What events happened during the Industrial Revolution?
Important events during the Industrial Revolution. By SophieMarie. Period: May 10, 1740 to May 10, 1920. Industrial revolution inventions May 10, 1752. Invention of the Lightening Rod Benjamin Franklin invented the lightening rod during this time. May 10, 1764. Invention of the Spinning Jenny ...
What was the enclosure movement during the Industrial Revolution?
This was important to the overall Industrial Revolution, because it helped create a system that created a large workforce for the factories and mines. In general, the Enclosure Movement involved the British parliament passing a series of acts that allowed increased private ownership, which was a key characteristic of the Industrial Revolution.
Is the Industrial Revolution really a revolution?
The Industrial Revolution was truly a revolution. It brought about many changes that impacted many people. The Industrial Revolution changed the working environment significantly. Before the...
What are facts about the Industrial Revolution?
Problems of the Industrial Revolution
- Pollution was a major problem in the industrial revolution, caused by burning coal, high population density and no regulations on factories.
- The West Midlands became known as the ‘Black Country’ because of its landscape of dark foundries, furnaces and smoky atmosphere.
- Average life expectancy in 1837 was in the high 30s ( 1 ). ...
- Child labour. ...
How did the Industrial Revolution affect Manchester?
The Industrial Revolution resulted in Manchester's population exploding as people moved from other parts of the British Isles into the city seeking new opportunities. Particularly large numbers came from Ireland, especially after the Great Famine of the 1840s.
What were the living conditions in Manchester during the industrial revolution?
The living conditions in the cities and towns were miserable and characterized by: overcrowding, poor sanitation, spread of diseases, and pollution. As well, workers were paid low wages that barely allowed them to afford the cost of living associated with their rent and food.
Why did people move to Manchester during the industrial revolution?
Young men and women poured in from the countryside, eager to find work in the new factories and mills. The mills paid relatively high wages and they also employed large numbers of children. As a consequence, families migrating to the city often saw a considerable rise in their incomes.
What was Manchester like in the 1800s?
In the early 19th century Manchester became world-famous as a manufacturing center. Wool, silk, and cotton were manufactured and vast numbers of working people worked 12 hour days in the mills. There was also a papermaking industry and iron foundries. By 1851 the population of Manchester had reached 186,000.
What industry is Manchester known for?
cotton and textilesManchester was right at the heart of the Revolution, becoming the UK's leading producer of cotton and textiles. Manchester is also famous for being the first industrialised city in the world. Manchester was responsible for the country's first ever working canal in 1761 and the world's first ever railway line in 1830.
How many people lived in Manchester during the Industrial Revolution?
In 1773, Manchester had a population of about 25,000 and no mills; in 1802, it had 95,000 people and 52 mills. If coal powered the Industrial Revolution, the factory system organized it, and it transformed not only the way goods were produced but the way men and women worked and lived their lives.
What are some positive and negative effects of industrialization on Manchester?
The large amount of industry in Manchester •caused environmental problems. Coal smoke and cloth dyes from the factories polluted the air and water. Yet, Manchester also created many jobs, a variety of consumer goods, and great wealth.
When did the industrial revolution end in Manchester?
Manchester, England is widely known as an illustrative example of the industrial revolution, from the positive aspects of economic growth and technological advances to the more negative qualities associated, like over crowding and social stratification.
What is a negative consequence of the industrial revolution around Manchester?
Rapid industrialization brought plentiful jobs, but it also caused unhealthy working conditions, air and water pollution, and the ills of child labor. It also led to rising class tensions, especially between the work- ing class and the middle class. The pace of industrialization accelerated rapidly in Britain.
Why is Manchester the perfect example of the new industrial city?
Manchester offered the perfect conditions for such industrial innovation! In Manchester, there were canals and raw materials for production, such as iron ore and coal. In 1769, Richard Arkwright opened his first Manchester cotton factory, employing around 600 people.
What part did Manchester play in the Industrial Revolution for Kids?
Manchester was the world's FIRST industrial city. During the industrial revolution, it expanded tremendously, with many mills, warehouses and other businesses set up across the city. Many people came to Manchester from the countryside to work, especially on the cotton mills.
What was invented in Manchester?
10 Manchester Inventions That Shook the WorldJohn Kay's Fly Shuttle, 1733. ... Britain's 1st canal – the Bridgewater, 1761. ... Atomic Theory, 1803. ... Vegetarianism, 1809. ... First Passenger Railway, 1830. ... The First Submarine, 1878. ... Competitive Football, 1888. ... Rolls Royce, 1904.More items...
How was Manchester an example of an industrial city?
Manchester was the world's first industrial city. From its towering mills, bustling warehouses and crowded streets came new ways to live, work and think, which transformed lives in Manchester and across the world.
How did the Industrial Revolution affect living standards?
While the standard of living was improved for the middle and upper classes, it may have worsened for the lower and impoverished classes. Many people in the upper classes benefited during this time, however, the majority of people that were being affected by industrialization were the people in poverty and immigrants.
What were slums like in the Industrial Revolution?
Much slum-housing was down narrow alleys, the passageways that had originally been designed to give access to stables. Built around dead-end courtyards, the houses therefore could have windows on just one side.
What is a negative consequence of the Industrial Revolution around Manchester?
Rapid industrialization brought plentiful jobs, but it also caused unhealthy working conditions, air and water pollution, and the ills of child labor. It also led to rising class tensions, especially between the work- ing class and the middle class. The pace of industrialization accelerated rapidly in Britain.
What was Manchester's role in the 19th century?
Manchester also led the political and economic reform of 19th century Britain as the vanguard of free trade. The mid-20th century saw a decline in Manchester's industrial importance, prompting a depression in social and economic conditions.
What was Manchester known for?
Having evolved from a Roman castrum in Celtic Britain, in the Victorian era Manchester was a major locus of the Industrial Revolution, and was the site of one of the world's first passenger railway stations as well as many scientific achievements of great importance.
How did the Peterloo protest turn into bloodshed?
The protest turned to bloodshed in the summer of 1819. A meeting was held in St Peter's Field on 16 August to demonstrate for parliamentary reform. It was addressed by Henry Hunt, a powerful speaker known as Orator Hunt. Local magistrates, fearful of the large crowd estimated at 60,000–80,000, ordered volunteer cavalry from the Manchester and Salford Yeomanry to clear a way through the crowd to arrest Hunt and the platform party. The Yeomanry were armed with sabres and some reports say that many of them were drunk. They lost control and started to strike out at members of the crowd. The magistrates, believing that the Yeomanry were under attack, then ordered the 15th Hussars to disperse the crowd, which they did by charging into the mass of men, women and children, sabres drawn. These events resulted in the deaths of fifteen people and over six hundred injured. The name "Peterloo" was coined immediately by the radical Manchester Observer, combining the name of the meeting place, St Peter's Field, with the Battle of Waterloo fought four years earlier. One of those who later died from his wounds had been present at Waterloo, and told a friend shortly before his death that he had never been in such danger as at Peterloo: "At Waterloo there was man to man but there it was downright murder."
What is Manchester's history?
The history of Manchester encompasses its change from a minor Lancastrian township into the pre-eminent industrial metropolis of the United Kingdom and the world.
Where does the name Manchester come from?
The name Manchester originates from the Latin name Mamucium or its variant Mancunio. These names are generally thought to represent a Latinisation of an original Brittonic name. The generally accepted etymology of this name is that it comes from Brittonic * mamm- (" breast ", in reference to a " breast-like hill "). However, more recent work suggests that it could come from * mamma (" mother ", in reference to a local river goddess ). Both usages are preserved in Insular Celtic languages, such as mam meaning "breast" in Irish and "mother" in Welsh. The suffix -chester is from Old English ceaster ("Roman fortification", itself a loanword from Latin castra, "fort; fortified town").
When did Manchester expand?
Manchester began expanding "at an astonishing rate" around the turn of the 19th century as part of a process of unplanned urbanisation brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution. The transformation took little more than a century.
Which kingdoms struggled for control over North West England?
Between the 6th and 10th centuries, the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia and Wessex struggled for control over North West England. In 620, Edwin of Northumbria may have sacked Manchester, and the settlement may have been sacked again in 870 by the Danes.
What was Manchester's role in the 16th century?
Evolution of the modern city. By the 16th century Manchester was a flourishing market borough important in the wool trade, exporting cloth to Europe via London. By 1620 a new industrial era had begun with the weaving of fustian, a cloth with a linen warp but a cotton weft.
How many workers were in Manchester in the 19th century?
At its height, more than 50,000 workers were accommodated within factories of the estate, though that number later declined. The Manchester of the 19th century was a city of enormous vitality not only in its economic growth but also in its political, cultural, and intellectual life.
What products did the Manchester Ship Canal provide?
Products included steam engines and locomotives, armaments, machine tools, and, later, those of electrical engineering . The opening of the 37-mile Manchester Ship Canal (1894) linked Manchester, via the Mersey estuary at Eastham, to the Irish Sea and the world markets beyond.
Why was the Peterloo Massacre a peaceful event?
The Peterloo Massacre of 1819 arose from a peaceful political assembly, held on fields near the city, to demand parliamentary reform. In the period 1842–44 the German social philosopher Friedrich Engels lived in Manchester, and his influential book Condition of the Working Class in England (1845) was based on his experiences there.
What was Manchester's economic history?
Manchester’s economic history during the second half of the 19th century was one of growth and diversification. The city became less important as a cotton-manufacturing centre than as the commercial and financial nucleus of the trade; on the floor of the Royal Exchange, the yarn and cloth of the entire industry was bought and sold.
What was John Dalton's greatest achievement?
Among its other intellectual achievements were John Dalton’s development of the atomic theory as the foundation of modern chemistry and the work of the “Manchester school” in the application of economic principles to the problems of commerce, industry, and government.
When did the canals start in Manchester?
The first canal, bringing cheap coal from Worsley, reached the town in 1762; later extended, it linked Manchester with the Mersey and Liverpool by 1776 and so served the import-export needs of the cotton industry.
What was the first industrial city?
The world's first industrial city. Manchester was the world's first industrial city. From its towering mills, bustling warehouses and crowded streets came new ways to live, work and think, which transformed lives in Manchester and across the world. In the early 19th century, the extraordinary growth of Manchester's cotton industry drove ...
Is Manchester a cotton city?
Manchester is built on cotton. Our Textiles Gallery tells the story of the people, products and pioneers that made it and their continuing legacy in our city and our world today.
What was the growth of Manchester?
Manchester’s growth rested largely on the growth of the cotton industry, and by mid-century the city typified Britain as the ‘workshop of the world’. Young men and women poured in from the countryside, eager to find work in the new factories and mills. The mills paid relatively high wages and they also employed large numbers of children. As a consequence, families migrating to the city often saw a considerable rise in their incomes. But not all aspects of life in the factories were pleasant. The rise in child labour was of course undesirable from the perspective of child welfare. Factory workers also had to work more intensively than farm workers. Agricultural workers were used to frequent spells of unemployment. Days were by necessity shortened during in the dark winter months and in bad weather men could not work at all. Factory workers were expected to work much more extensively, as the factory owners, having made heavy investment in expensive machinery, wanted to keep their machines running. Employers tried to lure in good workers through higher wages, but they were also very quick to punish any of their workers whose behaviour risked leaving their valuable machines idle.
What were the main reasons for Manchester's economic growth?
The factories provided the most visible evidence for Manchester’s economic growth, but the city offered numerous other employment opportunities for new migrants. Factories needed their operatives, but they also had to be built, their machines had to be maintained, their warehouses organised – it all amounted to a steady stream of employment for those who flocked to the cities. Others made a living transporting raw material and finished goods around – driving horses and carts, building railways, driving trains. Then there was a mountain of work to be done providing for the needs of a large population. The urban workforce needed houses, furniture, bread, shoes, clothes; their demand for the staples of life provided plenty of business for skilled workers. The demand for labour meant that many of the city’s workers were fully employed throughout the year and this helped to drag families out of the grinding poverty that agricultural workers endured.
What is the name of Dickens's town in Hard Times?
Dickens’s famous creation, Coketown in Hard Times, was a mill-town set in the north of England and inspired by a visit to the north of England. Coketown was depicted as a miserable place filled with identical and uninspired brick buildings, all covered with soot, thanks to the coal burned in its many factories.
What is Manchester in Hard Times?
In Charles Dickens’s Hard Times (1854) Manchester is portrayed as ‘Coketown’, a miserable city marked by identical buildings covered with soot.
How many people lived in Manchester in the 18th century?
At the start of the 18th century, Manchester was a small, market town with a population of fewer than 10,000. By the end of the century, it had grown almost tenfold, to 89,000 souls. In the 19th century, the population continued to grow unabated, doubling between 1801 and the 1820s and then doubling again between then and 1851, to 400,000 souls. This was phenomenal growth transforming Manchester into Britain’s second city. Manchester continued to grow steadily down to the end of the century. In 1901 its population stood at around 700,000; only London and Glasgow were greater in size.
What was the population of Manchester in 1901?
Manchester continued to grow steadily down to the end of the century. In 1901 its population stood at around 700,000; only London and Glasgow were greater in size.
What was the worst epidemic in Manchester?
Hardly surprisingly, Manchester was hit badly by the cholera epidemic of 1831–32.
What is the industrial area of Manchester?
The urban structure of metropolitan Manchester is determined largely by its industrial zones. By far the most important of these is the one bisecting it from east to west. This contains most of the heavier industry—petrochemicals on the Ship Canal near Irlam, electrical engineering in Trafford Park and Salford, and machine tools and metal fabrication in eastern Manchester. Industry in the south is confined to a few compact, largely planned factory estates, notably at Altrincham and Wythenshawe. North and east of Manchester, ribbons of long-established industry follow every railway, river valley, and abandoned canal. The electrochemical industries of the Irwell valley, the dyestuffs of the Irk, and, everywhere, the old textile mills (many converted to new industrial uses) are the dominant features.
What was Manchester's population in 1911?
By 1911 it had a population of 2,350,000.
How tall is Manchester?
It lies at a height of 133 feet (40 metres) above sea level , enclosed by the slopes of the Pennine range on the east and the upland spur of Rossendale on the north.
What county is Manchester in?
Manchester, city and metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester urban county, northwestern England. Most of the city, including the historic core, is in the historic county of Lancashire, but it includes an area south of the River Mersey in the historic county of Cheshire. Manchester is the nucleus of the largest ...
What was Manchester's golden age?
If the 19th century was Manchester’s golden age, when it was indisputably Britain’s second city, the 20th century was marked by increasing industrial problems associated with the decline of the textile trades (the result of foreign competition and technological obsolescence). Area city, 45 square miles (116 square km);
When did Manchester expand its boundaries?
In 1930 the city extended its boundaries far to the south beyond the River Mersey, to annex 9 square miles (23 square km) of the northern portion of the former administrative county of Cheshire. Two large metropolitan boroughs adjoin the city of Manchester on the west and southwest: Salford and Trafford.
Is Manchester a city?
Manchester is the nucleus of the largest metropolitan area in the north of England, and it remains an important regional city, but it has lost the extraordinary vitality and unique influence that put it at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution. Skyline of Manchester, England.
Overview
Industrial Revolution
Manchester remained a small market town until the late 18th century and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. The Spinning Jenny in 1764 marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and brought with it the first fully mechanised production process. The myriad small valleys in the Pennine Hills to the north and east of the town, combined with the damp climate, proved ideal f…
Etymology
The name Manchester originates from the Latin name Mamucium or its variant Mancunio. These names are generally thought to represent a Latinisation of an original Brittonic name. The generally accepted etymology of this name is that it comes from Brittonic *mamm- ("breast", in reference to a "breast-like hill"). However, more recent work suggests that it could come from *mamma ("mother", in reference to a local river goddess). Both usages are preserved in Insular Celtic langua…
Prehistory
Prehistoric evidence of human activity in the area of Manchester is limited, although scattered stone tools have been found.
There is evidence of Bronze Age activity around Manchester in the form of burial sites. Although some prehistoric artefacts have been discovered in the city centre, these have come from redeposited layers, meaning they do not neces…
Roman
The Roman fort of Mamucium was established c. AD 79 near a crossing point on the River Medlock. The fort was sited on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell in a naturally defensible position. It was erected as a series of fortifications established by Gnaeus Julius Agricola during his campaign against the Brigantes who were the Celtic tribe in control of most of …
Post-Roman
Once the Romans left Britain, the focus of settlement in Manchester shifted to the confluence of the rivers Irwell and Irk. During the Early Middle Ages that followed – and persisted until the Norman conquest – the settlement of Manchester was in the territory of several different kingdoms. In the late 6th and early 7th centuries, the kingdom of Northumbria extended as far south as the Ri…
Medieval
Manchester was administratively part of the Salford Hundred. In 1086 the hundred covered about 350 square miles (910 km ) and had a population of about 3,000. It was given to Roger de Poitou; Roger divided the hundred into fiefdoms and made the Gresle family barons of Manchester. Albert de Gresle was the first baron of Manchester. Although the Gresle family did not reside at the …
Growth of the textile trade
By the 16th century the wool trade had made Manchester a flourishing market town. The collegiate church, which is now the cathedral, was finally completed in 1500–1510. The magnificent carved choir stalls date from this period, and in 1513 work began on a chapel endowed by James Stanley, Bishop of Ely, in thanksgiving for the safe return of his kinsman (sometimes said to be his son…