what was john foster dulles policy called

What did John Foster Dulles do under President Eisenhower?

John Foster Dulles, (born Feb. 25, 1888, Washington, D.C.—died May 24, 1959, Washington, D.C.) U.S. secretary of state (1953–59) under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. He was the architect of many major elements of U.S. foreign policy in the Cold War with the Soviet Union after World War II.

What was John Dulles foreign policy?

In 1950, Dulles published War or Peace, a critical analysis of the American policy of containment, which was favored by the foreign policy elite in Washington, particularly in the Democratic administration of Harry S. Truman, whose foreign policy Dulles criticized and instead advocated a policy of "liberation." [19]

Who appointed John Foster Dulles Secretary of State?

John Foster Dulles was appointed Secretary of State by President Dwight Eisenhower on January 21, 1953.

What was Dulles’s policy of massive retaliation?

Dulles announces policy of “massive retaliation”. In a speech at a Council on Foreign Relations dinner in his honor, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles announces that the United States will protect its allies through the “deterrent of massive retaliatory power.” The policy announcement was further evidence of the Eisenhower administration’s...

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What was the John Foster Dulles policy?

After Eisenhower won the 1952 presidential election, he chose Dulles as Secretary of State. Throughout his tenure, Dulles favored a strategy of massive retaliation in response to Soviet aggression and concentrated on building and strengthening Cold War alliances, most prominently the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

What was the policy of massive retaliation?

Massive retaliation, also known as a massive response or massive deterrence, is a military doctrine and nuclear strategy in which a state commits itself to retaliate in much greater force in the event of an attack.

What was John Foster Dulles known for?

John Foster Dulles, (born Feb. 25, 1888, Washington, D.C.—died May 24, 1959, Washington, D.C.), U.S. secretary of state (1953–59) under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. He was the architect of many major elements of U.S. foreign policy in the Cold War with the Soviet Union after World War II.

What policy was associated with the Eisenhower Dulles New Look foreign policy?

The policy emphasised reliance on strategic nuclear weapons as well as a reorganisation of conventional forces in an effort to deter potential threats, both conventional and nuclear, from the Eastern Bloc of nations headed by the Soviet Union.

What was the brinkmanship policy?

brinkmanship, foreign policy practice in which one or both parties force the interaction between them to the threshold of confrontation in order to gain an advantageous negotiation position over the other. The technique is characterized by aggressive risk-taking policy choices that court potential disaster.

What was the policy of mutually assured destruction?

mutual assured destruction, principle of deterrence founded on the notion that a nuclear attack by one superpower would be met with an overwhelming nuclear counterattack such that both the attacker and the defender would be annihilated.

What was the Dulles diplomacy?

Dulles served for much of the decade, leaving an indelible mark upon U.S. foreign policy that included close cooperation between the Department of State and the Central Intelligence Agency as well as a focus upon international mutual security agreements designed to contain communism.

Who was known for his policy of massive retaliation and his approach to war called brinksmanship?

Dulles claimed that by moving to the brink of atomic war, he ended the Korean War and avoided a larger conflict. From that point on, Dulles was associated with the concepts of “massive retaliation” and “brinksmanship,” a supposedly reckless combination of atomic saber rattling and eyeball-to-eyeball standoffs.

What led to the Eisenhower doctrine?

Background. In the global political context, the doctrine was made in response to the possibility of a generalized war, threatened due to the Soviet Union's latent threat becoming involved in Egypt after the Suez Crisis.

What was Kennedy's foreign policy called?

Like his predecessors, Kennedy adopted the policy of containment, which purported to stop the spread of Communism. President Eisenhower's New Look policy had emphasized the use of nuclear weapons to deter the threat of Soviet aggression.

What was policy of containment?

The "containment policy" was the U.S. approach to containing, or preventing, the spread of Communism after World War II. The idea was to make other countries prosperous enough to avoid the temptation of communism. An early test of containment came in Greece and Turkey.

Why was the new look policy created?

The policy focused on the use of nuclear weapons and was intended as a way for the United States to meet its Cold War military obligations without putting too much strain on the country's economy.

What did Kennedy think of the policy of massive retaliation?

Kennedy campaigned against President Eisenhower's New Look policy by claiming that massive retaliation, which promised a massive nuclear retaliation to any act of aggression, was unrealistic.

What is massive retaliation quizlet?

massive retaliation. a military doctrine and nuclear strategy in which a state commits itself to retaliate in much greater force in the event of an attack.

What is the theory of retaliation?

Counterproductive behavior that occurs in response to unfair treatment often represents an attempt to restore justice by getting even with a person or organization, and is referred to as retaliation.

What was massive retaliation Apush?

Massive Retaliation In 1953 under Eisenhower, the US developed the hydrogen bomb, which was 1000x more powerful than the atomic bomb. Within a year, the Soviets caught up with a bomb of their own. To some, the policy of massive retaliation looked more like a policy for mutual extinction.

What did Dulles oppose?

Dulles strongly opposed the American atomic attacks on Japan. In the immediate aftermath of the bombings, he drafted a public statement that called for international control of nuclear energy under United Nations auspices. He wrote:

What was Dulles' role in the Dawes Plan?

He played a major role in designing the Dawes Plan, which reduced German reparations payments and temporarily resolved the reparations issue by having American firms lend money to German states and private companies. Under that compromise, the money was invested and the profits sent as reparations to Britain and France, which used the funds to repay their own war loans from the U.S. In the 1920s Dulles was involved in setting up a billion dollars' worth of these loans.

What was the role of Dulles in the Second World War?

During the Second World War, Dulles engaged in Post-War Planning under the auspices of the Federal Council of Churches Commission on a Just and Durable Peace. Appointed in December 1940 at the behest of the theologian Henry P. Van Dusen, Dulles developed a vision of post-war order underpinned by a federal world government, taking inspiration from the ecumenical ideology of liberal Mainline Protestantism and the United States' experiences with federalism. In essence, Dulles sought to persuade allied war leaders to work toward reviving a more robust League of Nations. The core elements of this vision were spelled out in March 1943 with the publication of the book Six Pillars of Peace. Dulles was largely unsuccessful in persuading Franklin Delano Roosevelt to embrace such a radical platform, as the United States would issue the more moderate Moscow Declaration, but the FCC's work helped to build widespread consensus about the need for a United Nations.

What law firm did John Dulles work for?

Upon graduating from law school and passing the bar examination, Dulles joined the New York City law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell, where he specialized in international law . After the start of World War I, Dulles tried to join the United States Army but was rejected because of poor eyesight. Instead, Dulles received an army commission as major on the War Industries Board. Dulles later returned to Sullivan & Cromwell and became a partner with an international practice.

Why did Dulles oppose the Suez Canal?

In November 1956, Dulles strongly opposed the Anglo-French invasion of the Suez Canal zone in response to Egypt's nationalization of the canal. During the most crucial days, Dulles was hospitalized after surgery and did not participate in the U.S. administration's decision making. By 1958 he had become an outspoken opponent of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser and prevented Nasser's government from receiving arms from the United States. That policy allowed the Soviet Union to gain influence in Egypt.

What was John Dulles' role in the 1920s?

In the 1920s Dulles was involved in setting up a billion dollars' worth of these loans. Caricature of John Foster Dulles on a 1938 visit to Shanghai. After the Wall Street Crash of 1929, Dulles's previous practice brokering and documenting international loans ended.

Where is Dulles buried?

Funeral services were held in Washington National Cathedral on May 27, 1959, and he was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia.

What were the factors that determined Dulles' foreign policy?

Three factors determined Dulles’ foreign policy: his profound detestation of Communism, which was in part based on his deep religious faith; his powerful personality, which often insisted on leading rather than following public opinion; and his strong belief, as an international lawyer, in the value of treaties.

Why was Dulles appointed as Secretary of State?

Emboldened by his formidable achievements, Dulles viewed his appointment as secretary of state by President Eisenhower, in January 1953, as a mandate to originate foreign policy. “The State Department,” Dulles once told an aide, “can only keep control of foreign policy as long as we have ideas.” A man bent on realizing his ideas, he was an assiduous planner, and, once he enjoyed President Eisenhower’s complete confidence, policy planning flourished during his administration.

What did Dulles say about the EDC?

But Dulles could be equally intransigent with the allies of the United States. His insistence upon the establishment of the European Defense Community (EDC) threatened to polarize the free world, when in 1953 he announced that failure to ratify EDC by France would result in an “agonizing reappraisal” of the United States’ relations with France. That expression, and Dulles’ announcement in a Paris speech that the United States would react with “massive nuclear retaliation” to any Soviet aggression, found a permanent place in the vocabulary of U.S. foreign policy. It can also be argued that Dulles’ brusque rejection in July 1956 of the Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser ’s request for aid in building the Aswān Dam was the beginning of the end of the influence that the U.S. had exerted in the Middle East. In a complete reversal of his former pro-Egyptian policy, Dulles claimed that Nasser was “nothing but a tin-horn Hitler.” Although Dulles later conceded that his refusal could have been more subtle, he never wavered in his belief that Nasser, who had already purchased arms from the Soviet bloc, was bound to turn decisively against the U.S. because he felt that he had the Soviet Union on his side.

What was the defense policy of the United States?

Their answer was a defense policy whereby the United States would deter future aggression with its airborne nuclear threat. As Dulles put…. negotiator John Foster Dulles convinced him that the treaty would be opposed in the U.S. Senate unless assurances were given that Japan would recognize the Republic of China.

What law firm did Dulles work for?

A brilliant student, he attended Princeton and George Washington universities and the Sorbonne, and in 1911 he entered the New York law firm of Sullivan and Cromwell, specializing in international law. By 1927 he was head of the firm. But Dulles, who never lost sight of his goal of becoming secretary of state, actually started his diplomatic career ...

Where did Dulles help prepare the United Nations charter?

In World War II, Dulles helped prepare the United Nations charter at Dumbarton Oaks, in Washington, D.C., and in 1945 served as a senior adviser at the San Francisco United Nations conference.

When did Dulles start his diplomatic career?

But Dulles, who never lost sight of his goal of becoming secretary of state, actually started his diplomatic career in 1907 when, aged 19, he accompanied his grandfather John Foster, then a private citizen representing China, to the second international peace conference at The Hague.

What did Dulles and Eisenhower refuse to do?

In 1954, Dulles and Eisenhower refused to commit US air support to support French troops in Dien Bien Phu, northern Vietnam. Later that year Dulles attended the Geneva conference that considered the future of Vietnam. He refused to recognise or negotiate with Vietnamese communists, and later refused to sign the Geneva Accords.

What did Dulles do in the 1920s?

During the 1920s Dulles worked in private law practice , however, he specialised in international finance and played an important role in securing foreign loans for the struggling Weimar Republic. Dulles became more active in diplomacy and foreign policy during the 1940s.

What did Dulles recommend in his book?

In this book, Dulles recommended a more assertive and interventionist policy , both in Europe and Asia. He called on the White House to protect Taiwan, Korea and Vietnam from communist encroachment, using the force of arms if necessary.

What was Dulles's view on communism?

Dulles was vehemently opposed to communism, which he described as “godless terrorism”, and a firm advocate of the Domino Theory. In 1950 he authored War or Peace, a study of America’s Cold War foreign policy. In this book, Dulles recommended a more assertive and interventionist policy, both in Europe and Asia.

Where was Dulles born?

Dulles was born in Washington DC to a notable political family: his uncle and grandfather were both Secretary of State before him, while younger brother Allen would become an early director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

When did Dulles resign?

Terminally ill, he resigned in April 1959 and died five weeks later. Dulles’ use of belligerent rhetoric and brinkmanship, while seeking practical solutions to avoid war or foreign entanglements, defined America’s approach to the Cold War in the 1950s.

Who was the first president to choose Dulles as his secretary of state?

In January 1953, incoming president Dwight D. Eisenhower chose Dulles as his Secretary of State. His leadership of the State Department was controversial but undoubtedly influential.

How did Dulles begin his speech?

Dulles began his speech by examining communist strategy that, he concluded, had as its goal the “bankruptcy” of the United States through overextension of its military power.

What was the speech of Eisenhower and Dulles?

The speech was a reflection of two of the main tenets of foreign policy under Eisenhower and Dulles. First was the belief, particularly on the part of Dulles, that America’s foreign policy toward the communist threat had been timidly reactive during the preceding Democratic administration of President Harry S. Truman.

What is the policy of mass retaliation?

U.S. announces policy of “massive retaliation” against Communist aggressors. In a speech at a Council on Foreign Relations dinner in his honor, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles announces that the United States will protect its allies through the “deterrent of massive retaliatory power.”.

What was the Eisenhower administration's decision to rely heavily on the nation's nuclear arsenal as the primary?

The policy announcement was further evidence of the Eisenhower administration’s decision to rely heavily on the nation’s nuclear arsenal as the primary means of defense against communist aggression. Dulles began his speech by examining communist strategy that, he concluded, had as its goal the “bankruptcy” of the United States through overextension ...

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Who was the leader of the British-Zulu War?

The British-Zulu War begins as British troops under Lieutenant General Frederic Augustus invade Zululand from the southern African republic of Natal. In 1843, Britain succeeded the Boers as the rulers of Natal, which controlled Zululand, the neighboring kingdom of the Zulu ...read more

Did Dulles talk about nuclear weapons?

Although Dulles did not directly refer to nuclear weapons, it was clear that the new policy he was describing would depend upon the “massive retaliatory power” of such weapons to respond to future communist acts of war. The speech was a reflection of two of the main tenets of foreign policy under Eisenhower and Dulles.

Why was Dulles rejected from the army?

Rejected for military service during World war I because of poor eyesight, Mr. Dulles got an Army commission as captain in the War Industries Board. This, in turn, led to his being sent to the Versailles Peace Conference to deal with reparations questions.

Where did Dulles stay in 1941?

Mr. Dulles also knew the virtue of "getting away," for five-day breaks at his log cabin retreat on Duck Island in Lake Ontario. In 1941 he bought this tiny island, where the only other inhabitants were a lighthouse warden and radio operator.

How many miles did Dulles fly?

During the next twelve months, he flew 125,000 miles between Washington and Tokyo and from capital to capital, resolving differences, lining up support for a "peace of reconciliation" with Japan. On Sept. 8, 1951, just a year after Mr. Dulles got his assignment, the treaty was signed at San Francisco.

How old was Dulles when he made his mark?

At the age of 31 Mr. Dulles made a preliminary mark as a junior diplomat by clearly and forcefully arguing against imposing crushing reparations on Germany.

What was the phrase around which the United States foreign policy revolved for nearly seven years?

For example, during his campaign speeches in 1952, Mr. Dulles maintained that the Democratic party's policy of "containment" must be replaced by a policy of "liberation.".

Who was the secretary of state if Dewey had won?

Mr. Dewey again sought the Presidency in 1948 and Mr. Dulles was again his advisor on foreign affairs. It was generally believed that Mr. Dulles would have been Secretary of State if Mr. Dewey had won, but Harry S. Truman was the surprise victor.

Who was the prosecutor of the Underworld?

In 1937 Mr. Dulles tried to hire as a trial lawyer for his firm a young man named Thomas E. Dewey who was winning a reputation as prosecutor of underworld characters. Mr. Dewey agreed, but changed his mind and ran instead for election as district attorney.

Overview

Advisor to Thomas Dewey

Dulles was a prominent Republican and a close associate of Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York, who became the Republican presidential nominee in the elections of 1944 and 1948. During the 1944 and the 1948 campaigns, Dulles served as Dewey's chief foreign policy adviser. In 1944, Dulles took an active role in establishing the Republican plank calling for the establishment of a Jewish commonwealth in The British Mandate for Palestine.

Early life

Early career

Interwar and World War II activities

Advisor to Harry Truman

U.S. Secretary of State

Personal life