What was the Russian Civil War?
... (Show more) Russian Civil War, (1918–20), conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government led by Vladimir I. Lenin against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies.
What was the First Battle of the Civil War?
What Was the First Battle of the Civil War? What's Your Question? What Was the First Battle of the Civil War? Although the Confederate strike on Fort Sumter was the battle that began the Civil War, the first major land battle was the First Battle of Bull Run (or Manassas).
What was the significance of the Battle of Tsaritsyn?
The fall of Tsaritsyn is viewed "as one of the key battles of the Russian Civil War" and greatly helped the White Russian cause. The notable historian Sir Basil Henry Liddell Hart comments that Bruce's tank action during the battle is to be seen as "one of the most remarkable feats in the whole history of the Tank Corps".
What was the outcome of the Russian Civil War?
Russian Civil War (1918–20), conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government led by Vladimir Lenin against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies. The Bolshevik victory ensured the supremacy of the Russian Communists in the nascent Soviet Union.
What was the biggest battle of the Russian Civil War?
The Battle of Bogdat or The Bogdat Operation (Russian: Богдатское сражение) was the largest battle between the Soviet partisans and the Whites (together with the 5th Japanese Expeditionary Division) during the Russian Civil War in Transbaikal.
What started the Russian Civil War?
Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossii; 7 November 1917 — 16 June 1923) was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the overthrowing of the monarchy and the new republican government's failure to maintain stability, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future.
When did civil war start in Russia?
Russian Civil War, (1918–20), conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government led by Vladimir I. Lenin against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies.
Who won the Russian Civil War 1917?
Russian Revolution, also called Russian Revolution of 1917, two revolutions in 1917, the first of which, in February (March, New Style), overthrew the imperial government and the second of which, in October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power.
Did Russia ever lost a war?
Russia's defeat at the hands of Japan in the Russo-Japanese War marked the first time in the modern era that an Asian power was able to defeat a Western nation. Russia was trying to expand its empire in Asia, while Japan was a rising imperial force that had quickly modernized its military.
Did the White Army support the Tsar?
Above all, the White movement emerged as opponents of the Red Army. The White Army had the stated aim to keep law and order in Russia as the Tsar's army before the civil war and the revolution of Russia. They worked to remove Soviet organizations and functionaries in White-controlled territory.
What would happen if White Army won?
The biggest possitive effects of this alternate reality is that there would be no Cold War, no military arms race, and no possibility for a Nuclear War, this may also change the propaganda system in western nations about Russia.
Who Won Red Army or White Army?
The Red Army defeated the White Armed Forces of South Russia in Ukraine and the army led by Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak in Siberia in 1919. The remains of the White forces commanded by Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel were beaten in Crimea and evacuated in late 1920.
Why did the Whites lose the Civil War?
White Army weaknesses The Whites had a number of weaknesses that led to their defeat. Low moral- their lack of a clear aim or plan was less enticing than the Bolshevik cause- the establishment and survival of the revolution and a communist Russia.
What is a red Russian person?
Red, White and You More specifically, it meant those who fought against the Soviet Red Army in the Russian Civil War (1918 to 1921). Two contrasting visions of the Russian Civil War by White (Pro imperial) and Red (Bolshevik) forces.
Were Bolsheviks White or red?
The Civil War was a result of the emergence of opposition against the Bolsheviks after November 1917. These groups included monarchists, militarists, and, for a short time, foreign nations. Collectively, they were known as the Whites while the Bolsheviks were known as the Reds.
Why did the Red win the Civil War?
In short, the Bolsheviks were able to win the Russian Civil War because the Whites failed to secure the support of the different national groups, key foreign powers, and the peasantry, while Bolsheviks enjoyed much more authority within Russia and were therefore able to assert their power over the Whites.
Who won the Civil War in Russia and why?
In short, the Bolsheviks were able to win the Russian Civil War because the Whites failed to secure the support of the different national groups, key foreign powers, and the peasantry, while Bolsheviks enjoyed much more authority within Russia and were therefore able to assert their power over the Whites.
What were the Bolsheviks fighting for?
Bolshevism (from Bolshevik) is a revolutionary socialist current of Soviet Marxist–Leninist political thought and political regime associated with the formation of a rigidly centralized, cohesive and disciplined party of social revolution, focused on overthrowing the existing capitalist state system, seizing power and ...
What were the main causes of the civil war between Bolsheviks and the Russian army?
Ans) I) When the Bolsheviks ordered land redistribution; the Russian army began to break up. soldiers, mostly Peasants, wished to go home for the redistribution and deserted. II) Non-Bolsheviks socialists, liberals, supporters of autocracy condemned the Bolshevik uprising.
Why did the Allies intervene in the Russian Civil War?
The Allied Powers became concerned at the collapse of the Eastern Front and the loss of their Tsarist ally to communism, and there was also the question of the large quantities of supplies and equipment in Russian ports, which the Allied Powers feared might be seized by the Germans.
When did the Red Army invade Ukraine?
At the beginning of 1919 Red Army forces invaded Ukraine. The remnants of the forces of the Socialist Revolutionaries, headed by Symon Petlyura, retreated westward, where they joined forces with Ukrainian nationalist forces from formerly Austrian Galicia.
What was the name of the army that landed in Vladivostok?
On April 5 Japanese forces landed at Vladivostok, without any approval. A further factor was the Czechoslovak Legion, composed of Czech and Slovak deserters from the Austro-Hungarian army, whom previous Russian governments had allowed to form their own units.
What were the two anti-Bolshevik authorities?
In the vacuum created by this action, two anti-Bolshevik authorities appeared: the West Siberian Commissariat, of predominantly liberal complexion, based at Omsk; and the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly, composed of Socialist Revolutionaries, based at Samara. Czechoslovak Legion. Members of the Czechoslovak Legion in Vladivostok ...
What happened in 1918?
At the same time, the Western Allies, desperately pressed by a new German offensive in northern France in the spring of 1918, were eager to create another front in the east by reviving at least a part of the Russian army.
What happened in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) whereby Russia yielded large portions of its territory to Germany caused a breach between the Bolsheviks ( Communists) and the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, who thereupon left the coalition.
What was the main cause of the Russian Revolution of 1917?
Russia’s disastrous performance in World War I was one of the primary causes of the Russian Revolution of 1917, which swept aside the Romanov dynasty and installed a government that was eager to end the fighting.
When was Nicholas II taken captive?
Nicholas II after being taken captive, c. 1917. In the late summer the Communists’ hastily reorganized armed forces, the Red Army, recovered most of eastern European Russia.
What was the result of the Russian Civil War?
The Russian Civil War suffocated the revolution, destroyed democracy, and cleared the way for Stalinist dictatorship. This was the unintended consequence of the actions of all the belligerents – the Reds, the Whites, and the Great Powers. The consequences of this have ricocheted down the decades to the present day.
How many Russians died in the First World War?
Or with the First World War, which claimed the lives of about 3 million Russians, among some 15 million across the world as a whole. Compare these figures with the Russian Civil War, where an estimated 1.5 million combatants died and up to 12 million civilians succumbed to cold, hunger, and disease. This was almost 10% of the population.
What was the purpose of the Bolshevik poster?
A Bolshevik recruitment poster exhorting workers to join the Red Army, 1920. It matched in scale, drama, and significance the American Civil War half a century before. Yet the Russian Civil War, which began a century ago this year, is only dimly remembered.
How many bridges were destroyed in the Russian Civil War?
By the end of the Civil War, this huge social movement was stone dead. The national infrastructure had been devastated: 7,000 bridges, 1,700km of railway line, and 90,000km of telegraph wire had been destroyed. An international blockade had reduced Russian imports from 967 million pounds (a Russian unit of measurement) in 1913 to 0.5 million in 1919, and Russian exports from 1,472 million to 0.0001 million. Industrial production was down to about 15% of its pre-1914 level.
What did the Bolsheviks hope for?
The Bolsheviks hoped that the Red Army advancing from the east would be able to link up with revolutionary movements across Europe.
What was the consequence of the Russian Revolution?
A mass social movement of workers, soldiers, sailors, and peasants had taken power in October 1917. This ‘people power’ had been organised in mass participatory assemblies (‘soviets’).
How many people died in the Civil War?
The human cost was astronomical. We can compare it with the American Civil War, which killed two-thirds of a million, about 2% of the population, more than in all the other wars in US history combined. Or with the First World War, which claimed the lives of about 3 million Russians, among some 15 million across the world as a whole.
What was the Russian Civil War?from en.wikipedia.org
Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossii) was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the two Russian revolutions of 1917, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. The two largest combatant groups were the Red Army, ...
What was the first offensive in Russia in 1919?from en.wikipedia.org
At the beginning of March 1919, the general offensive of the Whites on the eastern front began. Ufa was retaken on 13 March; by mid-April, the White Army stopped at the Glazov – Chistopol – Bugulma – Buguruslan –Sharlyk line. Reds started their counteroffensive against Kolchak's forces at the end of April. The Red 5th Army, led by the capable commander Tukhachevsky, captured Elabuga on 26 May, Sarapul on 2 June and Izevsk on the 7th and continued to push forward. Both sides had victories and losses, but by the middle of summer the Red Army was larger than the White Army and had managed to recapture territory previously lost.
What river was the Battle of Tulgas fought on?from ranker.com
The Battle of Tulgas was fought between Allied and Bolshevik troops on the Northern Dvina River. It took place on the day the armistice ending World War I was signed, November 11, 1918, and is sometimes referred to as the "Peace Day's Bloody Battle".
What happened to the Russian army in 1920?from en.wikipedia.org
By the beginning of 1920, the main body of the Armed Forces of South Russia was rapidly retreating towards the Don, to Rostov. Denikin hoped to hold the crossings of the Don, then rest and reform his troops, but the White Army was not able to hold the Don area, and at the end of February 1920 started a retreat across Kuban towards Novorossiysk. Slipshod evacuation of Novorossiysk proved to be a dark event for the White Army. Russian and Allied ships evacuated about 40,000 of Denikin's men from Novorossiysk to the Crimea, without horses or any heavy equipment, while about 20,000 men were left behind and either dispersed or captured by the Red Army. Following the disastrous Novorossiysk evacuation, Denikin stepped down and the military council elected Wrangel as the new Commander-in-Chief of the White Army. He was able to restore order to the dispirited troops and reshape an army that could fight as a regular force again. This remained an organized force in the Crimea throughout 1920.
What was the Battle of Bogdat?from ranker.com
The Battle of Bogdat or The Bogdat Operation was the largest battle between the Soviet partisans and the Whites during the Russian Civil War in Transbaikal. In the summer of 1919 the local Resistance movement threatened the regime of the White Cossacks and the Japanese and it was decided to launch a massive offensive on partisan positions in Eastern Transbaikal. 8 Cossack regiments and up to 2,000 Japanese soldiers took part in the operation. The partisans had not anticipated such an offensive and were encircled near Bogdat and Homyaki villages in a day and thereafter the blockade was tightened. Bogdat was home to the headquarters of the Eastern Transbaikalian Front headed by Pavel... more
What was the Arsk Uprising?from ranker.com
Arsk Uprising. The Arsk Uprising was a Tatar peasant rebellion against the Soviet power in Kazan, Layesh, Mamadysh uyezds of Kazan Governorate. It started on October 25, 1918 as a result of prodrazvyorstka policy. On November 10 rebels took the town of Arsk.
What was the significance of the Battle of Tsaritsyn?from ranker.com
The Battle of Tsaritsyn was a military confrontation between Bolshevik forces and the White Army during the Russian Civil War . It was for control of the significant city and port on the Volga River in southwestern Russia. The battle resulted in a Bolshevik victory.... more
What was the first major land battle in the Civil War?
Although the Confederate strike on Fort Sumter was the battle that began the Civil War, the first major land battle was the First Battle of Bull Run (or Manassas).
Where did the Battle of Manassas take place?
This battle took place on July 21, 1861, close to Manassas Junction, along the banks of the small Bull Run river in Virginia . It involved 35,000 Union troops pitted against 20,000 Confederate troops. In addition to being the first major battle of the Civil War, it was also expected, by Abraham Lincoln at least, to be the last.
What was Lincoln's intent in the Battle of Richmond?
His intention had been to strike at the enemy troops and clear a route to Richmond. However, the Union troops, all of whom were amateurs, were not fully prepared for the battle. Despite a promising start in which 4,500 ...
What was the most important strategic victory of the Russian Civil War?
The most important strategic victory of the Russian Civil War was the communist establishment of control over Moscow which was the key factor in controlling the majority of Russia’s lines of communication/transportation.
Which battle had the most casualties?
The Battle at Gettysburg (three days) had the highest number of casualties in the war, but it was one of the largest battles in terms of the number of men engaged. In terms of the number of wounded and killed as a portion of the forces engaged, the bloodiest battle of the war was Shiloh; the bloodiest single day took place at Antietam; and the greatest losses suffered in the shortest time were at Cold Harbor, where up to 7,000 men fell in just twenty minutes.
Why did the Bolsheviks overthrow the government of Socialists?
Bolsheviks were evil. They overthrew the government of Socialists to implement Lenin sick fantasy of total destruction of the state and Russia hegemony.
How many people died in the Russian conflit?
The total casualties in the confluct amounted to more than 210,000 , making it one of the bloodiest direct confrontations of the Russian civil war .
What was the only power to come to America's aid in 1863?
The only power to come to America's aid was the Russian Empire. Countering the French-British threat, Czar Alexander mobilized the formidable Russian Navy: On September 24, 1863, the Russian Baltic fleet began to arrive in New York harbor. On October 12, the Russian Far East fleet began to arrive in San Francisco. The Russian admirals had been told that, if the US and Russia were to find themselves at war wi
Where were the whites relegated to at the start of the war?
The whites were relegated to the Kuban region in Southern Russia and Siberia at the start of the war. As a result, they were already well on the back foot when they initiated their resistance. Unfortunately, given that they were fighting in two formations, separated by an enormous distance, their fate was probably sealed at the start of the Civil War.
Did the Bolsheviks have control over the territory?
And, of course, the numbers. This is the biggest one. Bolsheviks had control over territory with more population , by far. And they capitalized on that resource. While White movement was recruiting volunteers, Bolsheviks installed mass conscription. And hiding from Bolshevik “recruiters” didn’t work either. They’d come to a village, take hostages until everyone turned themselves in. So every time Whites would get a victory and destroy a battalion, a division, an army, Bolsheviks came up with more and more soldiers. And, remember, they had control of the railroads and hubs, so they could get those soldiers where they needed to go. Well, they didn’t really get a hang of it till later in the Civil War, but still. Whites never really got into the conscription game. In 1920, most of the additions that came into White Army were captured Bolshevik conscripts that were allowed to fight for Whites (because they weren’t really there to fight for Bolshevik cause as much as they were forced to at gunpoint) rather than be imprisoned or executed. There were other reasons, of course, though they are minor. The ones that I just listed were the main ones.
Before the Russian Civil War: The February Revolution & the Provisional Government
Ministers of the Russian Provisional Government, 1917, via alphahistory.com
Early Anti-Bolshevik Resistance
A mob of supporters of the October Revolution, 1917, from the Library of Congress via National Geographic
The Peace of Brest-Litovsk & the Split of Russian Territories
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, from Bulgarian Archive State Agency via euronews.com
Early Clashes Between Reds & Whites
As soon as the peace treaty with the Central Powers was concluded, the Red Army launched a major offensive south towards Kuban and Rostov. Despite limited success, the communist forces managed to kill General Kornilov. He was succeeded to general command by the talented Anton Denikin.
The Battle for Ukraine in the Russian Civil War
In 1919, the Red Army managed to push back opposition forces in every front. The south of Russia was no different, as the White Army was not able to capitalize on the previous year’s successes.
The Rise and Fall of the Red and Black Alliance
On the eve of 1920, the Red Army’s domination seemed unchallenged. The New Year saw the total victory of the Bolsheviks against anti-revolutionary forces on every front.
Final Stages of the Russian Civil War
Following the evacuation of Wrangel’s army from Crimea, the Bolsheviks had only a few remaining enemies. In the Far East, White Generals stubbornly resisted communist progress. Meanwhile, in Ukraine, anarchists proved to be stiff opponents to the Red Army.
Which Bolsheviks wanted peace?
Lenin favoured peace at any price, believing that it was purely an interim settlement before inevitable revolution. Nikolay Bukharin, a left-wing Bolshevik in the early Soviet period, wanted revolutionary war, while Trotsky wanted neither war nor peace.
What did the Bolsheviks control?
The Bolsheviks controlled the industrial heartland of Russia, and their lines of communication were short. Those of the Whites, who were dispersed all the way to the Pacific, were long. The Reds recruited many ex-tsarist officers but also produced many of their own.
What was the slogan of the Bolsheviks?
Of the three points of their effective slogan—“Peace, land, and bread ”—the first proved to be the most difficult to realize. Trotsky, the silver-tongued Bolshevik negotiator, had lectured the Germans and Austrians on Georg Hegel ’s philosophy and other abstruse subjects at Brest-Litovsk. He thought that he had time on his side. He was waiting for news of revolution in Berlin and Vienna. It never came, and the Bolsheviks found themselves at the Germans’ mercy. The issue of peace or war tore the Bolsheviks apart. Lenin favoured peace at any price, believing that it was purely an interim settlement before inevitable revolution. Nikolay Bukharin, a left-wing Bolshevik in the early Soviet period, wanted revolutionary war, while Trotsky wanted neither war nor peace. Trotsky believed the Germans did not have the military muscle to advance, but they did, and eventually the very harsh peace of the Brest-Litovsk treaty was imposed on Russia. The Socialist Revolutionaries left the coalition, and some resorted to terrorism, the target being the Bolshevik leadership. Ukraine slipped under German influence, and the Mensheviks held sway in the Caucasus. Only part of Russia—Moscow, Petrograd, and much of the industrial heartland—was under Bolshevik control. The countryside belonged to the Socialist Revolutionaries. Given the Bolshevik desire to dominate the whole of Russia and the rest of the former tsarist empire, civil war was inevitable.
How did the feat of winning the Civil War affect Bolshevik thinking?
The feat of winning the Civil War and the organizational methods adopted to do so made a deep impact on Bolshevik thinking. Joseph Stalin, a party leader, talked about the party in terms of an army. There were political fronts, economic struggles, campaigns, and so on.
Why did the Bolsheviks form the Cheka?
The Cheka (a forerunner of the notorious KGB ), or political police, was formed in December 1917 to protect communist power. By the end of the Civil War the Cheka had become a powerful force.
What was the economic policy of the Bolsheviks?
The Civil War caused the Bolsheviks to adopt a more severe economic policy known as War Communism, characterized chiefly by the expropriation of private business and industry and the forced requisition of grain and other food products from the peasants.
Who was the leader of the Red Army?
The Red Army was formed in February 1918, and Trotsky became its leader.
