What are the disadvantages of the Open Door Policy?
While the goals are noble, the disadvantages inherent to an open door policy include: • It puts the onus on an employee to have the professional courage to approach senior executives with an idea or issue to discuss.
What are the causes and effects of the Open Door Policy?
Cause - open door policy -all nations should have equal access to trade in China (where the sphere of influence are located) Effect-the boxer rebellion Cause-sugar players revolting over taxes increase
What was the open door policy intended to do?
The Open Door Policy was introduced by then-Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in 1969. The policy was designed to promote openness and cooperation in the foreign policy of the United States. The policy was intended to make it easier for America’s partners, allies, and friendly nations to open their doors to American diplomats, spies, and tourists.
What was the purpose of the "Open Door Policy"?
What is the purpose of the Open Door Policy?
- Transparency: To promote transparency at all levels in the chain of commands within the organization.
- Workplace Favoritism: Another purpose of the open door policy is to cut down workplace favoritism.
- Communication: Encourage communication between managers and their employees is one of the significant purposes of an open door policy.
How did the open door policy come about?
The Open Door policy began with the issuance of a circular (diplomatic note) by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay to Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and Russia on September 6, 1899. Hay issued a second circular to the same countries on July 3, 1900.
What was the open door policy and why was it important?
Definition. The term “open door policy” refers to the proposition to keep trade in China open equally to trade with all countries, preventing any one nation from controlling trade in the region. The policy also called for powers to respect Chinese territorial integrity.
Who created the open door policy and what did it state?
Hay advocated the “Open Door” for all nations in China, based on three principles: (1) no power would interfere with the trading rights of other nations within its sphere of influence; (2) Chinese tariff duties (which gave most favored nation rights to the United States) should be collected by Chinese officials; and (3 ...
What were 2 reasons for the open door policy?
The concept of Open Door Notes was initiated by Secretary of State John Hay. He sent these documents to other Western countries to explain how the Open Door Policy would work. They were intended to preserve the United States' ability to trade with China while not antagonizing other countries to the point of war.
What did the US gain from the open door policy?
The Open Door Policy was a clever move on the part of the United States to create trade opportunities between the U.S. and China while additionally asserting American interests in the Far East. In the short term, the Open Door Policy allowed the United States to expand its markets for industrialized goods.
How did open door policy contribute to economic growth?
The Open Door Policy in Chinese history is referred to as the economic reform by Xiaoping Deng ("Open door policy,"). Open Door Policy opened China's door again to globalization, modernized Chinese economy, and encouraged foreign trade & foreign business investment.
Did the Open Door Policy work?
Even if Americans failed to achieve the market of which they dreamed, 1 or 2 percent of U.S. exports still represented an enormous amount of trade. Measured against the aspirations of its most ardent supporters, however, the Open Door policy rates as a failure.
Who made the Open Door Policy?
Annotation: First Open Door Note. In 1899, Secretary of State John Hay issued a statement addressing the U.S. policy toward China. The U.S. sent notes to Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and Russia to explain the Open Door Policy.
What is an example of Open Door Policy?
For example, some companies have a pretty literal open-door policy, meaning when a manager's door is open, employees can pop in to talk. Discuss how the open door policy works, so employees feel comfortable if they need to use it.
Which country benefited most from the Open Door Policy?
USH, Unit 4ABWhich statement best describes the Boxer Rebellion?The Boxers resented foreign influence in Chinese cities and attacked foreigners.Which country benefited most from the Open Door policy?United States29 more rows
Which of the following reasons prompted the US to issue the Open Door Policy?
It felt threatened by other powers' much larger spheres of influence in China and worried that it might lose access to the Chinese market if the country was partitioned. As a response, William Woodville Rockhill formulated the Open Door Policy to safeguard American business opportunities and other interests in China.
What was the Open Door Policy who suggested it?
In 1899 U.S. Secretary of State John Hay proposed an "Open Door" policy in China in which all nations would have equal trading and development rights throughout all of China.
Why was the Open Door Policy unsuccessful?
Based on the cartoon, why was the Open Door Policy unsuccessful? The Open Door Policy was actively opposed by Britain and Russia. Imperial powers ignored the Open Door Policy and continued to exploit China. Other imperial powers were cutting ties to China and did not care about the Open Door Policy.
What is an example of Open Door Policy?
For example, some companies have a pretty literal open-door policy, meaning when a manager's door is open, employees can pop in to talk. Discuss how the open door policy works, so employees feel comfortable if they need to use it.
Why did the Open Door Policy fail?
American investments, while considerable, did not reach major proportions; the Open Door policy could not protect China against Japanese interference, first the Manchurian Incident of 1931, then the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945), and Chinese leaders, while willing to seek American aid, were not willing to play ...
What was the Open Door policy?
The Open Door policy was a statement of principles initiated by the United States in 1899 and 1900. It called for protection of equal privileges fo...
What countries were involved in the Open Door policy?
The Open Door policy was drafted by the United States about activity in China. The policy supported equal privileges for all the countries trading...
When was the Open Door policy in effect?
The Open Door policy began with the issuance of a circular (diplomatic note) by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay to Great Britain, Germany, France,...
What was the significance of the Open Door policy?
The Open Door policy—first initiated in 1899, with a follow-up missive in 1900—was significant in its attempt by the United States to establish an...
What led to the demise of the Open Door policy?
The Open Door policy was doomed by changes on the international stage in the mid-20th century. In particular, Japan’s defeat in 1945 in the Second...
What is the open door policy?
The Open Door Policy was a proposal put forth by the United States in 1899 intended to ensure that all countries be allowed to trade freely with China. The Open Door Policy was circulated among Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and Russia by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay.
Why did Hay circulate the Open Door Policy?
government was taking extreme measures to stop Chinese immigration to the United States. For example, the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 had imposed a 10-year moratorium on the immigration of Chinese laborers, effectively eliminating opportunities ...
What was the impact of the embargoes on Japan?
further tightened its embargoes on oil, scrap metal, and other essential commodities exported to Japan. The embargoes contributed to Japan’s declaration of war against the United States hours before the December 7, 1947, attack on Pearl Harbor pulled the United States into World War II .
What was the purpose of the Yangtze Agreement?
Intended to halt Russia’s imperialistic expansion in Eastern Asia , the Anglo-Japanese Alliance shaped British and Japanese policy in Asia until the end of World War I in 1919.
What was the result of the 1922 Washington Naval Conference?
In 1922, the U.S.-driven Washington Naval Conference resulted in the Nine-Power Treaty reaffirming the Open Door principles. In reaction to the Mukden Incident of 1931 in Manchuria and the Second Sino-Japanese War between China and Japan in 1937, the United States intensified its support of the Open Door Policy.
What was the importance of Deng Xiaoping's Special Economic Zones?
During the 1980s, Deng Xiaoping’s Special Economic Zones allowed the modernization China’s industry needed to attract foreign investments. Between 1978 and 1989, China rose from 32nd to 13th in the world in export volume, roughly doubling its overall world trade.
Why did the United States want to expand its presence in Asia?
Having recently acquired control of the Philippine Islands and Guam in the Spanish–American War of 1898, the United States hoped to increase its own presence in Asia by expanding its political and commercial interests in China. Fearing it might lose its chance to trade with the lucrative markets of China if the European powers succeeded in ...
What was the US government protesting about the Russian incursion into Manchuria after the Boxer Rebellion?
In 1902, the US government protested that the Russian incursion into Manchuria after the Boxer Rebellion was a violation of the Open Door Policy. When Japan replaced Russia in southern Manchuria after the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) the Japanese and American governments pledged to maintain a policy of equality in Manchuria. In 1905-1907 Japan made overtures to enlarge its sphere of influence to include Fujian. Japan was trying to obtain French loans and also avoid the Open Door Policy. Paris provided loans on condition that Japan respect the Open Door principles and not violate China’s territorial integrity.
What is Uncle Sam's open door policy?
The Open Door Policy ( Chinese: 門戶開放政策) is a term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century that would allow for a system ...
Why did Rockhill create the Open Door Policy?
As a response, William Woodville Rockhill formulated the Open Door Policy to safeguard American business opportunities and other interests in China.
What was the May 4th movement?
The subsequent realization of the promise in the 1919 Versailles Treaty angered the Chinese public and sparked the protest known as the May Fourth Movement. The Nine-Power Treaty, signed in 1922, expressly reaffirmed the Open Door Policy.
Why did Britain and Germany sign the Yangtze Agreement?
On October 6, 1900, Britain and Germany signed the Yangtze Agreement to oppose the partition of China into spheres of influence . The agreement, signed by Lord Salisbury and Ambassador Paul von Hatzfeldt, was an endorsement of the Open Door Policy. The Germans supported it because a partition of China would limit Germany to a small trading market, instead of all of China.
How did each country try to evade Hay's request?
In reply, each country tried to evade Hay's request by taking the position that it could not commit itself until the other nations had complied. However, by July 1900, Hay announced that each of the powers had granted its consent in principle. Although treaties after 1900 referred to the Open Door Policy, competition continued abated among the various powers for special concessions within China for railroad rights, mining rights, loans, foreign trade ports, and so forth.
What was China's export rate in 1978?
In 1978, China was ranked 32nd in the world in export volume, but by 1989, it had doubled its world trade and became the 13th exporter. Between 1978 and 1990, the average annual rate of trade expansion was above 15 percent, and a high rate of growth continued for the next decade.
Why did the US start the Open Door policy?
The Open Door Policy was first implemented by the US to open up new and better trading possibilities between western nations and China.
Why was Kiao Chau declared a free port?
The port of Kiao-chau was declared a free port for supporting the Chinese Government for establishing a center for taxation and custom on freighted goods.
What Was the Open Door Policy in China?
Looking to learn more about the Open Door Policy? The Open Door Policy was an important policy that affected Asian, European, and US trade for decades and even contributed to the Japanese/American conflict in WWII.
How Was the Open Door Policy Implemented?
In effect, there’d be an “open door” to Chinese trade, and one country couldn’t close the door to another country. President McKinley was concerned the US would be forced out of the Chinese trade by Japan and other European countries, and he wanted a policy that explicitly protected the US’s right to continue trading with China.
How long did the open door policy last?
The Open Door Policy lasted nearly 50 years, until the communist party’s 1949 victory in China’s civil war. In the rest of the guide, we’ll dive deeper into the specifics of the Open Door Policy. We’ll discuss why the Open Door Policy was created, how it was established and maintained, and what its impacts were.
What was the conflict between China and Japan?
Chinese and American Conflict With Japan. Even though Japan did not reject the Open Door Policy when it was created, the country challenged and openly violated the policy multiple times, which led to conflict with China and the US. Japan first violated the Open Door Policy when it presented its Twenty-One Demands to China in 1915.
Why did the US open doors?
US Secretary of State John Hay created the Open Door Policy in 1899/1900 in order to allow the US, Japan, and select European countries equal trade access to China, a country that previously had no trade agreements. The Open Door Policy lasted nearly 50 years, until the communist party’s 1949 victory in China’s civil war.
What was the US's influence on China?
The US’s sphere of influence in China was not nearly as well-established as those of the other foreign powers there, and US President McKinley worried that the other foreign powers would limit the US’s ability to trade with China and potentially block the US from trading with China at all.
When did the US support the Open Door policy?
During the war between China and Japan that began in 1937 , the US continued to strenuously support the Open Door Policy and increased embargoes on many commodities to Japan as a result of Japan not following the policy. The Open Door Policy remained in effect until Japan’s defeat in WWII in 1945 and the end of the Chinese civil war in 1949.
What is an open door policy?
Without them, “open-door policy” is often “just empty words. It allows the manager to believe that he or she is a good leader [though] he or she sees unscheduled meetings as intrusions,” said consultant Mauer, whose book, The Feedback Toolkit (Productivity Press, 1994), is scheduled for re-release in 2010.
Why is open door policy important?
In addition to promoting an unintimidating workplace where concerns are settled quickly and judiciously—so that the company can focus on getting its work done—an open-door policy can help protect employee and employer from legal and other harms.
Overview
The Open Door Policy (Chinese: 門戶開放政策) is the United States diplomatic policy established in the late 19th and early 20th century that called for a system of equal trade and investment and to guarantee the territorial integrity of Qing China. The policy was enunciated in US Secretary of State John Hay's Open Door Note, dated September 6, 1899 and circulated to the major European powers. I…
Background
The theory of the Open Door Policy originated with British commercial practice, as reflected in treaties concluded with the Qing dynasty China after the First Opium War (1839–42) which included Most favored nation provisions designed to keep any one nation from gaining an advantage. The concept was seen at the Berlin Conference of 1885, which declared that no power could levy preferentia…
History
During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895, China faced an imminent threat of being partitioned and colonized by imperial powers with a presence in China (which included France, Germany, Britain, Italy, Japan, and Russia). After winning the Spanish–American War of 1898, with the newly acquired territory of the Philippine Islands, the United States increased its Asian presence and expected to further its commercial and political interests in China. It felt threatened by other po…
Applications in 20th and 21st centuries
Scholars such as Christopher Layne in the neorealist school have generalized the use of the term to applications in 'political' open door policies and 'economic' open door policies of nations in general, which interact on a global or international basis.
William Appleman Williams, considered as the foremost member of the "Wisconsin School" of diplomatic history, departed from the mainstream of US historiography in the 1950s by arguing t…
See also
• New Imperialism § China
• Boxer Rebellion
• Russian invasion of Manchuria
• Economic history of China before 1912
References and further reading
• Hayford, Charles W. (1996), "The Open Door Raj: Chinese-American Cultural Relations, 1900-1945", in Cohen, Warren (ed.), Pacific Passage" The Study of American-East Asian Relations on the Eve of the Twenty-first Century, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 139–162, ISBN 9780231104067 State-of-the-field essay.
• Hu, Shizhang (1995). Stanley K. Hornbeck and the Open Door Policy, 1919-1937. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29394-5.
External links
• Text of the First Open Door Note
• Text of the First and Second Open Door Note
• "Milestones: Secretary of State John Hay and the Open Door Policy in China" (U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian) [2]