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The Irgun was an underground Zionist paramilitary group active the British mandate of Palestine
Mandatory Palestine
Mandatory Palestine was a geopolitical entity established between 1920 and 1923 in the Middle East roughly corresponding to the region of Palestine, as part of the Partition of the Ottoman Empire under the terms of the "Mandate for Palestine".
Haganah
Haganah was the main paramilitary organization of the Jewish Yishuv in Mandatory Palestine between 1920 and 1948, which later became the core of the Israel Defense Forces.
What was the difference between the Haganah and the Irgun?
The Irgun was an underground Zionist paramilitary group active during the British mandate of Palestine. What did the Haganah do? Haganah, (Hebrew: “Defense”), Zionist military organization representing the majority of the Jews in Palestine from 1920 to 1948. Organized to combat the revolts of Palestinian Arabs against the Jewish settlement of Palestine, it early came under the …
What was the Irgun?
The Irgun was a Jewish underground organization, founded in 1931 by a group of Haganah commanders, who left the Haganah in protest against its defense charter. The Irgun rejected the “restraint” policy of the Haganah and carried out armed reprisals against Arabs, which were condemned by the Jewish Agency.
How did the Irgun help the Haganah conquer Haifa?
COOPERATION WITH BRITISH SECURITY FORCES WAS HAGANAH POLICY. DURING THIS PERIOD OF INCREASING HOSTILITIES BETWEEN ARABS AND JEWS, THE IRGUN WAS FORMED UPON THE LEADERSHIP OF VLADIMIR JABOTINSKY TO ASSUME AN OFFENSIVE TERRORIST STRATEGY AGAINST THE ARABS WITH APPARENTLY ARBITRARY VIOLENCE AGAINST …
What is the Haganah?
What does Irgun stand for?
[ ir-goon ] SHOW IPA. / ɪrˈgun / PHONETIC RESPELLING. noun. a militant Zionist underground group, active chiefly during the period (1917–48) of British control by mandate of Palestine.
What was the Irgun in Israel?
The Irgun (Hebrew: ארגון; full title: Hebrew: הארגון הצבאי הלאומי בארץ ישראל Hā-ʾIrgun Ha-Tzvaʾī Ha-Leūmī b-Ērētz Yiśrāʾel, lit. "The National Military Organization in the Land of Israel") was a Zionist paramilitary organization that operated in Mandate Palestine between 1931 and 1948.
What was the goal of the Irgun?
The Irgun's key goal, excepting this short period of alliance, was to eliminate the British presence in Palestine. But how did they plan to achieve these goals? Their general plan, according to From- kin's Irgun source, was to “attack property inter- ests.
Does Irgun exist?
On April 9, 1947, a group of Irgun commandos raided the Arab village of Dayr Yāsīn (modern Kefar Shaʾul), killing about 100 of its inhabitants. After the creation of Israel in 1948 Irgun's last units disbanded and took the oath of loyalty to the Israel Defense Forces on September 1, 1948.
What did the Haganah do?
Haganah, (Hebrew: “Defense”), Zionist military organization representing the majority of the Jews in Palestine from 1920 to 1948. Organized to combat the revolts of Palestinian Arabs against the Jewish settlement of Palestine, it early came under the influence of the Histadrut (“General Federation of Labour”).
Who was the head of the Irgun?
Menachem BeginMilitary serviceAllegiancePoland YishuvBranch/serviceAnders' Army (1941–42) Irgun (1943–48)RankCorporal Leader of the Irgun25 more rows
How did Irgun defeat the British?
One Irgun fighter was wounded in the attack in Haifa and another four in the raid in Qalqilya. The raid on the fortress at Katra was successful. The Irgun attackers broke into the station and killed two British soldiers and two police constables, then made off with the arms and ammunition.
Why did the Irgun bomb the King David Hotel?
The Irgun committed the attack in response to Operation Agatha, known in Israel as "Black Saturday". British troops had searched the Jewish Agency on June 29 and confiscated large quantities of documents directly implicating the Haganah in the Jewish insurgency against Britain.
What was the Biltmore Programme?
The Biltmore Conference, also known by its resolution as the Biltmore Program, was a fundamental departure from traditional Zionist policy with its demand "that Palestine be established as a Jewish Commonwealth." The meeting was held in New York City at the prestigious Biltmore Hotel from May 9 to May 11, 1942 with 600 ...
Why did Britain leave Palestine?
The crux of the matter is that Palestine was only important as part of the Middle East as a whole, and when involvement there threatened to wreck Anglo–Arab relations, the Cabinet decided to withdraw from Palestine to preserve the British position in the rest of the Middle East.Sep 15, 2010
When was Israel created?
May 14, 1948Israel / FoundedOn May 14, 1948, David Ben-Gurion, the head of the Jewish Agency, proclaimed the establishment of the State of Israel. U.S. President Harry S. Truman recognized the new nation on the same day.
What did Palmach do?
At the beginning of the war, Palmach units were responsible for holding Jewish settlements (such as Gush Etzion, Kfar Darom and Revivim) against Arab militias. Although inferior in numbers and arms, Palmach soldiers held out long enough to allow the Haganah to mobilise the Jewish population and prepare for war.
How did the Irgun help the Jewish people?
According to Jabotinsky's "Evacuation Plan", which called for millions of European Jews to be brought to Palestin e at once, the Irgun helped the illegal immigration of European Jews to the land of Israel. This was named by Jabotinsky the "National Sport". The most significant part of this immigration prior to World War II was carried out by the Revisionist camp, largely because the Yishuv institutions and the Jewish Agency shied away from such actions on grounds of cost and their belief that Britain would in the future allow widespread Jewish immigration.
What is the Irgun known for?
The Irgun has been viewed as a terrorist organization or organization which carried out terrorist acts.
What were the first steps of the Irgun movement?
The Irgun's first steps were in the aftermath of the Riots of 1929. In the Jerusalem branch of the Haganah there were feelings of disappointment and internal unrest towards the leadership of the movements and the Histadrut (at that time the organization running the Haganah). These feelings were a result of the view that the Haganah was not adequately defending Jewish interests in the region. Likewise, critics of the leadership spoke out against alleged failures in the number of weapons, readiness of the movement and its policy of restraint and not fighting back. On April 10, 1931, commanders and equipment managers announced that they refused to return weapons to the Haganah that had been issued to them earlier, prior to the Nebi Musa holiday. These weapons were later returned by the commander of the Jerusalem branch, Avraham Tehomi, a.k.a. "Gideon". However, the commanders who decided to rebel against the leadership of the Haganah relayed a message regarding their resignations to the Vaad Leumi, and thus this schism created a new independent movement.
How many attacks did the Irgun carry out in 1936?
During 1936, Irgun members carried out approximately ten attacks. Throughout 1937 the Irgun continued this line of operation. On March 6, a Jew at Sabbath prayers at the Western Wall was shot by a local Arab. A few hours later, the Irgun shot at an Arab in the Jerusalem neighborhood of Rechavia.
What was the Irgun's strict attention to?
Strict drill exercises were carried out at ceremonies at different times, and strict attention was given to discipline, formal ceremonies and military relationships between the various ranks. The Irgun put out professional publications on combat doctrine, weaponry, leadership, drill exercises, etc.
How many sections were there in the Irgun?
A "brigade" in the Irgun was made up of three sections. A section was made up of two groups, at the head of each was a "Group Head", and a deputy. Eventually, various units were established, which answered to a "Center" or "Staff".
What is the Irgun emblem?
Irgun emblem. The map shows both Mandatory Palestine and the Emirate of Transjordan, which the Irgun claimed in its entirety for a future Jewish state. The acronym "Etzel" is written above the map, and "raq kach" ("only thus") is written below.
What was the Irgun?
The Irgun was a Jewish underground organization, founded in 1931 by a group of Haganah commanders, who left the Haganah in protest against its defense charter. The Irgun rejected the “restraint” policy of the Haganah and carried out armed reprisals against Arabs, which were condemned by the Jewish Agency. Many of its members were arrested by the ...
What was the Jewish Agency's campaign against the Irgun?
The Jewish Agency and the Haganah moved against the Irgun in a campaign referred to as the “ Hunting Season .”. The Irgun joined the Jewish Resistance Movement and, after its disintegration in August 1946, the group continued attacks on British military and government objectives.
How many Irgun members were killed in the Irgun?
In April 1947, four members of the organization were hanged in Acre prison. On May 4, 1947, the Irgun broke into the prison and freed 41 prisoners. In July 1947, when three Irgun members were executed, the group kidnapped and hanged two British sergeants.
What was David Ben-Gurion afraid of?
David Ben-Gurion was afraid the Irgun would be a threat to the new government and ordered the cargo to be confiscated. When Begin objected, Ben-Gurion ordered the ship, the Altalena, be taken by force. In the course of shelling the ship it caught fire and the Irgunists were forced to abandon the ship.
How many Irgun fighters were arrested?
Afterward, Ben-Gurion ordered the arrest of 200 Irgun fighters. Most of them were released several weeks later, with the exception of five senior commanders (Moshe Hason, Eliyahu Lankin, Yaakov Meridor, Bezalel Amitzur and Hillel Kook), who were detained for more than two months.
Where were the weapons transferred to?
The weapons were transferred under Polish army supervision to Irgun warehouses in Warsaw and then shipped to Eretz Israel. Stern was responsible for recruiting manpower and acquiring money. He also assisted at times in the landing of immigrants on the shores of Eretz Israel.
When was Raziel arrested?
On September 5, 1939 , Raziel was arrested by the British along with Stern and members of the Irgun high command. Raziel was released in October and issued a proclamation of ceasefire and intention to cooperate with the British for the duration of the war in August 1940.
Overview
Nature of the movement
Members of the Irgun came mostly from Betar and from the Revisionist Party both in Palestine and abroad. The Revisionist Movement made up a popular backing for the underground organization. Ze'ev Jabotinsky, founder of Revisionist Zionism, commanded the organization until he died in 1940. He formulated the general realm of operation, regarding Restraintand the end thereof, and was th…
Prior to World War II
The Irgun's first steps were in the aftermath of the Riots of 1929. In the Jerusalem branch of the Haganah there were feelings of disappointment and internal unrest towards the leadership of the movements and the Histadrut(at that time the organization running the Haganah). These feelings were a result of the view that the Haganah was not adequately defending Jewish interests in t…
During World War II
Following the outbreak of war, Ze'ev Jabotinsky and the New Zionist Organization voiced their support for Britain and France. In mid-September 1939 Raziel was moved from his place of detention in Tzrifin. This, among other events, encouraged the Irgun to announce a cessation of its activities against the British so as not to hinder Britain's effort to fight "the Hebrew's greatest en…
Revolt
In 1943 the Polish II Corps, commanded by Władysław Anders, arrived in Palestine from Iraq. The British insisted that no Jewish units of the army be created. Eventually, many of the soldiers of Jewish origin that arrived with the army were released and allowed to stay in Palestine. One of them was Menachem Begin, whose arrival in Palestine created new-found expectations …
1948 Palestine War
UNSCOP's conclusion was a unanimous decision to end the British mandate, and a majority decision to divide Mandatory Palestine (the land west of the Jordan River) between a Jewish state and an Arab state. During the UN's deliberations regarding the committee's recommendations the Irgun avoided initiating any attacks, so as not to influence the UN negatively on the idea of a …
Integration with the IDF and the Altalena Affair
On May 14, 1948 the establishment of the State of Israel was proclaimed. The declaration of independence was followed by the establishment of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), and the process of absorbing all military organizations into the IDF started. On June 1, an agreement had been signed between Menachem Begin and Yisrael Galilifor the absorption of the Irgun into the IDF. …
Propaganda
In order to increase the popularity of the Irgun organization and ideology, Irgun employed propaganda. This propaganda was mainly aimed at the British, and included the idea of Eretz Israel. According to Irgun propaganda posters, the Jewish state was not only to encompass all of Mandatory Palestine, but also The Emirate of Transjordan.
When the Labour party came into power in Britain in July 1945, Irgun published an announcemen…