Precautions
Valerian, Latin in full Publius Licinius Valerianus (died 260) Roman emperor from 253 to 260. Licinius Valerianus was consul under Severus Alexander (emperor 222-235) and played a leading role in inducing the Senate to risk support for Gordian I's rebellion against the emperor Maximinus (238).
What did Valerian do in the Roman Empire?
Today, valerian is promoted for insomnia, anxiety, depression, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), menopause symptoms, and headaches. The roots and rhizomes (underground stems) of valerian are used for medicinal purposes.
What is valerian root good for?
Valerian root has a long history of use as a sedative. Valerian can grow to be just over 6 feet tall and has a strong odor. It seems to act like a sedative in the brain and nervous system. Valerian has been used as a traditional medicine dating back to ancient Greek and Roman times.
Is Valerian a sedative?
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Why did Valerian persecute the Christians?
Persecution of Christians The first, sent in 257, commanded Christian clergy to perform sacrifices to the Roman gods or face banishment. The second, the following year, ordered the execution of Christian leaders.
How did Valerian become emperor?
Although he could not help Gallus, Valerian chose to continue his march towards Rome. During this long march, as with those before him, before leaving Raetia, he was declared emperor by his army.
Who captured emperor Valerian?
The capture of the emperor Valerian by the Persians in Syria in 260 is an iconic defeat in the history of the Roman Empire. Other Roman leaders had lost battles, entire armies, and even their lives on the eastern frontier, but Valerian's survival as living Persian trophy was unprecedented.
Who succeeded Valerian?
The defeat and capture of Valerian at Edessa in 260 by the Sasanian Empire threw the Roman Empire into the chaos of civil war....GallienusSuccessorClaudius GothicusCo-emperorValerian (253–260) Saloninus (July 260)Bornc. 218 Roman EmpireDiedSeptember 268 (aged 50) Mediolanum, Italia, Roman Empire10 more rows
What really happened to Valerian?
He was captured in June 260 and died in captivity. Like his predecessor, Decius, Valerian tried valiantly to preserve the ideals of the High Empire but ultimately failed to save himself or the regime he served.
Who captured the Roman Empire?
In 410 C.E., the Visigoths, led by Alaric, breached the walls of Rome and sacked the capital of the Roman Empire. The Visigoths looted, burned, and pillaged their way through the city, leaving a wake of destruction wherever they went.
Which Roman emperor drank gold?
Well, turns out George RR Martin got the idea from Roman emperor Valerian, who was a prisoner of the Persians. According to one account (which, look, maaay have been early Christian propaganda, but just go with it), he was forced to swallow molten gold.
Which Roman general was killed by gold?
Aquillius was eventually executed by Mithridates by having molten gold poured down his throat.
Which emperor ended the crisis of the third century?
DiocletianThe empire was restored through the efforts of Emperor Aurelian (270-275 CE) whose initiatives were developed further by Diocletian (284-305 CE) who is credited with ending the crisis and ensuring the future survival of the empire.
What does Valerian mean?
Strong; HealthyMeaning:Strong; Healthy. Valerian is a boy's name of Latin origin, meaning “strong” and “healthy.” The name also has Slavic roots, and was the name of a Roman emperor in the third century.
Who was the first Roman emperor captured in battle?
199 – 260 or 264) was Roman emperor from 253 to spring 260 AD. He persecuted Christians and was later taken captive by the Persian emperor Shapur I after the Battle of Edessa, becoming the first Roman emperor to be captured as a prisoner of war, causing shock and instability throughout the Roman Empire.
How long did the Tetrarchy last?
Ultimately the tetrarchic system lasted until c. 324, when mutually destructive civil wars eliminated most of the claimants to power: Licinius resigned as augustus after the losing the Battle of Chrysopolis, leaving Constantine in control of the entire empire.
Was gallienus a good emperor?
Gallienus was a highly cultured and decent emperor. He showed clemency toward his enemies, pardoning a general (Aureolus) who revolted against him, settling Alamanni tribes he had defeated within the empire, and usually doing all he could to preserve peace in the long-run and avoid unnecessary bloodshed.
Which Roman emperor was a footstool?
According to Lactantius, Persian King Shapur I captured Valerian in battle and tormented him relentlessly. He used Emperor Valerian as a footstool, mocked him, and stuffed his flayed skin with straw. The humiliation of Emperor Valerian was so bad that his own son didn't even try to rescue him.
Which Roman emperor was captured by the Sassanids?
the emperor ValerianThe capture of the emperor Valerian (r. 253–260) by the Sasanian Persians in Syria is an iconic defeat in the history of the Roman Empire, an event which the historian Zosimus called “the greatest shame to the name of the Romans for future generations” (Zos. 1.36.
Who was Valerian's father?
GallienusValerian IINames Publius Licinius Cornelius ValerianusDynastyValerianFatherGallienusMotherCornelia Salonina5 more rows
Before Taking This Medicine
You should not use valerian if you are allergic to it.Before using valerian, talk to your healthcare provider. You may not be able to use valerian...
How Should I Take Valerian?
When considering the use of herbal supplements, seek the advice of your doctor. You may also consider consulting a practitioner who is trained in t...
What Should I Avoid While Taking Valerian?
Valerian may impair your thinking or reactions. Be careful if you drive or do anything that requires you to be alert.Avoid using valerian with othe...
What Other Drugs Will Affect Valerian?
Taking this medicine with other drugs that make you sleepy can worsen this effect. Ask your doctor before taking valerian with a sleeping pill, nar...
What is valerian?
Valerian is a flowering plant, the root of which is dried and used as an herbal remedy.
What other drugs will affect valerian?
Taking valerian with other drugs that make you sleepy can worsen this effect. Ask your doctor before taking valerian with a sleeping pill, narcotic pain medicine, muscle relaxer, or medicine for anxiety, depression, or seizures.
What should I avoid while taking valerian?
Valerian may impair your thinking or reactions. Be careful if you drive or do anything that requires you to be alert.
What to do if valerian doesn't improve?
Call your doctor if the condition you are treating with valerian does not improve, or if it gets worse while using this product.
Can you crush Valerian?
If you choose to use valerian, use it as directed on the package or as directed by your doctor, pharmacist, or other healthcare provider. Do not use more of this product than is recommended on the label. Do not crush, chew, break, or open a valerian capsule. Swallow it whole.
Can Valerian be used as a medicine?
It is not certain whether valerian is effective in treating any medical condition. Medicinal use of this product has not been approved by the FDA. Valerian should not be used in place of medication prescribed for you by your doctor. Valerian is often sold as an herbal supplement.
Can Valerian interact with other medications?
This list is not complete. Other drugs may interact with valerian, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Not all possible interactions are listed in this product guide.
Who captured Valerian?
Valerian revived the persecution of the Christians, but he was captured by the Persians during a disastrous campaign and died in captivity (260; see photograph). His son then reigned alone, facing multiple invasions and several usurpations. He moved constantly….
Where was the surrender of the emperor Valerian?
The surrender of the emperor Valerian to the Persian king Shāpūr I, rock relief, 260 ce; in the province of Fārs, Iran. © lukakikina/Fotolia.
Who was the Roman emperor at the Battle of Edessa?
(Show more) Full Article. Valerian, Latin in full Publius Licinius Valerianus, (died 260), Roman emperor from 253 to 260. Licinius Valerianus was consul under Severus Alexander (emperor 222–235) and played a leading role in inducing the Senate to risk support for Gordian I ’s rebellion against the emperor Maximinus (238).
Who was the consul under Severus Alexander?
LiciniusValerianus was consulunder Severus Alexander(emperor 222–235) and played a leading role in inducing the Senate to risk support for Gordian I’s rebellion against the emperor Maximinus(238). He may have been one of the 20 consulars who successfully defended Italy against the emperor. He is not again mentioned until the reign of Decius(emperor 249–251). Under Gallus(emperor 251–253), Licinius Valerianus held a command on the Upper Rhine and was summoned to bring the northern armies to aid in the struggle against the rival emperor Aemilian. He arrived too late to save Gallus but managed to avenge and succeed him.
Who was the emperor of Rome during the Persian invasion?
As the emperor Valerian, he vigorously renewed Decius’s persecution of the Christians, executing, among others, Bishop Cyprianof Carthage and Bishop Xystus (Sixtus II) of Rome. Recognizing that it was no longer possible for one emperor to control the whole empire, Valerian appointed his son Gallienusto rule the West while he marched east to repel the Persian invasion. His attempts to negotiate personally with the Persian king Shāpūr I(Latin: Sapor) ended in failure. He was captured in June 260 and died in captivity. Like his predecessor, Decius, Valerian tried valiantly to preserve the ideals of the High Empire but ultimately failed to save himself or the regime he served.
Who was the Persian emperor who was a prisoner of war?
The persecuting emperor Valerian, however, became a Persian prisoner of war, and his son Gallienus issued an edict of toleration restoring confiscated churches and cemeteries.…. ancient Rome: Succession of emperors and usurpers. …to 268 two Roman senators, Valerian and his son Gallienus, reigned. Valerian revived the persecution ...
Who was the emperor of Rome who avenged the persecution of the Christians?
He arrived too late to save Gallus but managed to avenge and succeed him. As the emperor Valerian, he vigorously renewed Decius’s persecution of the Christians, executing, among others, Bishop Cyprian of Carthage and Bishop Xystus ( Sixtus II) of Rome.
What is Valerian used for?
Valerian has been used medicinally since the times of early Greece and Rome. Historically, valerian was used to treat insomnia, migraine, fatigue, and stomach cramps.
Can Valerian be taken with alcohol?
Because it is possible (though not proven) that valerian might have a sleep-inducing effect, it should not be taken along with alcohol or sedatives.
Is Valerian good for sleep?
The evidence on whether valerian is helpful for sleep problems is inconsistent. In its 2017 clinical practice guidelines, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommended against using valerian for chronic insomnia in adults.
Does Valerian cause headaches?
Side effects of valerian include headache, stomach upset, mental dullness, excitability, uneasiness, heart disturbances, and even insomnia in some people. A few people feel drowsy in the morning after taking valerian, especially at higher doses. Some people experience dry mouth or vivid dreams.
What is Valerian used for?
Valerian is most commonly used for sleep disorders , especially the inability to sleep ( insomnia ). Valerian is also used orally for anxiety and psychological stress, but there is limited scientific research to support these uses.
How long does Valerian extract last?
120 mg of valerian extract, with 80 mg of lemon balm extract before bedtime for up to 30 days, or. 374-500 mg of valerian extract plus 83.8-120 mg of hops extract before bedtime for 2-4 weeks, or. 300 mg of valerian extract, 80 mg of passionflower extract, and 30 mg of hops extract before bedtime for up to two weeks.
Is Valerian safe to take?
Side Effects. When taken by mouth: Valerian is LIKELY SAFE for most adults when used in medicinal amounts short-term. Valerian has been used with apparent safety in studies lasting up to one month. The safety of long-term use is unknown.
Does Valerian root help with PMS?
Early research shows that taking valerian root extract seems to reduce the emotional, behavioral, and physical symptoms associated with PMS when started on the 21st day of the menstrual cycle and continued for 7 days. Anxiety before surgery.
Does Valerian help with anxiety?
Anxiety. It is unclear if valerian is beneficial for reducing anxiety. Menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea). Early research shows that taking 255 mg of valerian three times daily for two menstrual cycles reduces pain and the need for other pain relievers during menstruation. Symptoms of menopause.
Does Valerian help with liver problems?
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Valerian might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking valerian along with some medications that are broken down by the liver can increase the effects and side effects of some medications.
Does Valerian work as a sedative?
Valerian seems to act like a sedative on the brainand nervous system.
What book does Valerian appear in?
Valerian appears in Harry Sidebottom 's historical fiction series of novels Warrior of Rome . He also appears in Anthony Hecht 's poem "Behold the Lilies of the Field" in the collection The Hard Hours .
Who was Valerian's wife?
Unlike many of the would-be emperors and rebels who vied for imperial power during the Crisis of the Third Century of the Roman Empire, Valerian was of a noble and traditional senatorial family. Details of his early life are sparse, except for his marriage to Egnatia Mariniana, with whom he had two sons: later emperor Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus and Licinius Valerianus.
What was Valerian's first act as emperor?
Valerian's first act as emperor on October 22, 253, was to appoint his son Gallienus caesar. Early in his reign, affairs in Europe went from bad to worse, and the whole West fell into disorder. In the East, Antioch had fallen into the hands of a Sassanid vassal and Armenia was occupied by Shapur I (Sapor).
Where did Shapur send Valerian and his army?
According to the modern scholar Touraj Daryaee, contrary to the account of Lactantius, Shapur I sent Valerian and some of his army to the city of Bishapur or Gundishapur where they lived in relatively good conditions. Shapur used the remaining soldiers in engineering and development plans.
What battle did Valerian defeat?
At the beginning of 260, Valerian was decisively defeated in the Battle of Edessa and held prisoner for the remainder of his life. Valerian's capture was a tremendous defeat for the Romans.
What happened to Valerian in 257?
In 254, 255, and 257, Valerian again became Consul Ordinarius. By 257, he had recovered Antioch and returned the province of Syria to Roman control. The following year, the Goths ravaged Asia Minor. In 259, Valerian moved on to Edessa, but an outbreak of plague killed a critical number of legionaries, weakening the Roman position, and the town was besieged by the Persians. At the beginning of 260, Valerian was decisively defeated in the Battle of Edessa and held prisoner for the remainder of his life. Valerian's capture was a tremendous defeat for the Romans.
What was Valerian's policy against Christians?
While fighting the Persians, Valerian sent two letters to the Senate ordering that firm steps be taken against Christian s. The first, sent in 257, commanded Christian clergy to perform sacrifices to the Roman gods or face banishment.
What Is Valerian Root Used For?
Alternative healthcare providers believe that valerian root can treat a variety of health conditions, including insomnia, anxiety, headaches, digestive problems, menopause symptoms, and post-exercise muscle pain and fatigue. The evidence supporting these claims is generally mixed.
Where does Valeriana originate from?
Valerian, also known as Valeriana officinalis, is a flowering plant native to Europe and Asia. The root of the plant has long been used as a herbal remedy to treat insomnia. 1 The use of valerian root dates back to the Greek and Roman Empires and was noted by Hippocrates to treat headaches, nervousness, trembling, and heart palpitations.
What is the purpose of valeric acid?
It is believed that one of the purposes of GABA is to control fear or anxiety experienced when nerve cells are overexcited.
How long does Valerian root take to work?
The effects of valerian root are said to be noticeable within one to two hours. It is usually best to take a dose 30 minutes or two hours before bedtime. To make valerian tea, add 2 to 3 grams of dried valerian root (roughly 1 to 2 teaspoons) to one cup of hot water and allow to steep for 10 to 15 minutes.
What enzyme breaks down Valerian?
Valerian is broken down in the liver by an enzyme known as cytochrome P450 (CYP450). Theoretically, it could interfere with the effectiveness of medications that are also broken down by CYP450, including: 8
Does Valerian root cause drowsiness?
There are some possible side effects associated with valerian root, although most of them are mild. These include headache, dizziness, itchiness, stomachache, dry mouth, vivid dreams, and drowsiness. It's rare, but liver damage has also been seen with excessive use of valerian root supplements.
Can you use Valerian root for medical purposes?
To avoid injury, let your healthcare provider know if you intend to use valerian root for medical purposes. Ideally, you should have your liver enzymes monitored regularly to ensure that your liver remains healthy and functioning.
What are the benefits of Valerian root?
There is less published research on the effects on other conditions. However, some studies suggest that valerian root can provide benefits for: 1 Menopause: One study in menopausal women found significant reductions in hot flash severity and modest reductions in hot flash frequency during eight weeks of treatment with 765 mg of valerian daily ( 34 ). 2 Menstrual problems: Women who suffer from premenstrual syndrome (PMS) or painful menstruation may benefit from valerian. One study found it improved physical, emotional and behavioral symptoms of PMS ( 35, 36, 37 ). 3 Restless legs syndrome: An eight-week study in people with restless legs syndrome showed that taking 800 mg per day improved symptoms and decreased daytime sleepiness ( 38 ). 4 Parkinson’s disease: A study found that treating mice with Parkinson’s disease with valerian extract led to better behavior, a decrease in inflammation and an increase in antioxidant levels ( 39 ).
Where does Valeriana grow?
Valeriana officinalis, commonly known as valerian, is an herb native to Asia and Europe. It is now also grown in the US, China and other countries. Flowers from the valerian plant were used to make perfume centuries ago, and the root portion has been used in traditional medicine for at least 2,000 years.
Why does Valerian root smell so strong?
Unlike its delicately scented flowers, valerian root has a very strong, earthy odor due to the volatile oils and other compounds responsible for its sedative effects. Interestingly, the name “valerian” is derived from the Latin verb valere, which means “to be strong” or “to be healthy.”.
How long to steep Valerian root in hot water?
An alternative to capsules is to make a tea using 2–3 grams of dried valerian root steeped in hot water for 10–15 minutes.
Does Valerian root help with sleep?
Valerian root also contains the antioxidants hesperidin and linarin, which appear to have sedative and sleep-enhancing properties ( 7 ).
Does Valerian extract help with OCD?
In an eight-week controlled study of adults with OCD, the group who took valerian extract on a daily basis showed a significant reduction in obsessive and compulsive behaviors when compared to the control group ( 16 ).
Does valerian extract help with Parkinson's disease?
Parkinson’s disease: A study found that treating mice with Parkinson’s disease with valerian extract led to better behavior , a decrease in inflammation and an increase in antioxidant levels ( 39 ).
What is Valerian root used for?
Crude extract of Valerian root may have sedative and anxiolytic effects, and is commonly sold in dietary supplement capsules to promote sleep.
Who prescribed Valerian tea to the sick?
In the 16th century, the Anabaptist reformer Pilgram Marpeck prescribed Valerian tea for a sick woman.
What are the compounds in Valerian?
Known compounds detected in Valerian include: 1 Alkaloids: actinidine, chatinine, shyanthine, valerianine, and valerine 2 Isovaleramide may be created in the extraction process. 3 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) 4 Isovaleric acid 5 Iridoids, including valepotriates: isovaltrate and valtrate 6 Sesquiterpenes (contained in the volatile oil ): valerenic acid, hydroxyvalerenic acid and acetoxyvalerenic acid 7 Flavanones: hesperidin, 6-methyl apigenin, and linarin
What is the name of the herb that is derived from the Latin verb "valere"?
The name of the herb is derived from the personal name Valeria and the Latin verb valere (to be strong, healthy). Other names used for this plant include garden valerian (to distinguish it from other Valeriana species), garden heliotrope (although not related to Heliotropium ), setwall and all-heal (which is also used for plants in the genus Stachys ). Red valerian, often grown in gardens, is also sometimes referred to as "valerian", but is a different species ( Centranthus ruber ), from the same family but not very closely related.
Where does Valeriana officinalis grow?
Valeriana officinalis. L. Valerian ( Valeriana officinalis, Caprifoliaceae) is a perennial flowering plant native to Europe and Asia. In the summer when the mature plant may have a height of 1.5 metres (5 ft), it bears sweetly scented pink or white flowers that attract many fly species, especially hoverflies of the genus Eristalis.
What is the oil in Valerian?
The chief constituent of Valerian is a yellowish-green to brownish-yellow oil present in the dried root, varying in content from 0.5 to 2.0%. This variation in quantity may be determined by location; a dry, stony soil yields a root richer in oil than moist, fertile soil. The volatile oils that form the active ingredient are pungent, somewhat reminiscent of well-matured cheese. Though some people remain partial to the earthy scent, others find it unpleasant, comparing the odor to that of unwashed feet.
Does valerian cause liver problems?
Although no liver problems are normally encountered with valerian use, there have been case studies in which hepatotoxicity has been observed in apparently hypersensitive individuals following short-term use (e.g. one month).
What is Valerian?
Valerian ( Valeriana officinalis ), also known as all-heal or garden heliotrope, is a flowering plant native to Europe and parts of Asia. Since ancient times, the root of this plant has been used to treat insomnia, nervousness, trembling, headaches, and heart palpitations [ 1 ].
What does Valerian strengthen?
In test tubes, valerian strengthened blood vessels and improved their elasticity [ 4, 79, 31 ].
Why is Valerian called Nature's Valium?
Valerian is known as ‘nature’s valium’ because it supposedly has a similar effect on reducing anxiety as the benzodiazepines Valium and Xanax. These bind to GABA receptors in the brain (amygdala) [ 53, 54, 55 ].
What are the roots and rhizomes of Valerian used for?
The roots and rhizomes (underground stems) and stolons (horizontal stems) of valerian are used to make supplements, including capsules, tablets, and liquid extracts, as well as teas [ 7, 106 ].
How long is Valerian safe to take?
Valerian is likely safe when taken for 4 to 8 weeks by healthy adults at recommended doses. Long-term safety data are not available. In rare cases, it can cause mild side effects, such as [ 94, 49 ]:
What is Valerian root used for?
In the US, valerian root is mainly sold as a sleep aid, while in Europe it is used to treat restlessness, tremors, and anxiety.
How long does it take to sleep after valerian?
In a study of 27 patients regularly kept awake at night by stress-inducing thoughts, 89% of those patients had better sleep after one month of valerian treatment [ 39 ].