What aircraft was used in the Battle of Midway?
Three American Aircraft carriers were the: Yorktown, Hornet, and the Enterprise. Scout planes had been sent out all around Midway, and the American Admiral, Spruence, and waited for word of Japanese carriers. At 4:30 Nagumo, the Japanese admiral, launched an attack of 108 planes to bomb the island of Midway.
What was the Battle of Midway and why was it important?
The Battle of Midway was important for 3 main reasons. One is that it was America's first battle won against Japan. Without any wins morale was very low for the Americans and defeating the Japanese fleet seemed unlikely.
Why did the US attack midway?
The Battle of Midway became one of the most important American naval victories of World War II. … Code-breakers were able to decipher Japanese naval code, allowing American leaders to anticipate Japanese maneuvers. The U.S. Navy was then able to launch a surprise attack on the larger Japanese fleet in the area.
How many planes were in the Battle of Midway?
How many planes did the US have in the battle of Midway? The US defence, meanwhile, was made up of just three aircraft carriers, 50 support ships, 233 carrier aircraft, 127 land-based aircraft on Midway and eight submarines. How did the US Navy win the battle of Midway?
What was the Battle of Midway in simple terms?
The United States Navy defeated a Japanese attack against Midway Atoll (northwest of Hawaii) and destroyed four Japanese aircraft carriers and a heavy cruiser. The battle was a decisive victory for the Americans. It was the most important naval battle of the Pacific area in World War II.
What happened during the battle of Midway?
Battle of Midway, (June 3–6, 1942), World War II naval battle, fought almost entirely with aircraft, in which the United States destroyed Japan's first-line carrier strength and most of its best trained naval pilots.
What caused the battle of Midway?
Japan hoped to defeat the US Pacific Fleet and use Midway as a base to attack Pearl Harbor, securing dominance in the region and then forcing a negotiated peace.
Who won the battle of Midway and why?
Things didn't turn out that way. Instead, it was the Japanese who were caught off guard on June 4, 1942, and the Americans who would go on to score a momentous victory in the Pacific theater. Here are five little-known facts about the Battle of Midway, and its impact on World War II in the Pacific.
Why did Japan lose Midway?
Japanese industry was unable to construct enough new flattops afterward to replenish the fleet, at the same time that American industry was laying the keels for—among other things—the seventeen-ship Essex class of carriers. Japanese naval aviation never recovered fully from Midway.
Why was the Battle of Midway a turning point in the US war with Japan?
The battle marked the first major US victory against Japan and was a turning point in the war. By shifting the balance of naval power in the Pacific, Midway allowed US forces to take the offensive for the first time. The Allies soon set their sights on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands and on New Guinea.
How many Americans died Midway?
317 UnitedShip Casualties: Human Casualties included approximately 3,000 sailors and airmen killed. A total of 317 United States sailors, airmen, and marines killed.
Who won the battle at Midway?
AmericanThe American success at Midway was a major victory over the Imperial Japanese Navy. All four Japanese carriers, Akagi, Hiryu, Kaga, and Soryu, had participated in the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Who led the U.S. at Midway?
The United States was led by Admirals Chester Nimitz, Frank Jack Fletcher, and Raymond A. Spruance. On June 4, 1942, the Japanese launched a number of fighter planes and bombers from four aircraft carriers to attack the island of Midway.
What if Japan won at Midway?
Whether or not Hawaii could be occupied, defeating Japan would be a much more daunting task after a defeat at Midway. The United States would have had to build a new Pacific carrier fleet, almost from scratch, and start a potential island-hopping campaign much further east than the Solomon Islands.
How many pilots survived Midway?
threeOf the 99 men in the 42 torpedo planes that were lost, only three survived the battle.
Is Pearl Harbor movie a true story?
The film features a heavily fictionalized version of the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japanese forces on December 7, 1941, focusing on a love story set amidst the lead up to the attack, its aftermath, and the Doolittle Raid.
What was the Battle of Midway and why was it important?
The U.S. Navy's decisive victory in the air-sea battle (June 3-6, 1942) and its successful defense of the major base located at Midway Island dashed Japan's hopes of neutralizing the United States as a naval power and effectively turned the tide of World War II in the Pacific.
Who won the battle at Midway?
Battle of MidwayDate4–7 June 1942LocationMidway Atoll 30°N 178°WResultAmerican victory Destruction of all four Japanese aircraft carriers that participated in the battle Sinkings of the USS Yorktown and Hammann Turning point of the Pacific theater
How did the Battle of Midway end?
After the planes returned to their carriers, the Americans broke off from the pursuit. Meanwhile, a Japanese submarine torpedoed and fatally wounded the Yorktown, which was in the process of being salvaged. It finally rolled over and sank at dawn on June 7, bringing an end to the battle.
How many Japanese died at Midway?
Aircraft Casualties included 320 Japanese planes and 150 U.S. planes. Human Casualties included approximately 3,000 sailors and airmen killed. A total of 317 United States sailors, airmen, and marines killed.
What was the Battle of Midway?
The Battle of Midway was an epic clash between the U.S. Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy that played out six months after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The U.S. Navy’s decisive victory in the air-sea battle (June 3-6, 1942) and its successful defense of the major base located at Midway Island dashed Japan’s hopes ...
What was the significance of the Battle of Midway?
Significance of U.S. Victory in the Battle of Midway. Though major combat in the Battle of Midway was over by the evening of June 4, U.S. troops at sea and on Midway Island continued their attacks on the Japanese over the next two days. The destroyer USS Hammann provided cover for the disabled carrier Yorktown during salvage operations, ...
How many B-17s did Nagumo send to Midway?
Before dawn the next day, more B-17s left Midway for a second attack on the Japanese invasion force, also unsuccessful. Meanwhile, Nagumo launched the first phase of Japan’s attack as planned, sending 108 Japanese warplanes from the four aircraft carriers to strike Midway.
What carrier attacked Yorktown?
In response, Japan’s surviving carrier, Hiryu, launched two waves of attacks on the Yorktown, which had to be abandoned but remained afloat. U.S. dive-bombers from all three carriers returned to attack the Hiryu and set it ablaze as well, putting all four Japanese carriers out of commission.
How many people died in the Battle of Midway?
On June 6, Yamamoto ordered his ships to retreat, ending the Battle of Midway. In all, Japan had lost as many as 3,000 men (including more than 200 of their most experienced pilots), nearly 300 aircraft, one heavy cruiser and four aircraft carriers in the battle, while the Americans lost the Yorktown and Hammann, along with around 145 aircraft and approximately 360 servicemen.
What was the name of the Japanese base that the Navy decided to send out a false message to?
U.S. Navy cryptanalysts had begun breaking Japanese communication codes early in 1942, and knew for weeks ahead of time that Japan was planning an attack in the Pacific at a location they called “AF.” Suspecting it was Midway, the Navy decided to send out a false message from the base claiming it was short of fresh water. Japan’s radio operators sent out a similar message about “AF” soon afterward, confirming the location of the planned attack.
What planes attacked the Japanese ships?
Meanwhile, a wave of U.S. Devastator torpedo bombers from the U.S. carriers Hornet and Enterprise arrived to attack the Japanese ships. Unescorted by fighter planes, nearly all of them were shot down by Japanese Zero fighters.
What was the Battle of Midway?
Battle of Midway, (June 3–6, 1942), World War II naval battle, fought almost entirely with aircraft, in which the United States destroyed Japan ’s first-line carrier strength and most of its best trained naval pilots. Together with the Battle of Guadalcanal, the Battle of Midway ended the threat of further Japanese invasion in the Pacific.
When did the Battle of Midway start?
The battle began at 9:04 am on June 3, 1942, when an American reconnaissance plane sighted lead elements of the invasion fleet some 500 miles (800 km) west of Midway and was fired upon by Japanese deck gunners.
What was the name of the island in the Pacific War?
Midway Islands. Aerial photo of the Midway Islands, November 24, 1941. Eastern Island, the site of Midway's airfield, is in the foreground. U.S. Navy/NARA. So prominent was Midway in Japanese war planning that it was included in the opening offensive of the Pacific War on December 7–8, 1941.
How many people died in the Midway?
Approximately 3,000 Japanese sailors and airmen were killed, and, because the Japanese fleet left the action area in relative haste, there was little opportunity to recover survivors who might have gone into the water. The victory cost the United States one carrier and a destroyer, as well as nearly 150 aircraft—more than two-thirds of which were carrier-based. American personnel losses were relatively light; 317 sailors, airmen, and Marines from the Midway garrison were killed.
How long did the Japanese attack Midway?
About 6:30 am, with the island’s fighter screen largely neutralized, the aerial bombardment of Midway began. The Japanese attack lasted about half an hour and caused extensive damage to structures on both Eastern and Sand islands. Midway’s runways were largely unharmed, however, possibly because the Japanese were planning to use them themselves once the invasion had been completed. Between the aerial engagement and Midway’s antiaircraft defenses, the Japanese lost fewer than 10 planes in their attack on the island.
What was the Japanese military's role in World War 2?
This expansion continued relatively unchecked until mid-1942. Then, after losing the Battle of Midway, Japan was forced on the defensive.
What was the importance of Midway?
It was World War II which conclusively demonstrated the strategic importance of Midway. In 1940 the U.S. Navy began work on a major air and submarine base there. By the following year Eastern Island would boast three runways, while on Sand Island a seaplane hangar was built for a squadron of PBY Catalina flying boats.
What was the battle of Midway?
In June 1942, US and Japanese naval forces engaged in a five-day battle in the middle of the Pacific Ocean that changed the course of the war in the Pacific. Top Image: Last minutes on damaged USS Yorktown (CV-5). Midway Islands, June 1942.
How many days did the Battle of Midway take?
By June 1942, PBY Catalinas and B-17s were stationed on Midway, along with 4,000 American personnel. The five-day battle, fought from June 3-7, 1942, encompassed an area the size of the contiguous United States. Japanese and American ships fought at ranges of 50-150 miles apart.
What carrier was attacked by the Japanese?
From the American carriers USS Yorktown (CV-5), USS Enterprise (CV-6), and USS Hornet (CV-8) TBD Devastator torpedo bombers launched to attack the Japanese force. Drawing out enemy aircraft, they cleared the skies for SBD Dauntless dive bombers from the Enterprise and Yorktown to make an attack, leaving the Japanese carriers Kaga and Akagi fatally damaged and wrecking the carrier Soryu. The only surviving Japanese carrier, Hiryu, launched two waves of attacks against the American carriers, bombing Yorktown. Severely damaged, the ship’s crew fought to keep the carrier afloat. Dauntlesses from Enterprise struck the Hiryu in the early evening, striking a fatal blow against the fourth and final Japanese carrier off Midway.
What happened on June 4, 1942?
On the morning of June 4, 1942, aircraft from Japanese carriers attacked and damaged the US base on Midway. The US Marine Corps force stationed on Midway endured devastating losses, but the facilities only suffered minor damage. The US carrier force was to the east of the island and had located the main body of the Japanese force.
When did the Yorktown sink?
On June 7, Yorktown rolled and sank at dawn. Smoke rising from an explosion on the USS Yorktown (CV-5). From the Collection of The National WWII Museum, Gift in memory of Sgt. Lyle E. Eberspecher, 2013.495.391. Heavily damaged USS Yorktown (CV-5).
What station did Admiral Chester Nimitz decode?
With the confirmation that AF was Midway, Station Hypo in Hawaii, decoded further messages, providing the US Navy with the date of the attack, and the Japanese order of battle. With this vital information at hand, Admiral Chester Nimitz prepared US Naval forces to counterattack.
When did the Japanese Midway Occupational Force open?
Opening Strikes. On June 3, 1942, a PBY flying a scouting patrol out of Midway discovered part of the Japanese Midway Occupational force southwest of the atoll. Throughout the day, additional sightings were made, but the Japanese carrier force was not located.
How many US troops were lost in the Battle of Midway?
The Japanese lost approximately 3,057 men, four carriers, one cruiser, and hundreds of aircraft, while the United States lost approximately 362 men, one carrier, one destroyer, and 144 aircraft. This critical US victory stopped the growth of Japan in the Pacific and put the United States in a position to begin shrinking the Japanese empire through a years-long series of island-hopping invasions and several even larger naval battles.
Why did Japan use Midway as a base?
Japan hoped to defeat the US Pacific Fleet and use Midway as a base to attack Pearl Harbor, securing dominance in the region and then forcing a negotiated peace. Top Image: The USS Yorktown is hit on the port side by a torpedo launched from a plane off the Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryu during the Battle of Midway on June 4, 1942.
How did World War II change the United States?
World War II transformed the United States from a midlevel global power to the leader of the “free world.”. With this rapid rise in power and influence, the United States had to take on new responsibilities, signaling the beginning of the "American era.". Article Type. Article.
What was the name of the USS Utah?
The USS Utah (AG-16) had a long and sometimes peculiar career before the veteran warship met its end at Pearl Harbor.
What happened on June 4th?
Early on the morning of June 4, aircraft from four Japanese aircraft carriers attacked and severely damaged the US base on Midway. Unbeknownst to the Japanese, the US carrier forces were just to the east of the island and ready for battle. After their initial attacks, the Japanese aircraft headed back to their carriers to rearm and refuel.
What was Japan's main goal during World War II?
One of Japan’s main goals during World War II was to remove the United States as a Pacific power in order to gain territory in east Asia and the southwest Pacific islands.
What happened to the US carrier forces in the Japanese?
Unbeknownst to the Japanese, the US carrier forces were just to the east of the island and ready for battle. After their initial attacks, the Japanese aircraft headed back to their carriers to rearm and refuel. While the aircraft were returning, the Japanese navy became aware of the presence of US naval forces in the area.
When was the Battle of Midway?
The Battle of Midway Including the Aleutian Phase, June 3 to June 14, 1942 —Strategical and Tactical Analysis, by the U.S. Naval War College, 1948 (PDF, 18.2 MB) Battle of Midway: Interrogation of Japanese Officials (Vol. 1), by the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific), October 1945.
Who was the commander of the Pacific Fleet at the Battle of Midway?
Battle of Midway Overview. Scale of the Battle of Midway. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Pacific Fleet commander in chief (second from left), pierside at Pearl Harbor, 8 June 1942, watching USS Fulton (AS-11) arrive. She was carrying survivors of USS Yorktown (CV-5), sunk in the Battle of Midway on 4 June.
Why was the information withheld from the Midway strike force?
Incredibly, this information was withheld from the Midway strike force because of Yamamoto's strict radio silence restrictions. Scene on board USS Yorktown (CV-5), shortly after she was hit by three Japanese bombs on 4 June 1942.
What was the Japanese intent on expanding east of the Marshall Islands?
In addition to this advance toward Port Moresby, evidence that Japan was intent on expanding east of the Marshall Islands appeared in COMINT in early 1942. Indications of land-based air units and equipment began appearing in message traffic to and from the Marshall Islands and other Japanese-occupied Pacific territories. In March, the designator "AF" began appearing in partially decoded messages. Then, on 5 March, Japanese seaplanes, refueled from a submarine at French Frigate Shoals, Territory of Hawaii, conducted an armed reconnaissance mission over Oahu. Finally, on 13 March, American cryptanalysts both broke the Japanese navy's general-purpose code and tentatively identified "AF" as Midway.
What happened on March 5th?
Then, on 5 March, Japanese seaplanes, refueled from a submarine at French Frigate Shoals, Territory of Hawaii, conducted an armed reconnaissance mission over Oahu. Finally, on 13 March, American cryptanalysts both broke the Japanese navy's general-purpose code and tentatively identified "AF" as Midway.
How far was the Japanese plane from Midway?
Just after midnight on 4 June, Admiral Nimitz, based on patrol plane reports, advised Task Forces 16 and 17 of the course and speed of the Japanese "main body," also noting their distance of 574 miles from Midway. Shortly after dawn, a patrol plane spotted two Japanese carriers and their escorts, reporting "Many planes heading Midway from 320 degrees distant 150 miles!"
What was the Japanese strategy in the Pacific War?
Following the outbreak of the Pacific War in December 1941, the Japanese armed forces conducted military operations against U.S., British Commonwealth, and Dutch possessions in the Pacific and Southeast Asia. The first phase of these operations, which was the seizure of Malaysia, Singapore, the Dutch East Indies, the Philippines, and various island groups in the central and western Pacific, was virtually complete by March 1942. The second phase, initiated by Japanese Imperial Headquarters on 23 January, was designed to isolate and neutralize Australia and India. In the Pacific, this plan envisioned the seizure of bases in Papua/New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, which would then be used to support future operations against New Caledonia, Fiji, and Samoa. By early March, with the seizure of Lae and Salamaua, the entire north coast of Papua/New Guinea had fallen to Japanese forces, who were planning for an amphibious invasion of Port Moresby.
What was the Battle of Midway?from history.com
The Battle of Midway was an epic clash between the U.S. Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy that played out six months after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The U.S. Navy’s decisive victory in the air-sea battle (June 3-6, 1942) and its successful defense of the major base located at Midway Island dashed Japan’s hopes ...
What ship did Yamamoto order to retreat?from history.com
The destroyer USS Hammann provided cover for the disabled carrier Yorktown during salvage operations, but a Japanese submarine arrived on June 6 and launched four torpedoes that struck both U.S. ships. The Hammann sank in minutes; the Yorktown eventually capsized and sank the following day. On June 6, Yamamoto ordered his ships to retreat, ending ...
How many B-17s did Nagumo send to Midway?from history.com
Before dawn the next day, more B-17s left Midway for a second attack on the Japanese invasion force, also unsuccessful. Meanwhile, Nagumo launched the first phase of Japan’s attack as planned, sending 108 Japanese warplanes from the four aircraft carriers to strike Midway.
What did Fletcher and Spruance do in the attack on Midway?from britannica.com
As the attack on Midway was unfolding, Fletcher and Spruance were monitoring signals traffic in an effort to determine the strength and position of the Japanese fleet. Just after 6:00 am, Midway radioed that two carriers had been sighted, and the American admirals acted immediately. Spruance’s Task Force 16 was about 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Fletcher and Task Force 17, placing it closer to the Japanese fleet. Fletcher ordered Spruance to sail southwest and engage the enemy. Fletcher, who had scouts in the air, would recover his planes and hold the Yorktown in reserve against the threat of additional Japanese carriers. Hoping to catch the Japanese carriers before they could prepare a second attack on Midway, Spruance gambled by launching his planes at 7:00 am from a distance that all but guaranteed that many of his aircraft would not have enough fuel to return.
What was the name of the squadron that accompanied the devastators in the Battle of Yorktown?from britannica.com
The Yorktown ’s Devastators were unique in that they were the only torpedo squadron to enter the battle with a fighter escort. A half-dozen Grumman F4F Wildcats from the Yorktown accompanied the slow-moving Devastators, and the Japanese combat air patrol responded immediately. They dropped down to near sea level to intercept the American fighters, unwittingly clearing the way for a new threat.
What carrier attacked Yorktown?from history.com
In response, Japan’s surviving carrier, Hiryu, launched two waves of attacks on the Yorktown, which had to be abandoned but remained afloat. U.S. dive-bombers from all three carriers returned to attack the Hiryu and set it ablaze as well, putting all four Japanese carriers out of commission.
What was the name of the battle that the Japanese bombers attacked?from britannica.com
Battle of Midway: Japanese aircraft carrier. Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryu maneuvering as U.S. Air Force B-17 bombers attack during the Battle of Midway, northeast of the Midway Islands in the central Pacific, June 4, 1942. U.S. Air Force.
When did the Japanese attack Midway?
In September 1941, the 6th Marine Defense Battalion replaced the 3rd Defense Battalion. The first Japanese attack on Midway occurred on December 7, 1941, when destroyers successfully shelled naval installations.
What was Midway known for?
The World War II Facilities at Midway are recognized for the historic role they played in a crucial World War II battle in the Pacific Theater of operations. Midway is a coral atoll six miles in diameter with three islands--Sand, Eastern and Spit. The atoll's name is said to come from its location, midway between San Francisco and Tokyo. Geographically, it is a part of the Hawaiian chain of islands, located 1,140 nautical miles from Oahu; politically, it has never been a part of the state of Hawaii. The United States took formal possession of the unoccupied islands in 1867. The U.S. Navy assumed jurisdiction over Midway in 1903, and remained custodian of the atoll until 1996. The Commercial Pacific Cable Company established a communications station on Sand Island. The cable establishment gained company in 1935 when Pan American Airways' Clippers arrived at Midway and established weekly commercial flights across the Pacific. Pan Am built a small hotel and flight facilities on Sand Island. Because of this commercial enterprise, the U.S. Congress authorized the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to dredge an entrance channel between the islands, a harbor and seaplane runways in the lagoon as a civil works project in 1938. Later, the U.S. Navy contributed funds and the dredging increased in scope in preparation for a naval air station. In 1939 the Navy established a partnership with several construction firms, which formed Contractors Pacific Naval Air Base for the construction of facilities for two patrol airplane squadrons on Sand Island. The civilian employees also began construction of land runways on Eastern Island. A U.S. Marine detachment assigned to Midway arrived in September 1940. They belonged to the 3rd Defense Battalion and promptly began constructing defenses. In September 1941, the 6th Marine Defense Battalion replaced the 3rd Defense Battalion.
What was the 7th Air Force's mission in 1942?
In 1942, the Seventh Air Force sent the 73rd Fighter Squadron to Midway to relieve the badly battered Marine fighter squadron, VMF 221. After the Battle of Midway, the Seventh Air Force bombers staged through Midway on raids to Japanese-held Wake Island.
What happened to the Japanese in Midway?
The Japanese, unaware that the American carrier aircraft were fast approaching, decided to launch a second attack upon Midway. The American carrier dive bombers struck while the Japanese were still rearming and the strike force aircraft were still on the carrier’s decks.
What aircraft attacked the Japanese carriers?
U.S. airplanes took to the air from Midway to counter the attack but the Marine fighters suffered greatly. Earlier, strike aircraft consisting of Army Air Corps bombers, Marine scout bombers and Navy torpedo planes departed Midway to attack the Japanese carriers.
What was the turning point of the Pacific campaign of World War II?
The American victory at Midway was the turning point of the Pacific campaign of World War II. In 1942, the Seventh Air Force sent the 73rd Fighter Squadron to Midway to relieve the badly battered Marine fighter squadron, VMF 221.
What did Admiral Nimitz order his forces to do?
Admiral Nimitz ordered his forces, centered on three carriers, to sea to intercept the Japanese. Meanwhile, the Marines, Navy and Army personnel on Midway worked furiously to strengthen their defenses. On June 3, Midway's aircraft spotted a part of the Japanese invasion fleet approaching.
When was Midway released?
Midway was theatrically released by Lionsgate in the United States on November 8, 2019. It received mixed reviews from critics, though was praised for its historical accuracy, and grossed $126 million worldwide.
What is the movie Midway about?
Midway is a 2019 Canadian-American war film about the Battle of Midway, a turning point in the Pacific Theater of World War II. The film was directed by Roland Emmerich, who also produced the film with Harald Kloser, and was written by Wes Tooke. The film stars Ed Skrein, Patrick Wilson, Luke Evans, Aaron Eckhart, Nick Jonas, Mandy Moore, ...
What does Layton instruct Midway to do?
After Layton instructs Midway to telegraph in the clear (unencrypted) that they are suffering a water shortage, cryptologists working for Rochefort intercept Japanese communications concerning water shortages on "AF", confirming that "AF" is indeed Midway.
How much did Midway make?
Midway grossed $56.8 million in the United States and Canada, and $68.5 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $125.4 million, against a production budget of $100 million.
What submarine hit the Japanese carrier?
American submarine USS Nautilus launches a torpedo at a Japanese carrier but misses and is chased off by Japanese destroyer Arashi. Upon spotting the Arashi, the Commander of the Air Group (CAG) of the Enterprise, C. Wade McClusky, correctly infers the Japanese destroyer is rushing back to the main Japanese fleet and leads his planes to follow its course. Arriving to find the Japanese Combat Air Patrol out of position due to the torpedo attacks, the dive-bombers score several hits on Akagi, Kaga and Sōryū, resulting in fires and further explosions due to unsecured ordinance, leading to their final destruction.
Where was Midway filmed?
Much of the cast joined in summer 2018, and filming began in Hawaii that September. Some filming also took place in Montreal. With a production budget of $100 million, it is to date one of the most expensive independent films of all time. Midway was theatrically released by Lionsgate in the United States on November 8, 2019.
Who warned the US of the Japanese position in the Pacific Ocean?
In December 1937 in Tokyo, American naval attaché intelligence officer Lieutenant Commander Edwin T. Layton and his counterpart are discussing the US and Japanese positions in the Pacific Ocean during a state function. Layton is warned by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto that if the Japanese oil supply is threatened by the US, the Japanese will take immediate action.
