What is the history of the Arab League?
In 1959 it held the first Arab petroleum congress and in 1964 established the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO). Also in 1964, despite objections by Jordan, the league granted the PLO observer status as the representative of all Palestinians. This was upgraded to full membership in 1976.
Which countries were members of the Arab League in 1945?
The Arab League was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 initially with six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (renamed Jordan in 1949), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Yemen joined as a member on 5 May 1945.
Why does the Arab League need an Arab delegate from Palestine?
Therefore, the States signatory to the Pact of the Arab League consider that in view of Palestine's special circumstances, the Council of the League should designate an Arab delegate from Palestine to participate in its work until this country enjoys actual independence
Why did the Arab League fail?
The Arab League was "specifically designed to fail at producing the kind of greater collaboration and integration that might have weakened political leaders at home." Joining dates of member states; the Comoros (circled) joined in 1993.
What was the name of the organization that the Palestinians formed?
When did the PLO move to Lebanon?
What was the PLO?
What was the first intifada?
What was the PLO in 1948?
What is the highest authority in Palestine?
How many members are in the Central Council?
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What was formed by the Arab League in 1964?
the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)The first formal summit of the heads of Arab League countries, held in Cairo, Egypt, on 13–17 January 1964. During the summit, the leaders envisioned the creation of the Palestinian National Council, which subsequently established the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) later that year.
Why is the Arab League summit of 1964 important?
The focus of the conference was to implement the plans discussed at the first Arab League summit held in January of that year. The summit was notable for being a key step in the buildup to the Six-Day War in 1967 and separately for "approving the establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization."
What is the international organizational group of Arab states called?
Arab LeagueArab League, also called League of Arab States (LAS), Arabic Al-Jāmiʿah al-ʿArabiyyah or Al-Jāmiʿah al-Duwal al-ʿArabiyyah, regional organization of Arab states in the Middle East and parts of Africa, formed in Cairo on March 22, 1945, as an outgrowth of Pan-Arabism.
Who founded the Palestine Liberation Organization?
Arab LeagueAhmad ShukeiriPalestine Liberation Organization/Founders
Which of the following countries hosted the Arab summit in 1964?
The 1964 Arab League summit was the first summit of the Arab League, held in Cairo, Egypt, on 13–16 January 1964 and attended by all thirteen of the then member states: United Arab Republic (Egypt), Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Yemen Arab Republic, Libya, Sudan, Morocco, Tunisia, Kuwait and Algeria.
Which city was the second name conference held in 1964?
2nd Summit of the Non-Aligned MovementSummit Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned MovementHost countryUnited Arab RepublicDateSeptember 10, 1964CitiesCairo4 more rows
Is the Arab League an international organization?
Key Takeaways. The Arab League is a regional multi-national organization of Arabic-speaking countries on the African and Asian continents. The Arab league's mission is to promote trade and economic growth as well as sovereignty and political stability in the region.
Why was the Arab League founded?
Formed to foster economic growth in the region, resolve disputes between its members, and coordinate political aims, members of the Arab League formed a council, with each state receiving one vote. Fifteen more Arab nations eventually joined the organization, which established a common market in 1965.
Is the Arab League an intergovernmental organization?
The Arab League is an intergovernmental organization (IGO), a voluntary association of independent African and Middle East countries whose peoples are mainly Arabic speaking.
When was PLO founded?
May 28, 1964, JerusalemPalestine Liberation Organization / Founded
What is the Palestine Liberation Organization quizlet?
The Palestine Liberation Organization is an organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of the "liberation of Palestine" through armed struggle, with much of its violence aimed at Israeli civilians.
Which group is the militant organization founded in 1987?
Founded in 1987, Hamas opposed the secular approach of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and rejected attempts to cede any part of Palestine.
PLO - What does PLO stand for? The Free Dictionary
Acronym Definition; PLO: Palestine Liberation Organization: PLO: Plano (Amtrak station code; Plano, IL): PLO: Pillow: PLO: Pot Limit Omaha (poker variation): PLO ...
What is the "PLO" and what are its goals? - Answerbag
The PLO began as a federation of anti-Israel Arab guerrilla/terrorist organizations but by 1969-70 it was swallowed by Yasser Arafat's and Mahmoud Abbas's Al Fatah.Since then the PLO is essentially Al Fatah, though the name PLO was preserved. Al Fatah was created by veterans of Hajj Amin al Husseini’s Arab Higher Committee, an organization that, with the help of the British government in ...
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) | Goals, History, & Facts
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), Arabic Munaẓẓamat al-Taḥrīr Filasṭīniyyah, umbrella political organization claiming to represent the world’s Palestinians—those Arabs, and their descendants, who lived in mandated Palestine before the creation there of the State of Israel in 1948. It was formed in 1964 to centralize the leadership of various Palestinian groups that ...
Palestine Liberation Organization - Wikipedia
The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO; Arabic: منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية, Munaẓẓamat at-Taḥrīr al-Filasṭīniyyah) is a Palestinian nationalist political and militant organization founded in 1964 with the initial purpose of establishing Arab unity and statehood over the territory of former Mandatory Palestine, in opposition to the State of Israel.
The Palestine Liberation Organization - Academia.edu
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Who recognized Israel as a state?
In 1993, PLO chairman Yasser Arafat recognized the State of Israel in an official letter to its prime minister, Yitzhak Rabin. In response to Arafat's letter, Israel decided to revise its stance toward the PLO and to recognize the organization as the representative of the Palestinian people.
When did the PLO become a member of the UN?
It was admitted as a full member of the Asia group on 2 April 1986.
What is the PLO government?
From the beginning, the PLO was designed as a government in exile, with a parliament, the Palestine National Council (PNC), chosen by the Palestinian people, as the highest authority in the PLO, and an executive government (EC), elected by the PNC. In practice, however, the organization was rather a hierarchic one with a military-like character, ...
What are the implications of Palestine's status in the UN?
When President Mahmoud Abbas submitted an application for UN state membership, in September 2011, Palestinian lawyers, jurists and legal scholars expressed their concern that the change of Palestine's status in the UN (since 1988 designated as "Palestine" in place of "Palestine Liberation Organization") could have negative implications on the legal position of the Palestinian people. They warned for the risk of fragmentation, where the State of Palestine would represent the people within the UN and the PLO represent the people outside the UN, the latter including the Palestinians in exile, where refugees constitute more than half of the Palestinian people. They were also afraid of the loss of representation of the refugees in the UN. In Resolution 67/19 November 2012, Palestine was at last awarded non-member observer State status, but the General Assembly maintained the status of the PLO.
What is the PLO?
v. t. e. The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO; Arabic: منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية , Munaẓẓamat at-Taḥrīr al-Filasṭīniyyah) is an organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of the "liberation of Palestine" through armed struggle.
What was the name of the group that carried out the Black September attacks?
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, the second-largest PLO faction after al-Fatah, carried out a number of attacks and plane hijackings mostly directed at Israel, most infamously the Dawson's Field hijackings, which precipitated the Black September crisis.
Why did the PLO close?
Department of State spokeswoman, cited as a reason Palestine's "push to have the International Criminal Court investigate Israel for possible war crimes.".
When was the Arab League formed?
The Arab League was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 initially with six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (renamed Jordan in 1949), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Yemen joined as a member on 5 May 1945.
What is the Arab League?
Through institutions, notably the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO) and the Economic and Social Council of its Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU), the League facilitates political, economic, cultural, scientific, and social programmes designed to promote the interests of the Arab world.
What is the Arab League military?
Military. Main article: Military of the Arab League. The Joint Defence Council of the Arab League is one of the Institutions of the Arab League. It was established under the terms of the Joint Defence and Economic Co-operation Treaty of 1950 to coordinate the joint defence of the Arab League member states.
What was the Arab League's goal in 2015?
In March 2015, the Arab League General Secretary announced the establishment of a Joint Arab Force with the aim of counteracting extremism and other threats to the Arab States. The decision was reached while Operation Decisive Storm was intensifying in Yemen.
What is the official language of the Arab League?
Languages. The official language of the Arab League is Literary Arabic, based on Classical Arabic. However, several Arab League member states have other co-official or national languages, such as Somali, Afar, Comorian, French, English, Berber and Kurdish.
What are the resources of the Arab League?
The Arab League is rich in resources, such as enormous oil and natural gas resources in certain member states. Another industry that is growing steadily in the Arab League is telecommunications.
What is the Arab League's plan to annex the West Bank?
In September 2019, the Arab League condemned Benjamin Netanyahu 's plans to annex the eastern portion of the occupied West Bank known as the Jordan Valley. The Arab League met in Cairo on 12 October 2019 to discuss Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria.
Why Has The Arab League Struggled to Succeed?
The Arab League was founded on March 22, 1945 to strengthen ties between the Arab states as well as provide an international body for coordinating military, economic, social, health, and cultural matters between the states.
What is the Arab League?
The founding members of the Arab League in 1945 were Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Transjordan, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt. Other members gradually joined until the full 22-member Arab League we know today existed. In 1950, league members signed an agreement officially cementing their joint defense and economic cooperation.
Where the Arab League Struggles
While some may call the Arab League’s struggles failures, failure is too absolute of a term and is not applicable in this situation. The League may struggle in many areas, but there are potential solutions and the intention is there even if the desired outcome is not.
Why Do They Struggle?
The answer to this question is not an easy one and could be debated for days, but there are some main factors impeding the success of the Arab League.
Looking Forward
Despite the somewhat depressing last two paragraphs in regards to the future of the Arab League, there is a way forward. As Michael Broning, a Foreign Affairs correspondent, argues, the League must transform from, “an ineffective forum for debate into a venue for genuine decision-making.” He is absolutely correct.
When did the Arab League become a member of the PLO?
In 1959 it held the first Arab petroleum congress and in 1964 established the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO). Also in 1964, despite objections by Jordan, the league granted the PLO observer status as the representative of all Palestinians. This was upgraded to full membership in 1976.
When did the Arab League reach an agreement with the Syrian government?
Meanwhile, as the 2011 uprising in Syria grew increasingly violent, the Arab League reached an agreement with the Syrian government in November to end its bloody 10-month campaign against peaceful protesters in Syria.
What is the Arab League?
Alternative Titles: LAS, League of Arab States, al-Jāmiʿa ad-Duwal al-ʿArabīyah, al-Jāmiʿa al-ʿArabīyah. Arab League, also called League of Arab States (LAS), Arabic Al-Jāmiʿah al-ʿArabiyyah or Al-Jāmiʿah al-Duwal al-ʿArabiyyah, regional organization of Arab states in the Middle East and parts of Africa, formed in Cairo on March 22, 1945, ...
How was the Arab League weakened?
The league, however, was weakened by internal dissension on political issues, especially those concerning Israel and the Palestinians. After Egypt signed a peace treaty with Israel on March 26, 1979, the other members of the Arab League voted to suspend Egypt’s membership and to transfer the league’s headquarters from Cairo to Tunis.
Why did the Arab League suspend Libya?
In February 2011 the Arab League suspended Libya’s participation in the league amid its regime’s violent response to the Libya Revolt, and in March it supported the imposition of a no-fly zone to protect opponents of Libyan leader Muammar al-Qaddafi from air attacks by loyalist forces.
How many votes does each member of the Arab League have?
Each member has one vote on the League Council, decisions being binding only on those states that have voted for them. Arab League: flag. The aims of the league in 1945 were to strengthen and coordinate the political, cultural, economic, and social programs of its members and to mediate disputes among them or between them and third parties. ...
What was the name of the organization that the Palestinians formed?
During the Arab League Summit in 1964, Palestinians came together to create one central organization – the PLO. The PLO’s Palestine National Council (PNC) ...
When did the PLO move to Lebanon?
In 1971 , the PLO was forced to relocate from Jordan, shifting its headquarters to Lebanon. While in Lebanon, factions within the PLO began to neglect Israeli military target attacks and instead carried out terrorism plots, including high-profile bombings and aircraft hijackings.
What was the PLO?
The organization’s initial goals were to unite various Arab groups and create a liberated Palestine in Israel. Over time, the PLO has embraced a broader role, claiming to represent all Palestinians while running the Palestinian National Authority (PA). Although the PLO wasn’t known to be violent during its early years, the organization became associated with controversial tactics, terrorism and extremism.
What was the first intifada?
Oslo Accords. The First Intifada, a Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza , started in 1987 and ended around 1991. This period of bloody conflict triggered a peace process, known as the Oslo Accords. Arafat signed a series of treaties with Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin.
What was the PLO in 1948?
The PLO emerged in response to various compounding events that took place in the Middle East. In 1948, Israel became an independent state, which resulted in more than 750,000 Palestinians fleeing their homeland. The subsequent 1948 war set the stage for years of tension and violence between Arabs and Israelis.
What is the highest authority in Palestine?
The Palestine National Council (PNC): This branch of the PLO is considered the highest authority. Among its many responsibilities, the PNC sets policies, elects the Executive Committee and Board of Council and makes membership decisions.
How many members are in the Central Council?
Central Council: The Central Council has 124 members that serve as an intermediary between the PNC and the Executive Committee. Palestine Liberation Army (PLA): This official military branch of the PLO was first created in 1964.
Founding
Ideology
- The ideology of the PLO was formulated in the founding year, 1964, in the Palestinian National Covenant.In 1968, the Charter was replaced by a comprehensively revised version. Until 1993, the only promoted option was armed struggle.[citation needed] From the signing of the Oslo Accords, negotiation and diplomacy became the only official policy.[citation needed] In April 1996, a larg…
Organization
- Structure
The PLO incorporates a range of generally secular ideologies of different Palestinian movements "committed to the struggle for Palestinian independence and liberation," hence the name of the organization. It's formally an umbrella organization that includes "numerous organizations of th… - Institutions
The Palestinian National Council has 740 members and the Executive Committee or ExCo has 18 members. The Palestinian Central Council or CC or PCC, established by the PNC in 1973, is the second leading body of the PLO. The CC consists of 124 members from the PLO Executive Com…
Political Status
- The Palestine Liberation Organization is recognized by the Arab League as "the sole and legitimate representative of the Palestinian people",and by the United Nations as "the representative of the Palestinian people". The PLO was designated a terrorist organization by the United States in 1987, but in 1988, a presidential waiver was issued, which permitted contact wit…
Peace Process
- Initially, as a guerrilla organization, the PLO performed actions against Israel in the 1970s and early 1980s, regarded as terroristic activities by Israel and regarded as a war of liberation by the PLO. In 1988, however, the PLO officially endorsed a two-state solution, contingent on terms such as making East Jerusalem capital of the Palestinian state and giving Palestinians the right of ret…
History and Armed Actions
- Early actions
The PLO began their militancy campaign from its inception with an attack on Israel's National Water Carrier in January 1965. The group used guerrilla tactics to attack Israel from their bases in Jordan (including the West Bank), Lebanon, Egypt (Gaza Strip), and Syria. The most notable of w… - War of Attrition
From 1967 to September 1970 the PLO, with passive support from Jordan, fought a war of attrition with Israel. During this time, the PLO launched artillery attacks on the moshavim and kibbutzim of Bet Shean Valley Regional Council, while fedayeen launched numerous attacks on I…
Wealth Controversy
- According to a 1993 report by the British National Criminal Intelligence Service, the PLO was "the richest of all terrorist organizations", with $8–$10 billion in assets and an annual income of $1.5–$2 billion from "donations, extortion, payoffs, illegal arms dealing, drug trafficking, money laundering, fraud, etc."Estimates of the Palestine Liberation Organization's alleged hidden asset…
Membership
- Present members include
1. Fatah – largest faction, secular, left-wing nationalist. 2. Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) – second largest, radical left militant and communist 3. Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) – third largest, communist 4. Palestinian People's Party (PPP) – s… - Former member groups of the PLO include
1. Palestinian Liberation Front(PLF, Abu Nidal Ashqar wing) – socialist 2. Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command (PFLP-GC)– aligned to Syria 3. Revolutionary Palestinian Communist Party(RPCP) – communist 4. Fatah al-Intifada– Syrian-controlled, leftist …
See Also
External Links
- Official sites
1. PLO Negotiations Affairs Department 2. Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations - Documents
1. Statement of Proclamation of the Organization (1964) 2. Palestinian National Charter (1968) published by The Avalon Projectat Yale Law School 3. Palestinian National Charter (1968)on Wikisource 4. Palestinian National Charter (1964) published by the Permanent Observer Missio…
Overview
The Arab League , formally the League of Arab States (Arabic: جامعة الدول العربية, Jāmiʿat ad-Duwal al-ʿArabiyya), is a regional organization in the Arab world, which is located in Northern Africa, Western Africa, Eastern Africa, and Western Asia. The Arab League was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 initially with six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (renamed Jordan in 1949), Lebanon, Saudi Ara…
Politics and administration
The Arab League is a political organization which tries to help integrate its members economically, and solve conflicts involving member states without asking for foreign assistance. It possesses elements of a state representative parliament while foreign affairs are often conducted under UN supervision.
The Charter of the Arab League endorsed the principle of an Arab homeland wh…
History
Following adoption of the Alexandria Protocol in 1944, the Arab League was founded on 22 March 1945. The official headquarters of the League was the Boustan Palace in Cairo. It aimed to be a regional organisation of Arab states with a focus to developing the economy, resolving disputes and coordinating political aims. Other countries later joined the league. Each country was given one vote in the council. The first major action was the joint intervention, allegedly on behalf of th…
Geography
The Arab League member states cover over 13,000,000 km (5,000,000 sq mi) and straddles two continents: Africa and Asia. The area largely consists of arid deserts, such as the Sahara. Nevertheless, it also contains several highly fertile lands like the Nile Valley, the Jubba Valley and Shebelle Valley in the Horn of Africa, the Atlas Mountains in the Maghreb, and the Fertile Crescent that stretches over
Membership
The Charter of the Arab League, also known as the Pact of the League of Arab States, is the founding treaty of the Arab League. Adopted in 1945, it stipulates that "the League of Arab States shall be composed of the independent Arab States that have signed this Pact."
Initially, in 1945, there were only six members. Today, the Arab League has 22 members, including three African countries among the largest by area (Sudan, Algeria and Libya) and the largest coun…
Military
The Joint Defence Council of the Arab League is one of the Institutions of the Arab League. It was established under the terms of the Joint Defence and Economic Co-operation Treaty of 1950 to coordinate the joint defence of the Arab League member states.
The Arab League as an organisation has no military Force, similar to the UN, but at the 2007 summit, the Leaders decided to reactivate their joint defence and establish a peacekeeping forc…
Economic resources
The Arab League is rich in resources, such as enormous oil and natural gas resources in certain member states. Another industry that is growing steadily in the Arab League is telecommunications. Within less than a decade, local companies such as Orascom and Etisalat have managed to compete internationally.
Literacy
In collecting literacy data, many countries estimate the number of literate people based on self-reported data. Some use educational attainment data as a proxy, but measures of school attendance or grade completion may differ. Because definitions and data collection methods vary across countries, literacy estimates should be used with caution. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2010. It is also important to note that the Persian Gulf re…