What was the Salt Creek massacre?
Salt Creek Massacre is also known as the Warren Wagon Train Massacre. On May 18, 1871, an Indian raid took place nine miles from Graham, Texas on a lonely stretch in the Loving Valley and the Salt Creek Prairie.
What was the Warren Wagon Train Raid?
The Warren Wagon Train raid, also known as the Salt Creek massacre, occurred on May 18, 1871. Henry Warren was contracted to haul supplies to forts in the west of Texas, including Fort Richardson, Fort Griffin, and Fort Concho. Traveling down the Jacksboro-Belknap road heading towards Salt Creek Crossing, they encountered William Tecumseh Sherman.
What was the Short Creek raid?
The Short Creek raid was the largest mass arrest of polygamists in American history. At the time, it was described as "the largest mass arrest of men and women in modern American history." [1] Just before dawn on July 26, 1953, 102 Arizona officers of public safety and soldiers from the Arizona National Guard entered Short Creek.
Where did the Native Americans go to escape from Texas?
Many of the Native American warriors came from the Fort Sill Reservation in Indian Territory, confident that they could terrorize Texas and escape to safety across the Red River, which was another legal jurisdiction.
What was the Salt Creek massacre?
Where did the Indian raid take place?
What did Tatum say about the Kiowa?
How many wagons were on the train at Fort Griffin?
What was the first day of the executions of the Indians?
Who was the Indian agent at Fort Richardson?
Who were the first Indians to be tried for murder?
See 4 more
About this website
Who was involved in the Salt Creek Massacre?
The Salt Creek Canyon massacre occurred on June 4, 1858, when four Danish immigrants were ambushed and killed by unidentified Indians in Salt Creek Canyon, a winding canyon of Salt Creek east of present-day Nephi, in Juab County, Utah.
What was the Sand Creek Massacre and what was its significance?
On November 29, 1864, roughly 700 federal troops attacked a village of 500 Cheyenne and Arapaho on Sand Creek in Colorado. An unprovoked attack on men, women, and children, the massacre at Sand Creek marked a turning point in the relationship between American Indian tribes and the Federal Government.
Why did the Sand Creek massacre happen?
The causes of the Sand Creek massacre were rooted in the long conflict for control of the Great Plains of eastern Colorado. The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 guaranteed ownership of the area north of the Arkansas River to the Nebraska border to the Cheyenne and Arapahoe.
When was the last native American raid?
During the month of October, 1898, there occurred at Leech Lake, in northern Minnesota, an Indian uprising which may well be called the last of the long series of bloody encounters in which the red man and the white man have clashed in the struggle for a continent.
How many people died at Sand Creek?
230Over the course of eight hours the American troops killed around 230 Cheyenne and Arapaho people composed mostly of women, children, and the elderly.
Who led the Sand Creek massacre?
Colonel John M. ChivingtonOn November 29, 1864, Colonel John M. Chivington led 675 U.S. volunteer soldiers to a Chiefs' village of about 750 Cheyenne and Arapaho people camped along the banks of Big Sandy Creek in southeastern Colorado territory.
How many Native Americans were killed?
Between 1492 and 1600, 90% of the indigenous populations in the Americas had died. That means about 55 million people perished because of violence and never-before-seen pathogens like smallpox, measles, and influenza.
Who survived the Sand Creek massacre?
Three Indians who remained in the village are known to have survived the massacre: George Bent's brother Charlie Bent, and two Cheyenne women who were later turned over to William Bent.
Which statement best describes the Sand Creek massacre?
Which statement BEST describes the Sand Creek Massacre? Roughly 200 Cheyenne men, women, and children were slaughtered by American soldiers.
What was the biggest Native American battle?
The Battle of Little Bighorn: 1876 The most famous battle of all the Indian Wars is the Battle of the Little Bighorn. It took place in 1876 during the Black Hills War and was the greatest defeat of the United States military in their conflicts with native people.
What was the last free Indian tribe?
His people, the Yahi, had supposedly vanished decades earlier, and because they were the last Natives living freely in the West, Ishi became famous as “the last wild Indian.”
Who was the last Indian tribe to surrender?
Native History: Geronimo Is Last Native Warrior to Surrender.
What is the significance of the massacre at Wounded Knee?
The massacre at Wounded Knee, during which soldiers of the US Army 7th Cavalry Regiment indiscriminately slaughtered hundreds of Sioux men, women, and children, marked the definitive end of Indian resistance to the encroachments of white settlers.
What happened at the Sand Creek massacre in November 1864 quizlet?
The Sand Creek massacre (also known as the Chivington massacre, the Battle of Sand Creek or the massacre of Cheyenne Indians) was an atrocity in the American Indian Wars that occurred on November 29, 1864, when a 700-man force of Colorado Territory militia attacked and destroyed a peaceful village of Cheyenne and ...
When was the Sand Creek massacre?
November 29, 1864Sand Creek massacre / Start date
What triggered the Sand Creek massacre quizlet?
The causes of the Sand Creek massacre were rooted in the long conflict for control of the Great Plains of eastern Colorado. The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 guaranteed ownership of the area north of the Arkansas River to the Nebraska border to the Cheyenne and Arapahoe.
TSHA | Warren Wagontrain Raid - Handbook of Texas
Benjamin Capps, The Warren Wagontrain Raid (New York: Dial, 1974). Allen Lee Hamilton, "The Warren Wagontrain Raid: Frontier Indian Policy at the Crossroads," Arizona and the West 28 (Autumn 1986). Wilbur Sturtevant Nye, Carbine and Lance: The Story of Old Fort Sill (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1937; 3d ed. 1969). Carl Coke Rister, "The Significance of the Jacksboro Indian Affair of ...
Warren Wagon Train Raid, Texas – Legends of America
Known as the Warren Wagon Train Raid or the Salt Creek Massacre, this battle took place in 1871 when Henry Warren was contracted to haul supplies to Texas forts including Fort Richardson, Fort Griffin, and Fort Concho.. While the freight train was traveling down the Jacksboro-Belknap Road on May 18th towards Salt Creek Crossing, they encountered General William T. Sherman, who had allowed the ...
The Terrifying True Tale of the Warren Wagon Train Raid
Native American ghosts that kind of look like werewolves? For one terrorized family, history looked a lot like a horror movie. Here are the facts behind the bloody battle revisited in Paranormal Witness Season 5, Episode 9: "The Ranch" .... The Warren Wagon Train Raid, aka the Salt Creek Massacre, occurred on May 18, 1871 in Salt Creek Prairie, Texas. 150 Kiowas waited behind a hill for a ...
Salt Creek Massacre, 1871 in Graham, TX (Google Maps)
Salt Creek Massacre, 1871 (Google Maps). On Salt Creek Prairie (1.5 mi. W), On May 18,1871, Kiowas and Comanches from the Fort Sill Reservation, in present Oklahoma, attacked a train of 12 wagons owned by Capt. Henry Warren, contractor of supplies for U.S. forts in this frontier region. Seven...
Warren Wagon Train raid - Wikipedia
The Warren Wagon Train raid, also known as the Salt Creek massacre, occurred on May 18, 1871. Henry Warren was contracted to haul supplies to forts in the west of Texas, including Fort Richardson, Fort Griffin, and Fort Concho.Traveling down the Jacksboro-Belknap road heading towards Salt Creek Crossing, they encountered William Tecumseh Sherman.
Why was Satank killed?
Satank was killed in the train as he tried to escape the column of United States soldiers. The rest were tried in the first Indian trial in history. Satanta and Big Tree were convicted of murder on 5–6 July in Jack County, Texas.
What was the name of the Texas massacre that happened on May 18, 1871?
Staked Plains Horror. Yellow House Canyon. The Warren Wagon Train raid, also known as the Salt Creek massacre , occurred on May 18, 1871. Henry Warren was contracted to haul supplies to forts in the west of Texas, including Fort Richardson, Fort Griffin, and Fort Concho.
Where did the Kiowa warriors come from?
Many of the Native American warriors came from the Fort Sill Reservation in Indian Territory , confident that they could terrorize Texas and escape to safety across the Red River, which was another legal jurisdiction. The ambush had been planned by a large band of Kiowa warriors, approx 180 warriors, under the leadership of Satanta, Satank, Mamanti, Big Tree, White Horse, Fast Bear, Yellow Wolf, and Eagle Heart. Hidden in a thicket of scrub in the Salt Creek Prairie, they observed the slow approach of General William Tecumseh Sherman 's inspection retinue of approx 18 men. Although the Kiowa war party outnumbered the US Army troop by ten to one, they didn't attack, maybe because the Army troopers would have inflicted too many casualties. The Kiowa story is that the previous night, Mamanti ("He Walking-above"), the shaman, had prophesied that this small party would be followed by a larger one with more plunder for the taking. The braves were rewarded three hours later when 10 mule-drawn wagons filled with army corn and fodder trundled into view. The Kiowa attacked and quickly overwhelmed this convoy. Seven muleskinners were killed, while five managed to escape. One of the mule skinners was tortured to death with fire by the Kiowa, his tongue cut out. The Warriors lost three of their own but left with 40 mules heavily laden with supplies. It was well after dark before the white survivors reached the nearby Fort Richardson and told their harrowing tale to the very officer whose party had passed unharmed under the Kiowa guns, William Tecumseh Sherman. General Sherman ordered the arrests of the Indian war chiefs at Fort Sill. Satank was killed in the train as he tried to escape the column of United States soldiers. The rest were tried in the first Indian trial in history. Satanta and Big Tree were convicted of murder on 5–6 July in Jack County, Texas. They have paroled two years later thanks to the steady behavior adopted by Guipago in his dealing with the government agents, and were sent back to their people.
Who was the wagoneer who escaped?
The warriors destroyed the corn supplies, killing and mutilating seven of the wagoneer's bodies. Five men managed to escape, one of which was Thomas Brazeale who reached Fort Richardson on foot, some 20 miles away. As soon as Col. Ranald S. Mackenzie learned of the incident, he informed Sherman.
Where did Satanta attack the wagon train?
Kiowa war chief Satanta leads an attack on a wagon train at Salt Creek, Texas, killing seven of the party.
Who was arrested in Fort Sill?
Sherman quickly traveled to Fort Sill, where he personally arrested Satank, Satanta, and Big Tree and ordered them transported back to Texas to be tried for murder. Satank was killed during an escape attempt, but Satanta and Big Tree were put on trial. By early July both had been sentenced to hang.
Why was the Medicine Lodge Treaty a failure?
For a number of reasons, the treaty was a failure, as were most of the treaties between the whites and the Native Americans. As usual, many Indian bands did not recognize it as valid. Similarly, the federal government was lax about enforcing the treaty once it was signed, allowing white outlaws to prey upon reservation Indians.
What was the situation like in the late 1860s?
The late 1860s was a time of danger and conflict for everyone, Texan or Indian, as the frontier remained unsafe and unpredictable. The forts were undermanned, making it very difficult to police the serious violations being committed by both sides on the other. For both groups, the situation appeared no different to any significant degree from the way things were long before the war. Unfortunately, for the Indians, things were changing and not in a good way for the Indians. General William T. Sherman , commander of the U.S. Army, and the commander
Who was the general in Texas?
of U.S. troops in Texas, General P hilip H. Sheridan, who were both hardened veterans of some of the worst fighting of the Civil War. Sherman and Sheridan had learned
Why did the Treaties fail?
The primary reason most of the treaties failed is that neither side fully understood the other’s form of governmental structure, and both expected the other to operate as they did. In the Native American culture, the chief was an elected position, but no one was obligated to do what he said if they disagreed. He did not represent the entire tribe. For the white culture, they expected the chief to represent the whole tribe or the entire collection of tribes. The Native Americans didn’t understand the concept of ownership of the land, so they couldn’t understand the settlers cutting it up to farm. This mutual misunderstanding could only lead to disaster for both sides, but mostly for the Native Americans, as the different tribes seldom fought together, the major exceptions being a little dustup in June of 1876 out in western Montana.
What was the Short Creek raid?
The Short Creek raid was the largest mass arrest of polygamists in American history. At the time, it was described as "the largest mass arrest of men and women in modern American history.".
When did the Arizona National Guard raid Short Creek?
Events. Just before dawn on July 26, 1953, 102 Arizona officers of public safety and soldiers from the Arizona National Guard entered Short Creek. The community—which was composed of approximately 400 Mormon fundamentalists—had been tipped off about the planned raid and were found singing hymns in the schoolhouse while the children played outside.
What was the name of the court case that was the largest mass arrest of polygamists in American history?
US • Brown v. Buhman • List of polygamy court cases. The Short Creek raid was an Arizona Department of Public Safety and Arizona National Guard action against Mormon fundamentalists that took place on the morning of July 26, 1953, at Short Creek, Arizona. The Short Creek raid was the largest mass arrest of polygamists in American history.
What was the name of the colony in Colorado after the Short Creek raid?
After the Short Creek raid, the fundamentalist Mormon polygamist colony at Short Creek eventually rejuvenated. Short Creek was renamed Colorado City in 1960. In 1991, the Mormon fundamentalists at Colorado City formally established the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (FLDS Church).
What was the name of the raid in Arizona?
The Short Creek raid was an Arizona Department of Public Safety and Arizona National Guard action against Mormon fundamentalists that took place on the morning of July 26, 1953, at Short Creek, Arizona. The Short Creek raid was the largest mass arrest of polygamists in American history.
What was the commentary on the raid?
One commentator has suggested that commentary on the raid was "probably the first time in history that American polygamists had received media coverage that was largely sympathetic. ". Another has suggested that the raid's "only American parallel is the federal actions against Native Americans in the nineteenth century.".
Who was the governor of Arizona during the Arizona raid?
Arizona Governor John Howard Pyle initially called the raid "a momentous police action against insurrection" and described the Mormon fundamentalists as participating in "the foulest conspiracy you could possibly imagine" that was designed to produce "white slaves." More than 100 reporters had been invited by Pyle to accompany the police to observe the raid. However, the raid and its tactics attracted mostly negative media attention; one newspaper editorialized:
What did the Texas Indians do to their captives?
Some captives were adopted into the tribe, while others were tortured for revenge or held for ransom. This letter relates the attempt of a desperate father to regain his thirteen- year-old son from the Comanches. It includes a note from General Sherman serving notice that "this boy must be surrendered or else war to the death will be ordered."
What were the three forts on the Texas frontier?
The Army also established three new forts, Richardson, Concho, and Griffin. However, there was still no fort on the Red River, leaving the frontier vulnerable to attacks from Indians across the border at Fort Sill in Indian Territory (Oklahoma).
Where did the Kiowa go after the raid?
Their mission; however, proved unnecessary as shortly after returning from the raid the Kiowa traveled to Fort Sill, Oklahoma to claim their rations. While there, Satanta was questioned about the raid by Indian agent, Lawrie Tatum.
Where were the warriors sent to stand trial for murder?
The warriors were then ordered to be sent to Jacksboro, Texas, to stand trial for murder.
What was the name of the train that was rowed down the Jacksboro-Belknap?
Warren Wagon Train Raid, Texas. Known as the Warren Wagon Train Raid or the Salt Creek Massacre, this battle took place in 1871 when Henry Warren was contracted to haul supplies to Texas forts including Fort Richardson, Fort Griffin, and Fort Concho. While the freight train was traveling down the Jacksboro-Belknap Road on May 18th ...
Where did Big Tree die?
He was later captured and committed suicide in prison. Big Tree, with other chiefs believed to be secretly hostile, were confined as prisoners at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. After his release, he continued to live on an allotment from the reservation until his death in 1929. Adoeette, aka: Big Tree, Kiowa Warrior.
Who led the Kiowa warriors?
This group of about 100 warriors was led by Kiowa Chief Satanta, Ado-eete ( Big Tree) and Satank. Recognizing an imminent attack, the wagon train quickly pulled into a ring formation, but the 12 teamsters were overwhelmed by the warriors. Chief Satanta of the Kiowa tribe.
Who tried to escape and was killed?
In the end, Satank attempted to escape and was killed while traveling to Fort Richardson for trial. Big Tree and Satanta were tried and sentenced to death; but Texas Governor Edmund Davis, overruled the court and the punishment was changed to life imprisonment.
How many men managed to escape the wagoneer attack?
When the attack was over, the Indians captured all of the supplies and killed and mutilated seven of the wagoneer’s bodies. Five men managed to escape and Thomas Brazeale was able to reach Fort Richardson on foot, some 20 miles away. When Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie learned of the attack, he immediately informed General Sherman, who in turn dispatched Mackenzie to bring the offending Indians to justice. Their mission; however, proved unnecessary as shortly after returning from the raid the Kiowa traveled to Fort Sill, Oklahoma to claim their rations. While there, Satanta was questioned about the raid by Indian agent, Lawrie Tatum. The warrior, obviously using bad judgment, responded by boasting about the raid and a horrified Tatum quickly turned the chiefs over to General Sherman. The warriors were then ordered to be sent to Jacksboro, Texas, to stand trial for murder. Bound hand and foot, Satanta, Satank, and Big Tree left Fort Sill on June 8, 1871. In the end, Satank attempted to escape and was killed while traveling to Fort Richardson for trial.
What was the Warren Wagontrain raid?
The Warren Wagontrain raid was not the most destructive of Texas Indian raids, but none held more significance for the future of the Plains Indians. It caused General Sherman to change his opinion about conditions on the Texas frontier, which signaled the end for his own defensive policy and the Quaker peace policy as well.
Who attacked the wagon train on the Butterfield Overland Mail route?
Historians have speculated that the Indians recognized the first party as soldiers and decided to await a less well-armed prey. On May 18 the Indians attacked a wagon train belonging to a freighting contractor named Henry Warren traveling on the Butterfield Overland Mail route.
What was Sherman's policy in the Red River War?
Sherman ordered soldiers to begin offensive operations against all Indians found off the reservation, a policy which culminated in the Red River War of 1874–75 and the cessation of Indian raids in North Texas. Benjamin Capps, The Warren Wagontrain Raid (New York: Dial, 1974).
When were Satanta and Big Tree tried?
On July 5 and 6 Satanta and Big Tree were tried separately, found guilty, and sentenced to hang. This was the first time Indians had been tried in civil courts. Supporters of the Quaker peace policy convinced Governor Edmund J. Davis to commute the Indians' sentences to life imprisonment.
Who were the leaders of the Red River?
On May 15 over a hundred Kiowas, Comanches, Kiowa-Apaches, Arapahoes, and Cheyennes from the Fort Sill Reservation crossed the Red River into Texas. Satank (Sitting Bear), Satanta (White Bear), Addo-etta ( Big Tree ), and Maman-ti (Sky walker) were the leaders.
Where did Sherman go on the Texas frontier?
He traveled north through forts Concho, Griffin, and Belknap, and by May 17 reached Fort Richardson, the northernmost outpost on the Texas frontier. The party had seen no Indians, and Sherman was convinced that the Texans' reports were unjustified.
Who was the first person to visit Fort Sill Reservation?
In 1871 William Tecumseh Sherman, visited Texas to investigate complaints against Indians from the Fort Sill Reservation. The government had attempted to insure Indian containment by encircling the Indian Territory with a ring of defensive forts and allowing the Society of Friends to manage the Indian agencies, but neither approach had worked.
What was the Salt Creek massacre?
The Salt Creek Massacre, or the Warren Wagon Train Massacre as it is often called, brought to a close the way of life that the Indians had known for generations. Though many factors played a role in the demise of the Plains Indians, no one single event brought about their downfall as did the Salt Creek Massacre.
Where did the Indian raid take place?
On May 18, 1871, an Indian raid took place nine miles from Graham, Texas on a lonely stretch in the Loving Valley and the Salt Creek Prairie. On this stormy afternoon, 150 Kiowa Indians waited behind a hill, near the point where the Butterfield Overland Stage crossed the North Branch of Flint Creek, for a wagon train carrying supplies to ...
What did Tatum say about the Kiowa?
He argued that the Kiowa would surely seek revenge if the chiefs were killed, but if held in prison, they could insure peace on the frontier.
How many wagons were on the train at Fort Griffin?
Early in the morning of May 18, 1871, the wagon train consisting of twelve wagons left Jacksboro, Texas to deliver supplies to Fort Griffin and were brutally attacked by the large war party. Twelve teamsters drove the wagons loaded with cornmeal and flour; seven were killed during the attack. One teamster was strapped to one of the wagon wheels while still alive. His tongue was cut out and the wagon was set on fire. He was burned to death. The other men escaped into the nearby timbers, another teamster, though wounded in the foot, made it to Fort Richardson to raise the alarm.
What was the first day of the executions of the Indians?
The Indians were found guilty of murder in the first degree and sentenced to hang on the first day of September 1871. The executions, however, were never carried out. Supporters of the Quaker peace policy across America launched a storm of protest upon Washington.
Who was the Indian agent at Fort Richardson?
His report was gruesome. Sherman immediately made ready a group of soldiers to go to Fort Sill and search for the Indians responsible for the massacre. Lawrie Tatum, the Indian Agent at Fort Sill, inquired among the Indians and found three Indian Chiefs bragging about the raid, killing the teamsters and how much booty they carried off.
Who were the first Indians to be tried for murder?
The Indian participants of the Salt Creek Massacre became distinguished throughout history as the first Indians to be tried for murder under civil law. The Salt Creek Massacre marked an end to an era. Vern Raven, Kathryn Howard.
