what type of molecule is epinephrine

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In 1897, John Jacob Abel (1857-1938) of Johns Hopkins University, the first chairman of the first U.S department of pharmacology, found a compound called epinephrine with the molecular formula of C 17 H 15 NO 4. Abel claimed his principle from adrenal gland extract was active.

What is the molecular formula of epinephrine?

Through its action on alpha-1 receptors, epinephrine induces increased vascular smooth muscle contraction, pupillary dilator muscle contraction, and intestinal sphincter muscle contraction. Other significant effects include increased heart rate, myocardial contractility, and renin release via beta-1 receptors.

What does epinephrine do to the body?

Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a powerful stress hormone and neurotransmitter that is produced by the adrenal glands. It plays a vital role in the body’s acute stress response by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system.

Is epinephrine a hormone or a neurotransmitter?

epinephrine: (adrenaline) an amino acid-derived hormone secreted by the adrenal gland in response to stress; estrogen: any of a group of steroids (lipid-hormones) that are secreted by the ovaries and function as female sex hormones

Is epinephrine a steroid or protein hormone?

What is epinephrine hydrochloride?

What is therapeutic epinephrine?

Why should epinephrine not be administered with other sympathomimetic agents?

What is the effect of epinephrine on the alpha and beta receptors?

How is epinephrine inactivated?

How is epinephrine metabolized?

What is epinephrine injection?

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Is epinephrine is a protein?

Epinephrine is an amino acid derivative of tyrosine secreted from the adrenal medulla. The polarity of the epinephrine molecule allows it to bind to a stimulatory G protein which is coupled to Beta-adrenergenic receptors on the surface of the liver.

Is epinephrine a steroid or protein?

A specific type of steroid hormones are called glucocorticoids, the most important of which is cortisol. Amino acid-derived hormones are derived from tyrosine and tryptophan. These include epinephrine and norepinephrine (produced by the adrenal medulla).

What is epinephrine considered?

7.11. Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) is a neurotransmitter in the sense that, within the brain, it help neurons to communicate with one another. However, because epinephrine is mainly produced by the adrenal glands and has functions peripherally (i.e., outside the brain), it can also be considered a hormone.

What kind of organic compound is epinephrine?

catecholsStructure for FDB021889 (Epinephrine) Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as catechols. Catechols are compounds containing a 1,2-benzenediol moiety.

Is epinephrine a steroid or peptide hormone?

It is important to know the three types of hormones: steroid, peptide, and tyrosine-derived hormones. Thyroid-stimulating hormone and the catecholamines (including epinephrine) are tyrosine-derived hormones. Luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and growth hormone are all peptide hormones.

Is epinephrine a steroid?

Is epinephrine a steroid? Epinephrine is not a steroid. It is a naturally occurring hormone produced by the adrenal glands.

What is epinephrine made of?

As a hormone, epinephrine is made from norepinephrine inside of your adrenal gland.

Why is epinephrine called that?

The word epinephrine derives from epi, meaning above, and nephros, the root word for kidney, because the gland sits atop the kidney. Epinephrine is also called adrenaline, derived from the name of its gland. For this reason, receptors for both epinephrine and norepinephrine are called adrenergic receptors.

What is true epinephrine quizlet?

Which statement is true regarding epinephrine? It has the exact same effects as norepinephrine.

What functional groups are in epinephrine?

Epinephrine has four functional groups that were substituted in these experiments: two catechol OHs, a N-CH3 group, and a β-OH group. +, the presence of the specified chemical groups for each phenethylamine derivative; the individual group added in each case to agonist A to make agonist B is shown by a bold +.

What is the molecular formula for epinephrine?

C₉H₁₃NO₃Adrenaline / Formula

Is epinephrine an amino acid?

Examples of amino acid-derived hormones include epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are synthesized in the medulla of the adrenal glands, and thyroxine, which is produced by the thyroid gland.

Is epinephrine an amino acid?

Examples of amino acid-derived hormones include epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are synthesized in the medulla of the adrenal glands, and thyroxine, which is produced by the thyroid gland.

What is the role of epinephrine?

Epinephrine. Epinephrine, more commonly known as adrenaline, is a hormone secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands. Strong emotions such as fear or anger cause epinephrine to be released into the bloodstream, which causes an increase in heart rate, muscle strength, blood pressure, and sugar metabolism.

Is epinephrine a lipid?

Lipid-derived hormones are structurally similar to cholesterol and include steroid hormones such as estradiol and testosterone. Amino acid-derived hormones are relatively small molecules and include the adrenal hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine.

How do Nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones?

Hormones fall into two general groups—steroid and nonsteroid hormones. Each type of hormone acts on a target cell in a different way. Steroid hormones are produced from a lipid called cholesterol. Nonsteroid hormones include proteins, small peptides, and modified amino acids.

What is Epinephrine? Function, Uses, and Side Effects - Study.com

Learn about epinephrine's function while exploring epinephrine's structure and drug class. This lesson will also cover epinephrine side effects as well as epinephrine's intended effects on the ...

Epinephrine (Adrenaline): What It Is, Function, Deficiency & Side Effects

What is epinephrine? Epinephrine, also called adrenaline, is both a hormone and a neurotransmitter.As a hormone, it’s made and released by your adrenal glands, which are hat-shaped glands that sit on top of each kidney.

Epinephrine Dosage Guide + Max Dose, Adjustments - Drugs.com

Drugs.com provides accurate and independent information on more than 24,000 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products. This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Data sources include IBM Watson Micromedex (updated 6 July 2022), Cerner Multum™ (updated 27 July 2022), ASHP (updated 1 July ...

What is epinephrine hydrochloride?

Epinephrine Hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt of the naturally occurring sympathomimetic amine with vasoconstricting, intraocular pressure-reducing, and bronchodilating activities.

What is therapeutic epinephrine?

Therapeutic Epinephrine is the synthetic form of the naturally occurring sympathomimetic amine with vasoconstricting, intraocular pressure-reducing, and bronchodilating activities.

Why should epinephrine not be administered with other sympathomimetic agents?

Epinephrine should not be administered concomitantly with other sympathomimetic agents because of the possibility of additive effects and increased toxicity. American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2009.

What is the effect of epinephrine on the alpha and beta receptors?

Through its action on alpha-adrenergic receptors, epinephrine minimizes the vasodilation and increased the vascular permeability that occurs during anaphylaxis, which can cause the loss of intravascular fluid volume as well as hypotension. Epinephrine relaxes the smooth muscle of the bronchi and iris and is a histamine antagonist, rendering it useful in treating the manifestations of allergic reactions and associated conditions. This drug also produces an increase in blood sugar and increases glycogenolysis in the liver. Through its action on beta-adrenergic receptors, epinephrine leads to bronchial smooth muscle relaxation that helps to relieve bronchospasm, wheezing, and dyspnea that may occur during anaphylaxis.

How is epinephrine inactivated?

Epinephrine is rapidly inactivated mainly by enzymic transformation to metanephrine or normetanephrine, either of which is then conjugated and excreted in the urine in the form of both sulfates and glucuronides. Either sequence results in the formation of 3-methoxy-4- hydroxy-mandelic acid ( vanillylmandelic acid, VMA) which is shown to be detectable in the urine. Epinephrine is rapidly inactivated in the body mostly by the enzymes COMT ( catechol -O-methyltransferase) and MAO (monoamine oxidase). The liver is abundant in the above enzymes, and is a primary, although not essential, tissue in the degradation process.

How is epinephrine metabolized?

Circulating drug is metabolized in the liver and other tissues by a combination of reactions involving the enzymes catechol -O-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO). The major metabolites are metanephrine and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid ( vanillylmandelic acid, VMA) both of which are inactive. About 40% of a parenteral dose of epinephrine is excreted in urine as metanephrine, 40% as VMA, 7% as 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenoglycol, 2% as 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid, and the remainder as acetylated derivatives. These metabolites are excreted mostly as the sulfate conjugates and, to a lesser extent, the glucuronide conjugates. Only small amounts of the drug are excreted unchanged.

What is epinephrine injection?

Epinephrine injection is indicated in the emergency treatment of allergic reactions (Type I) including anaphylaxis to stinging insects (e.g., order Hymenoptera, which include bees, wasps, hornets, yellow jackets and fire ants) and biting insects (e.g., triatoma, mosquitos), allergen immunotherapy, foods, drugs, diagnostic testing substances (e.g., radiocontrast media) and other allergens, as well as idiopathic anaphylaxis or exercise-induced anaphylaxis. Injectable epinephrine is intended for immediate/urgent administration in patients, who are found to be at increased risk for anaphylaxis, including individuals with a history of anaphylaxis. Selection of the appropriate dosage strength is determined according to body weight. Epinephrine's cardiac effects may be of use in restoring cardiac rhythm in cardiac arrest due to various causes but is not used in cardiac failure or in hemorrhagic, traumatic, or cardiogenic shock. Epinephrine is used as a hemostatic agent. It is also used in treating mucosal congestion of hay fever, rhinitis, and acute sinusitis; to relieve bronchial asthmatic paroxysms; in syncope due to complete heart block or carotid sinus hypersensitivity; for symptomatic relief of serum sickness, urticaria, angioneurotic edema; for resuscitation in cardiac arrest following anesthetic accidents; in simple (open angle) glaucoma; for relaxation of uterine musculature and to inhibit uterine contractions. Epinephrine injection can be utilized to prolong the action of local anesthetics. In addition to the above, epinephrine is used as an over the counter (OTC) agent for the intermittent symptoms of asthma, such as wheezing, tightness of chest and shortness of breath. It is also used for the maintenance of mydriasis during intraocular surgery.

Which system produces epinephrine?

human nervous system: The endocrine system. Chromaffin cells produce epinephrine (adrenaline) and, to a much lesser extent, norepinephrine as well as other chemicals such as chromogranins, enkephalins, and neuropeptide Y—all of which are released into the bloodstream and act as hormones.

Where is epinephrine obtained?

Purified active epinephrine is obtained from the adrenal glands of domesticated animals or prepared synthetically for clinical use. Epinephrine may be injected into the heart during cardiac arrest to stimulate heart activity. Epinephrine is also used to treat anaphylaxis (acute systemic allergic reaction), which can occur in response to exposure to certain drugs, insect venoms, and foods (e.g., nuts and shellfish). It is also occasionally used in the emergency treatment of asthma, where its relaxation of smooth muscle helps to open the airways in the lungs, and in the treatment of glaucoma, where it appears to both decrease the production of aqueous humour and increase its outflow from the eye, thereby lowering intraocular pressure. In turn, certain disease states are associated with abnormalities in epinephrine production and secretion. For example, epinephrine and other catecholamines are secreted in excessive amounts by pheochromocytomas (tumours of the adrenal glands).

What enzyme catalyzes the methylation of norepinephrine to epine?

An enzyme known as phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, which is found in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, catalyzes the methylation of norepinephrine to epinephrine. In addition to the release of epinephrine from the adrenal glands, small amounts of the hormone are also released from the ends of sympathetic nerves.

What hormone is secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands?

Epinephrine, also called adrenaline, hormone that is secreted mainly by the medulla of the adrenal glands and that functions primarily to increase cardiac output and to raise glucose levels in the blood. Epinephrine typically is released during acute stress, and its stimulatory effects fortify ...

How does epinephrine affect the body?

Hence, epinephrine causes constriction in many networks of minute blood vessels but dilates the blood vessels in the skeletal muscles and the liver. In the heart, it increases the rate and force of contraction, thus increasing the output of blood and raising blood pressure. In the liver, epinephrine stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, resulting in an increase in glucose levels in the blood. It also acts to increase the level of circulating free fatty acids. The extra amounts of glucose and fatty acids can be used by the body as fuel in times of stress or danger, when increased alertness and exertion are required. Epinephrine also causes contraction of the dilator muscles of the iris in the eye, resulting in mydriasis (dilation of the pupil) and improved visual acuity. The physiological actions of epinephrine are terminated by metabolic breakdown with catechol- O -methyltransferase (COMT) or monoamine oxidase (MAO), by reuptake into nerve endings, and by diffusion from active sites.

What is an autoinjector for epinephrine?

Epinephrine autoinjectors, used for rapid administration of the hormone epinephrine (adrenaline).

What is epinephrine used for?

Epinephrine is also used to treat anaphylaxis (acute systemic allergic reaction), which can occur in response to exposure to certain drugs, insect venoms, and foods (e.g., nuts and shellfish). It is also occasionally used in the emergency treatment of asthma, where its relaxation of smooth muscle helps to open the airways in the lungs, ...

What is epinephrine used for?

Epinephrine is one of the most commonly used agents in various settings as it functions as medication and hormone. It is currently FDA-approved for various situations, including emergency treatment of type 1 hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, induction, and maintenance of mydriasis during intraocular surgeries and hypotension due to septic shock.[1] Off-label uses of epinephrine include, but are not limited to, ventricular fibrillation, pulseless ventricular tachycardia, asystole, pulseless electrical activity (PEA), croup, and severe asthma exacerbations unresponsive to standard treatment. [2][3]In the operating room (OR) setting, epinephrine is also used as a local anesthetic block. Produced by the adrenal medulla, epinephrine plays a vital role in the body’s acute stress response by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system. [4]

What are the effects of epinephrine?

Epinephrine is a hormone that produces widespread effects. Certain effects need monitoring. Tachycardia and hypertension are expected effects when giving epinephrine intravenously, so it is important to titrate the drug carefully while monitoring hemodynamics. Epinephrine is also used with anesthetic agents to provide analgesia. In locations where extravasation of epinephrine has occurred, prevention and treatment of ischemia-induced necrosis are necessary. The infiltrated area should receive treatment with a 10 mL to 15 mL saline solution containing 5 mL to 10 mg of phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent. A study showed how hospitalized patients in the ICU with finger ischemia were associated with the use of vasopressors, including epinephrine. [7]

How much epinephrine is effective for mydriasis?

Epinephrine is effective at a dilution of between 1 to 100,000 and 1 to 400,000 for mydriasis induction and maintenance in pediatric intraocular surgeries.

How long does epinephrine stay in your system?

When administered parenterally, epinephrine has a rapid onset but a short duration of action. When given intravenously, it has a half-life of fewer than 5 minutes. Metabolism is primarily in the liver, along with various other locations such as the kidneys, skeletal muscle, and mesenteric organs. It is degraded into an inactive metabolite named vanillylmandelic acid by MAO and COMT and excreted into the urine. However, a small amount of the drug is excreted unchanged as well.

Which level of management of epinephrine therapy yields the best patient outcomes with the fewest adverse?

Interprofessional management of epinephrine therapy will yield the best patient outcomes with the fewest adverse effects. [Level 5]

Where is epinephrine injected?

For the treatment of anaphylaxis, epinephrine is preferably injected intramuscularly into the anterolateral aspect of the thigh due to rapid absorption. Subcutaneous injection is also an option. For advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS), patients can receive epinephrine intravenously or intraosseous if needed. Another route of administration is through an endotracheal tube often used in neonatal resuscitation.

Is epinephrine FDA approved?

Epinephrine is one of the most commonly used agents in various settings as it functions as medication and hormone. It is currently FDA-approved for various situations, including emergency treatment of type 1 hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, induction, and maintenance of mydriasis during intraocular surgeries and hypotension due to septic shock. It also has several off-label uses. This activity will highlight the mechanism of action, adverse event profile, pharmacology, monitoring, and relevant interactions of epinephrine, pertinent for members of the interprofessional team in treating patients with conditions where this agent is indicated.

What is the 2D chemical structure of epinephrine?

The 2D chemical structure image of epinephrine is also called skeletal formula, which is the standard notation for organic molecules. The carbon atoms in the chemical structure of epinephrine are implied to be located at the corner (s) and hydrogen atoms attached to carbon atoms are not indicated – each carbon atom is considered to be associated with enough hydrogen atoms to provide the carbon atom with four bonds.

Where are the carbon atoms in epinephrine?

The carbon atoms in the chemical structure of epinephrine are implied to be located at the corner (s) and hydrogen atoms attached to carbon atoms are not indicated – each carbon atom is considered to be associated with enough hydrogen atoms to provide the carbon atom with four bonds. The 3D chemical structure image of epinephrine is based on ...

What is the SMILES string of epinephrine?

The SMILES string of epinephrine is CNCC (O)c1ccc (O)c (O)c1 , which can be can be imported by most molecule editors for conversion back into two-dimensional drawings or three-dimensional models of the epinephrine.

How to calculate molecular weight of epinephrine?

The molecular weight of epinephrine is available in molecular weight page of epinephrine, which is calculated as the sum of the atomic weights of each constituent element multiplied by the number of atoms of that element in the molecular formula.

What is the SDF file for epinephrine?

The structure data file (SDF/MOL File) of epinephrine is available for download in the SDF page of epinephrine, which provides the information about the atoms, bonds, connectivity and coordinates of epinephrine. The epinephrine structure data file can be imported to most of the cheminformatics software systems and applications.

How is epinephrine synthesized?

Epinephrine is synthesized from norepinephrine in a synthetic pathway shared by all catecholamines, including L-dopa, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.Epinephrine is synthesized via methylation of the primary distal amine of norepinephrine by phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in the cytosol of adrenergic neurons and cells of the adrenal medulla (so-called chromaffin cells). PNMT is only found in the cytosol of cells of adrenal medullary cells. PNMT uses S -adenosylmethionine (SAMe) as a cofactor to donate the methyl group to norepinephrine, creating epinephrine.For norepinephrine to be acted upon by PNMT in the cytosol, it must first be shipped out of granules of the chromaffin cells. This may occur via the catecholamine-H + exchanger VMAT1. VMAT1 is also responsible for transporting newly synthesized epinephrine from the cytosol back into chromaffin granules in preparation for release.

When was epinephrine first discovered?

Epinephrine was isolated and identified in 1895 by Napoleon Cybulski, a Polish physiologist. The discovery was repeated in 1897 by John Jacob Abel. Jokichi Takamine, a Japanese chemist, independently discovered the same hormone in 1900. In 1901 he isolated and purified the hormone adrenaline from cow glands.It was first artificially synthesized in ...

What hormone is released when danger threatens?

Triggers. Epinephrine is a "fight or flight" hormone, and plays a central role in the short-term stress reaction. It is released from the adrenal glands when danger threatens or in an emergency.

What is the name of the hormone that is released from the brain?

Epinephrine or adrenalin e (European Pharmacopoeia and BAN) , sometimes spelled "epinephrin" or "adrenalin" respectively, is a hormone when carried in the blood and a neurotransmitter when it is released across a neuronal synapse. It is a catecholamine, a sympathomimetic monoamine derived from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. The Latin roots ad- + renes and the Greek roots epi- + nephros both literally mean "on/to the kidney" (referring to the adrenal gland, which sits atop the kidneys and secretes epinephrine). Epinephrine is sometimes shortened to epi or to EP in medical jargon.

What is an example of noise-induced trigger of epinephrine release?

An example of noise-induced trigger of epinephrine release is tinnitus. The fight-or-flight response caused by tinnitus is a contributor to physical stress seen in tinnitus-patients, exacerbating the case.

Why is epinephrine used for sepsis?

Because of its suppressive effect on the immune system, epinephrine is used to treat anaphylaxis and sepsis. Allergy patients undergoing immunotherapy may receive an epinephrine rinse before the allergen extract is administered, thus reducing the immune response to the administered allergen.

What does the Latin root ad- renes mean?

The Latin roots ad- + renes and the Greek roots epi- + nephros both literally mean "on/to the kidney" (referring to the adrenal gland, which sits atop the kidneys and secretes epinephrine). Epinephrine is sometimes shortened to epi or to EP in medical jargon.

Why is epinephrine used in asthma?

Epinephrine is used as a drug in order to stimulate cardiac action in cardiac arrest, as a vasoconstrictor in anaphylactic shock and sepsis, and as a bronchodilator in acute bronchial asthma. Allergy patients undergoing immunotherapy can get an epinephrine rinse before their allergan extract is administered.

When was epinephrine first discovered?

Epinephrine was first isolated and identified in 1897 by John Jacob Abel. Jokichi Takamine discovered the same hormone in 1901, without knowing about the previous discovery, and called it adrenaline. It was first artificially synthesized in 1904 by Friedrich Stolz.

What is the name of the hormone that acts as a neurotransmitter?

Adrenaline /Epinephrine Molecule. Epinephrine (also adrenaline, epi in medical jargon) is a hormone and acts as a neurotransmitter. Both names mean the same: the Latin roots ad-+renes and the Greek roots epi-+nephros both literally mean "on/to the kidney" (referring to the adrenal gland, which secretes epinephrine).

How does epinephrine affect blood pressure?

When released into the bloodstream, epinephrine acts to increase heart rate and blood pressure, dilate the pupils, elevate the blood sugar level (by increased hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose), and redistribute blood flow away from the skin and inner organs .

What does the Latin root ad-renes mean?

Both names mean the same: the Latin roots ad-+renes and the Greek roots epi-+nephros both literally mean "on/to the kidney" (referring to the adrenal gland, which secretes epinephrine). Epinephrine plays a central role in the stress reaction--the physiological response to conditions that threaten the physical integrity of the body.

What is epinephrine hydrochloride?

Epinephrine Hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt of the naturally occurring sympathomimetic amine with vasoconstricting, intraocular pressure-reducing, and bronchodilating activities.

What is therapeutic epinephrine?

Therapeutic Epinephrine is the synthetic form of the naturally occurring sympathomimetic amine with vasoconstricting, intraocular pressure-reducing, and bronchodilating activities.

Why should epinephrine not be administered with other sympathomimetic agents?

Epinephrine should not be administered concomitantly with other sympathomimetic agents because of the possibility of additive effects and increased toxicity. American Society of Health System Pharmacists; AHFS Drug Information 2009.

What is the effect of epinephrine on the alpha and beta receptors?

Through its action on alpha-adrenergic receptors, epinephrine minimizes the vasodilation and increased the vascular permeability that occurs during anaphylaxis, which can cause the loss of intravascular fluid volume as well as hypotension. Epinephrine relaxes the smooth muscle of the bronchi and iris and is a histamine antagonist, rendering it useful in treating the manifestations of allergic reactions and associated conditions. This drug also produces an increase in blood sugar and increases glycogenolysis in the liver. Through its action on beta-adrenergic receptors, epinephrine leads to bronchial smooth muscle relaxation that helps to relieve bronchospasm, wheezing, and dyspnea that may occur during anaphylaxis.

How is epinephrine inactivated?

Epinephrine is rapidly inactivated mainly by enzymic transformation to metanephrine or normetanephrine, either of which is then conjugated and excreted in the urine in the form of both sulfates and glucuronides. Either sequence results in the formation of 3-methoxy-4- hydroxy-mandelic acid ( vanillylmandelic acid, VMA) which is shown to be detectable in the urine. Epinephrine is rapidly inactivated in the body mostly by the enzymes COMT ( catechol -O-methyltransferase) and MAO (monoamine oxidase). The liver is abundant in the above enzymes, and is a primary, although not essential, tissue in the degradation process.

How is epinephrine metabolized?

Circulating drug is metabolized in the liver and other tissues by a combination of reactions involving the enzymes catechol -O-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO). The major metabolites are metanephrine and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid ( vanillylmandelic acid, VMA) both of which are inactive. About 40% of a parenteral dose of epinephrine is excreted in urine as metanephrine, 40% as VMA, 7% as 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenoglycol, 2% as 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid, and the remainder as acetylated derivatives. These metabolites are excreted mostly as the sulfate conjugates and, to a lesser extent, the glucuronide conjugates. Only small amounts of the drug are excreted unchanged.

What is epinephrine injection?

Epinephrine injection is indicated in the emergency treatment of allergic reactions (Type I) including anaphylaxis to stinging insects (e.g., order Hymenoptera, which include bees, wasps, hornets, yellow jackets and fire ants) and biting insects (e.g., triatoma, mosquitos), allergen immunotherapy, foods, drugs, diagnostic testing substances (e.g., radiocontrast media) and other allergens, as well as idiopathic anaphylaxis or exercise-induced anaphylaxis. Injectable epinephrine is intended for immediate/urgent administration in patients, who are found to be at increased risk for anaphylaxis, including individuals with a history of anaphylaxis. Selection of the appropriate dosage strength is determined according to body weight. Epinephrine's cardiac effects may be of use in restoring cardiac rhythm in cardiac arrest due to various causes but is not used in cardiac failure or in hemorrhagic, traumatic, or cardiogenic shock. Epinephrine is used as a hemostatic agent. It is also used in treating mucosal congestion of hay fever, rhinitis, and acute sinusitis; to relieve bronchial asthmatic paroxysms; in syncope due to complete heart block or carotid sinus hypersensitivity; for symptomatic relief of serum sickness, urticaria, angioneurotic edema; for resuscitation in cardiac arrest following anesthetic accidents; in simple (open angle) glaucoma; for relaxation of uterine musculature and to inhibit uterine contractions. Epinephrine injection can be utilized to prolong the action of local anesthetics. In addition to the above, epinephrine is used as an over the counter (OTC) agent for the intermittent symptoms of asthma, such as wheezing, tightness of chest and shortness of breath. It is also used for the maintenance of mydriasis during intraocular surgery.

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