents of Pine Ridge.
Where is the Lakota reservation?
Located at the southern end of the Badlands, the reservation is part of the mixed grass prairie, an ecological transition zone between the short-grass and tall-grass prairies; all are part of the Great Plains.
How many acres are there in Pine Ridge Reservation?
Pine Ridge Reservation was originally part of the Great Sioux Reservation established by the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868; it encompassed approximately 60 million contiguous acres (240,000 km 2) of western South Dakota (all of what is now called West River ), northern Nebraska and eastern Wyoming .
What county is Pine Ridge Reservation in?
The Pine Ridge Reservation occupies the entirety of Oglala Lakota (formerly Shannon) County, the southern half of Jackson County and Bennett County. The total land area of the reservation is 2.1 million acres. The reservation is among the largest in the United States.
What is the average life expectancy at Pine Ridge Hospital?
The average life expectancy on Pine Ridge is 66.81 years, the lowest in the United States. Other statistics, attributed to the Pine Ridge hospital, cite an average life expectancy for men of just 47 years. Women fare slightly better, with an average life expectancy of 55 years.
Where is Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota?
Located in the southwestern corner of South Dakota, the Pine Ridge Reservation is approximately 100 miles from Rapid City. Surrounded by rolling prairie, Badlands, and the Black Hills, the Pine Ridge Reservation is home to the Oglala Lakota Nation.
How many people were employed in the Indian tribe in 2005?
With a labor force of 29,539 in the tribe (not specifically the reservation), just 3,131 were employed. The Department of the Interior has since ceased producing estimates of "unemployment."
Is Pine Ridge reservation accurate?
Verified and accurate statistics can be hard to come by on the reservation, and only paint a partial picture of the realities endured by the residents of the communities on Pine Ridge. Likewise, statistics do not capture the vibrant culture, talented artists, hopeful young people, and the many individuals and organizations committed to building a better today – and tomorrow across the reservation.
What tribe is Pine Ridge Reservation?
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What are the challenges of the Sioux reservation?
To conclude, the Sioux people living on the Pine Ridge reservation in South Dakota have a tragic past and have to endure many challenges. Unemployment, poverty, and the lack of opportunities are major social issues to be addressed. These problems are associated with such health concerns as alcoholism, which is another serious social challenge. Young people are the most vulnerable population as they have limited opportunities and are often victims of domestic violence. The reservation has quite an effective government as its officials try to ensure that the rights of the members of the tribe are secured. The Sioux people also receive aid from the US government and various charities. However, a more comprehensive approach is necessary as the primary issues are still in place. At the same time, the reservation is also a place of hope since many people are committed to their culture and traditions. Young people take pride in being Sioux and are ready to maintain their traditions.
What is the government of the Lakota Nation?
As for the government of this tribe, the National Sioux Council is the modern government of the Lakota Nation. Pine Ridge reservation has its delegates in the Council that has annual meetings. All the major issues are discussed during these meetings. All delegates have the right to initiate a discussion. The decisions are made based on “vote counting rather than consensus – a quintessential American Indian method of decision making” (Birchfield par. 27). The Pine Ridge reservation has an elected tribal council that consists of 18 people including the vice-chairperson, treasurer, secretary, and chairperson.
What are the challenges of tribal life?
The economic aspect of tribal life is very complex and associated with numerous challenges. The area is mainly rural, which leads to a high level of unemployment. Laughland and Silverstone stress that almost 80% of people are unemployed. Although there are some industrial facilities, the Sioux often choose not to work there due to their religious beliefs. These people do not want to destroy their sacred land through the excavation of some natural resources (Laughland and Silverstone). Moreover, the construction of various plants leads to a significant opposition of the members of the tribe.
Why is alcoholism growing?
They can also receive some money from charities. Nevertheless, this is not sufficient. This poverty and the lack of opportunities are primary reasons for the growing rate of alcoholism (Goldberg). The availability of alcohol is another reason contributing to the increase in the number of people suffering from alcoholism. Laughland and Silverstone claim that local people go to Whiteclay (Nebraska) to buy liquor.
Where are the Sioux tribes located?
The Oglala Sioux Tribe is located in the south-western part of South Dakota and occupies approximately 3,500 square miles (Laughland and Silverstone). According to Laughland and Silverstone, the population of the tribe is 20,000 tribe members. People often live in small communities. The Sioux language pertains to the Siouan language family (Birchfield). This language is characterized by the abundance of meanings related to the earth and nature as these concepts have been central to the culture of these people. Number seven is the sacred one while other languages often have other sacred numbers. The Sioux language can also be found in Canada as some Native Americans use it across North America. The family is the core value of the Sioux.
What are the beliefs of the Sioux?
The religious beliefs of the Sioux are quite similar to other Native American tribes. These people place the major value on nature and their land. The universe is regarded as a complex system where people are an integral part that has to follow the existing world order. The land is sacred to them (Birchfield). They also worship the sun as the resource of life.
How many original allotments were there on Pine Ridge Reservations?
There were 8,274 original allotments on the Pine Ridge Reservations.
Where is Pine Ridge Agency located?
Pine Ridge Agency. The Bureau of Indian Affairs Pine Ridge Agency is located in Pine Ridge, South Dakota, provides services to the Oglala Sioux Tribe, which boasts an enrollment of 46,855 members. The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation consists of approximately 2.1 million acres and it is located in the southwest portion of the state ...
Where is the wounded knee?
Wounded Knee. The Bureau of Indian Affairs Pine Ridge Agency is located in Pine Ridge, South Dakota, provides services to the Oglala Sioux Tribe, which boasts an enrollment of 46,855 members. The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation consists of approximately 2.1 million acres and it is located in the southwest portion of the state ...
Why should we care about the poor on Native American reservations?
The conditions of the poor Native American Reservations should be a concern to you because their conditions are unlike those of the United States. These reservations and their vicious poverty cycles are not something that our country is proud of. It is really important that with the coming election, you take each candidate into consideration, analyzing and contemplating how they would treat these unique, special, and beautiful people. It is time to shed light on the realities of life on a reservation and finally treat the Native people as they deserve. It is time that we view one another as equals. It is time that we start caring for others as if they were ourselves or our neighbors because many of us are just a few hours away from a reservation. It is time for change...
What is the mantra of a lawyer?
It is meant to be their mantra, "My client is innocent until proven guilty."
Why do lawyers argue that their clients are innocent until proven guilty?
It is meant to be their mantra, "My client is innocent until proven guilty." But if you're thinking about becoming a defense attorney, it's not this pretty simple. Defense lawyers argue that their clients are innocent because they don't want their actions to seem suspect in any way. They essentially say for the sake of the argument itself. If you're trying to decide whether or not becoming a defense attorney is something you would like to do, here are five reasons why it's worth considering:
How many schools are there in the reservation?
There are 15 operating public schools on the reservation and 3 private schools . The school drop-out rate on the reservation is over 70% and many students have an attendance record that is well below 90%. Many children lack inspiration to finish high school because many of those around them have not and even an education does not ensure getting off of the reservation.
Where is Pine Ridge Reservation?
In July I spent a week in Wanblee, a small town on the Pine Ridge Reservation. Located in south-western South Dakota, Pine Ridge is the poorest reservation in all of the U.S., as well as the second largest with 16 thousand inhabitants. I spent the week helping out at a kids camp through which I developed friendships with many local children. On the way to Wanblee, we were warned many times by gas station and restaurant workers that the people of Pine Ridge didn't want us there and that they "hated white people," but they were wrong. On our last night on the reservation, I shared a conversation with a young single mother who tearfully hugged me for caring for her child. She went on to share that she is often upset by the poor reputation reservations have and that she wishes more people would come and try to understand the community. I was taken aback by the resiliency, kindness, and beauty that these people harbored. Those children, although most of them will probably never make it off the reservation, were full of hope and happiness. Because of those kids, I have been inspired to share the story of the current Lakota community to gain awareness of their situation and to crush the Lakota's poor reputation.
Do people in Wanblee have jobs?
There are very, very few jobs available on the reservation, and even less jobs in Wanblee. Many adults do not have jobs, but it is not because they are lazy or don't care about their families, there are simply not jobs available near them. Some people elect to move to Rapid City, without their families, and try to work as much as possible in hopes of being able to come home with money. I met many kids who had either one or two of their parents away in Rapid City. The older ones explained to me how hard it was to have them gone but they understood that it was what they had to do for the greater good of their family.
Do retired people go to school at home?
Nowadays, many working adults, high school graduates, and retired lifelong learners are choosing to advance their careers, lives, and personal knowledge by completing school at home.
What county is Waldorf School in?
The Lakota Waldorf School is located in Oglala Lakota County (formerly known as Shannon County), which includes 2,093 square miles of the reservation and has a population of 14,177 according to the 2019 US Census records. Of the 3,142 counties in the United States, Oglala Lakota County is known as one of the poorest.
What is the population of the PRIR reservation?
The estimated population of the reservation ranges from 19,895 (per the 2019 US Census) to 45,000 (per the tribal office with numerous enrolled members of the tribe living off the reservation). Located primarily in southwestern South Dakota, PRIR encompasses the entirety of Oglala Lakota County and Bennett County, ...
What are the poorest counties in the US?
Of the 3,142 counties in the United States, Oglala Lakota County is known as one of the poorest. County statistics show that: 1 80% of the population is unemployed 2 54% of residents live below the federal poverty line 3 The per capita income is $10,148 4 Only 48.5% of households have a broadband internet subscription 5 The high school dropout rate is over 60% 6 Infant mortality is 3.4 times the national average 7 Life expectancy is the lowest age of all US counties 8 The suicide rate is the 4th highest in the US 9 Lakota people suffer from high incident rates (vastly disproportionate to the national average) in alcoholism, drug abuse, substandard housing, homelessness, and chronic health conditions such as diabetes and heart disease
What are the health problems of the Lakota people?
Lakota people suffer from high incident rates (vastly disproportionate to the national average) in alcoholism, drug abuse, substandard housing, homelessness, and chronic health conditions such as diabetes and heart disease. Food security is also a major concern. Over ninety percent (90%) of food on the reservation is shipped in.
Where is Waldorf School in Lakota?
The Lakota Waldorf School sits in the heart of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation (PRIR) – home to the federally recognized tribe of the Oglala Lakota people known as the Oglala Sioux Tribe (OST).
What is the LWS vision?
LWS’s long-term vision is that our students, empowered by their indigenous-Waldorf education, will also contribute to the future of the Lakota people. "The ones that matter the most are the children.". Lakota Proverb. “The Lakota children are called “wakanyeja” – little sacred ones. ….
How many acres are there in Pine Ridge?
The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation is the second largest in the United States with 2.1 million acres (or 3,468.85 square miles). Only 84,000 acres of PRIR’s 2.1 million acres are considered suitable for agriculture. The estimated population of the reservation ranges from 19,895 (per the 2019 US Census) to 45,000 ...
Why was the Pine Ridge Reservation made smaller?
Slowly over time, with the discovery of gold in the Black Hills, the Pine Ridge Reservation was made smaller and smaller, violating the treaties between the US government and the Lakota people.
What county is Pine Ridge Reservation in?
A young girl stands in front of her trailer. Pine Ridge Reservation is located in Shannon County, the poorest county in the United States.
How many kids does Darlene High Hawk have?
Darlene High Hawk tends to her two daughters, Destiny (right) and Danielle (left), who are fighting for their mother’s attention in a housing complex outside of Pine Ridge. Darlene has six children and doesn’t have time to leave them to go to work.
What is the most sacred animal in the Lakota?
An eagle from the National Eagle Centre rests after the opening ceremony of the pow wow in Pine Ridge. Eagles are considered one of the most sacred animals to the Lakota people. Check out the portfolio of photographer Matthew Williams. This article originally appeared in Huck 29 – The Travis Rice issue.
Why do Lakota people turn to gang culture?
Over the years, the language and traditions of the Lakota people have become less prevalent among the younger generations, who frequently turn to gang culture in search of identity and belonging.
What is the Pow Wow?
A young girl waits in line for the pow wow, a traditional gathering that sees residents coming together to celebrate and honour American Indian culture.
Where does Rich live?
Rich has lived on the Pine Ridge Reservation most of his life, in a small house that lacks plumbing along with several members of his family.
What is Pine Ridge Reservation?
The Pine Ridge Reservation serves as the home to an entire Native American population living in conditions equivalent to those found among the poorest third world countries. Left in the wake of a terrible absence of resources, members of the Lakota Sioux Tribe are left feeling broken, hopeless and unimportant.
What percentage of people on the reservation have diabetes?
Nearly 50 percent of the adults on the Reservation over the age of 40 have diabetes. The tuberculosis rate on the Reservation is approximately 800 percent higher than the national average, with cervical cancer not far behind at 500 percent higher than average.
What is the average life expectancy in the reservation?
There is a 70 percent high school dropout rate. The average life expectancy on the Reservation is 47 years for men and 52 years for women. The teenage suicide rate is 150 percent higher than the U.S. national average.
What is the Sioux Hope Foundation?
True Sioux Hope Foundation plans to inspire unprecedented, permanent, positive change for the Sioux Tribe in South Dakota by providing much-needed funding to deliver the life-saving resources needed for the Sioux nation to not only survive , but thrive.
How much of the homes on the reservation need to be demolished?
At least 60 percent of homes on the Reservation need to be demolished and replaced due to infestation of potentially fatal black mold, however, there are no insurance or government programs to assist families in replacing their homes.
How many people live in a family home?
There is an estimated average of 17 people living in each family home, a home that may only have two to three rooms.
Overview
Social issues and economy
Pine Ridge is the eighth-largest reservation in the United States and it is the poorest. The population of Pine Ridge suffer health conditions, including high mortality rates, depression, alcoholism, drug abuse, malnutrition and diabetes, among others. Reservation access to health care is limited compared to urban areas, and it is not sufficient. Unemployment on the reservation hovers betwee…
History
As stipulated in the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), the U.S. government built Indian agencies for the various Lakota and other Plains tribes. These were forerunners to the modern Indian reservations. The Red Cloud Agency was established for the Oglala Lakota in 1871 on the North Platte River in Wyoming Territory. The location was one mile (1.6 km) west of the present town of Henr…
Demographics
In a 2005 interview, Cecilia Fire Thunder, the first female president of the Oglala Sioux Tribe, noted, "[Sixty-eight] percent of the college graduates on the reservation are women. Seventy percent of the jobs are held by women. Over 90 percent of the jobs in our schools are held by women."
• The 2010 U.S. Census counted 18,834 individuals living on the Pine Ridge Reservation. The vast majority (16,906) identified as American Indian.
Tribal government
The reservation is governed by the eighteen-member Oglala Sioux Tribal Council, who are elected officials rather than traditional clan life leaders, in accordance with the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. The Executive Officers of the council are the President (also called Chairman), Vice President, Secretary, and Treasurer. Primary elections are held in October and the General election i…
Tourism at Pine Ridge
• Wounded Knee Massacre and burial site. The events at Wounded Knee represents a significant event in Native American and United States history; it was the last significant clash between Native Americans and U.S. troops and was considered to be the closing of the Western Frontier. The trail that Spotted Elk and his band took on the reservation is marked with signs, including the sp…
Geography
Located in southwest South Dakota, the reservation takes 3,400 square miles (8,800 km ) of space. The nearest urban center, Rapid City, South Dakota, is 120 miles (190 km) from the center of the reservation.
The most inland point in North America in located within the reservation, near the town of Allen, and is 1,650 km (1,030 mi) from the nearest coastline.
Flora and fauna
The mixed grass prairie contains both ankle-high and waist-high grasses, and fills a transitional zone between the moister tall-grass prairie to the east and the more arid short-grass prairie to the west.
Biologists have identified more than 400 different plant species growing in Badlands National Park. Each plant species is adapted to survive the condition…
Major Facts
- The Oglala Sioux Tribe is located in the south-western part of South Dakota and occupies approximately 3,500 square miles (Laughland and Silverstone). According to Laughland and Silverstone, the population of the tribe is 20,000 tribe members. People often live in small communities. The Sioux language pertains to the Siouan language family (Birchfi...
Religion
- The religious beliefs of the Sioux are quite similar to other Native American tribes. These people place the major value on nature and their land. The universe is regarded as a complex system where people are an integral part that has to follow the existing world order. The land is sacred to them (Birchfield). They also worship the sun as the resource of life. The Sun Dance or the Offeri…
Government
- As for the government of this tribe, the National Sioux Council is the modern government of the Lakota Nation. Pine Ridge reservation has its delegates in the Council that has annual meetings. All the major issues are discussed during these meetings. All delegates have the right to initiate a discussion. The decisions are made based on “vote counting rather than consensus – a quintes…
Economy
- The economic aspect of tribal life is very complex and associated with numerous challenges. The area is mainly rural, which leads to a high level of unemployment. Laughland and Silverstone stress that almost 80% of people are unemployed. Although there are some industrial facilities, the Sioux often choose not to work there due to their religious beliefs. These people do not wan…
Social Issues and Current Challenges
- As has been mentioned above, the level of unemployment is very high in the tribal lands. The per capita income in this area is only $9,150, and the living standards are very low (Goldberg). For example, some people live in one-room houses. Other dwellings are homes to several families. Local people understand that their life is very different from the lives of white people (Wirthman)…
Personal View
- I believe that the major challenge the Sioux people face is the lack of educational and healthcare opportunities. They do not have sufficient support, which results in their suicidal ideas. Moreover, young people also abuse alcohol and drugs (Bosman). They are vulnerable to the development of addictions as their parents do not serve as proper models and do not support them in any way (…
Positive Trends
- However, many people find the courage and inner strength to resist and find their way irrespective of all the challenges. They often find their salvation through art even though many people still choose to leave and plunge into the American mainstream population (Wirthman). Wirthman notes that some Sioux people are positive about the future of the reservation. For instance, ther…
Conclusion
- To conclude, the Sioux people living on the Pine Ridge reservation in South Dakota have a tragic past and have to endure many challenges. Unemployment, poverty, and the lack of opportunities are major social issues to be addressed. These problems are associated with such health concerns as alcoholism, which is another serious social challenge. Young people are the most v…
Works Cited
- Birchfield, Don. “Sioux.” Countries and Their Cultures, 2018, Web. Bosman, Julie. “Pine Ridge Indian Reservation Struggles with Suicides Among Its Young.” The New York Times, 2015, Web. Goldberg, Eleanor. “Native Americans Who Can’t Afford Heat Take Desperate Measures to Stay Warm.” Huffington Post. 2018, Web. Laughland, Oliver, and Tom Silverstone. “Liquid Genocide: A…