when did mubarak come to power

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How did Mubarak come to power?

Hosni Mubarak became the President of Egypt following the assassination of Anwar Sadat on 6 October 1981; this was subsequently legitimized a few weeks later through a referendum in the People's Assembly, the lower house of Egypt's bicameral legislature.

What year was Mubarak overthrown?

On 11 February 2011, Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that Mubarak resigned as president, turning power over to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF).

Who took power after Mubarak?

Since then the office has been held by five further people: Gamal Abdel Nasser, Anwar Sadat, Hosni Mubarak, Mohamed Morsi and Abdel Fattah el-Sisi.

How was Mubarak removed from power?

Mubarak stepped down during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 after 18 days of demonstrations. On 11 February 2011, then Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that both Mubarak and Suleiman had resigned and transferred authority to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces.

What does Mubarak mean in Arabic?

blessed holidayEid Mubarak is an Arabic term that directly translates to “blessed holiday” or “blessed feast/festival.” Eid is Arabic for “celebration,” “festival,” or “feast” and “Mubarak” translates to “blessed.”

Why was Morsi removed?

Causes. The removal of Morsi from office by the coalition was a result of a coup d'état following protests, that were instigated by frustration with Morsi's year-long rule in which Egypt faced economic issues, energy shortages, lack of security, and diplomatic crises.

What kind of name is Mubarak?

Muslim: from the Arabic personal name Mubārak 'blessed fortunate'.

Who was the last pharaoh in Egypt?

Cleopatra VII PhilopaterCleopatra (69 BCE–August 30, 30 BCE) was the ruler of Egypt as Cleopatra VII Philopater, She was the last of the Ptolemy dynasty of Egyptian rulers, and the very last Pharaoh of Egypt, ending a dynastic rule of some 5,000 years.

What happened to Mubarak family?

The court ordered the repayment of US$17.6 million, fined the trio US$2.9 million, and sentenced Mubarak to three years in prison and each of his sons to four years. They were retried and convicted again in May 2015. In October 2015 he and his brother were released from prison, based on time already served.

Who succeeded Anwar Sadat?

president Hosni MubarakSadat was succeeded by his vice president Hosni Mubarak, whose hand was injured during the attack.

How old was the youngest leader in Egypt?

Since 1900, the youngest serving state leader has been 192-day-old Fuad II, King of Egypt (left), while the oldest has been 96-year-old Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms (right).

Who is Hosni Mubarak wife?

Suzanne MubarakHosni Mubarak / Wife (m. 1959–2020)Suzanne Mubarak (Arabic: سوزان مبارك [suˈzæːn moˈbɑːɾɑk], née Thabet; born 28 February 1941) is the widow of Egyptian former president Hosni Mubarak and was the First Lady of Egypt during her husband's presidential tenure from 14 October 1981 to 11 February 2011.

When did Mubarak become president?

October 6, 1981 - Vice-President Hosni Mubarak is thrust into office when Islamists gun down President Anwar Sadat at a military parade. He is approved as president in a referendum in November and re-elected in October 1987 and October 1993.

When was Mubarak sworn in?

September 27, 2005 - Mubarak is sworn in for a fifth consecutive term after winning the first contested presidential election on September 7. Rival Ayman Nour is the only member of parliament to remain seated during the ceremony, apparently to show his refusal to accept the official vote count.

What happened in Egypt in 2005?

March 2005 - Street protests by the Kefaya (Enough) Movement draw hundreds across Egypt to oppose a fifth term for Mubarak or any attempt to install his son Gamal in his place. Days before, police say they detained about 200 members and supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood.

How many people in Egypt call for an end to Mubarak's rule?

February 1 - More than one million people around Egypt call for an end to Mubarak’s rule.

When did Mohamed Elbaradei return to Egypt?

March 26, 2010 - Former U.N. nuclear chief Mohamed ElBaradei makes first public appearance after his return to Egypt in February. ElBaradei has said he would consider a presidential bid if demands are met, including constitutional changes to limit power.

When did Mubarak return to Egypt?

March 27, 2010 - Mubarak returns to Egypt to reassume presidential powers after three weeks recovering from gallbladder surgery in Germany.

When did Mubarak say the national dialogue is underway?

February 10 - Mubarak says national dialogue underway, transfers powers to vice-president but he refuses to leave office immediately as protesters demand.

How did Mubarak become president?

Mubarak became president following Sadat’s assassination on October 6, 1981, the anniversary of the start of the 1973 Egyptian-Israeli war. His years in office were marked by an improvement in Egypt’s relations with the other Arab countries and by a cooling of relations with Israel, especially following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982. He reaffirmed Egypt’s peace treaty with Israel (1979) under the Camp David Accords, however, and cultivated good relations with the United States, which remained Egypt’s principal aid donor. In 1987 Mubarak was elected to a second six-year term as president. During the Persian Gulf crisis and war following Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990–91, Mubarak led other Arab states in supporting the Saudi decision to invite the aid of a U.S.-led military coalition to recover Kuwait. He also played an important role in mediating the bilateral agreement between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization that was signed in 1993.

When was Mubarak reelected?

Throughout, Mubarak continued to press for peace in the Middle East. Running unopposed, he was reelected to a fourth term as president in 1999.

What did Mubarak do?

He held command positions in the Egyptian air force and from 1966 to 1969 was director of the air academy. In 1972 Pres. Anwar Sadat appointed Mubarak chief commander of the air force, and in this capacity he was credited with the successful performance of the Egyptian air force in the opening days of the war with Israel in October 1973. He was promoted to the rank of air marshal in 1974. In April 1975 Sadat named him vice president, and in subsequent years Mubarak was active in most of the negotiations involving Middle Eastern and Arab policy. He served as the chief mediator in the dispute between Morocco, Algeria, and Mauritania over the future of Western (Spanish) Sahara.

What happened to Mubarak after he resigned?

On April 10 the public prosecutor announced that Mubarak and his sons, Alaa and Gamal, would be questioned by investigators. Following the announcement, Mubarak made his first public statements since stepping down as president, denying the accusations of corruption. On April 12, while waiting to be questioned, Mubarak was hospitalized after reportedly suffering a heart attack. Mubarak was held in a hospital in Sharm el-Sheikh after an official medical evaluation concluded that his health was too fragile for him to be transferred to prison in Cairo. In May the Egyptian state media reported that his condition had stabilized, although he needed to be treated for depression.

Why was Mubarak retried?

In January 2013 an Egyptian court ordered that Mubarak be retried for killing protesters and for corruption, citing procedural problems with his first trial. The retrial, originally scheduled to begin in April 2013, was postponed when the presiding judge withdrew from the case.

Why did Mubarak stand trial?

On May 24 the public prosecutor announced that Mubarak would stand trial for ordering the killing of protesters as well as for corruption and abuse of power.

Why did Mubarak go to jail?

In May 2014 Mubarak was sentenced by an Egyptian court to three years in prison for embezzling public funds ; his sons each received a four-year sentence for the same crime. In November 2014 an Egyptian court dismissed charges against Mubarak in the killing of protesters, on the grounds that the court’s jurisdiction had been invalidated by a three-month delay in the prosecutors’ filing of the original indictment against Mubarak in 2011. After a final trial, Mubarak was acquitted in 2017 and released from detention.

Where is Mubarak now?

According to an Egyptian military spokesman, Mubarak is admitted to Sharm el-Sheikh International Hospital. Egyptian state TV reports that Mubarak suffered a heart attack during questioning over possible corruption charges.

What is the trial of Mubarak?

Mubarak’s trial for corruption and the killing of more than 800 protesters begins. The proceedings are being held in the police academy where Mubarak is wheeled in on a gurney, wearing a white prison uniform. He pleads not guilty.

Why was Mubarak sentenced to life in prison?

Mubarak, 84, is sentenced to life in prison for his role in the killing of protesters. He is transferred to Tura prison to serve his sentence. He will be admitted to the prison hospital. His sentencing sparked angry protests from victims’ relatives who wanted to see a harsher punishment.

How long has the trial of Mubarak been on hold?

Mubarak’s lawyer tells CNN that Mubarak’s trial has been put on hold for two months pending a decision on whether to replace the judge. Attorneys for victims have objected to the judge presiding over the case.

Who are the sons of Mubarak?

Egypt’s Justice Ministry announces that Mubarak and sons Gamal and Alaa have been detained by the authorities. The detention is part of the investigation of the deaths of protesters in Cairo.

Who is Mubarak's vice president?

Mubarak addresses the nation and announces that he has asked for his government to resign. He appoints Omar Suleiman, his intelligence chief, as his vice president. Suleiman is Mubarak’s first vice president in 30 years of rule.

Why was Mubarak fined?

Mubarak and two other officials are found guilty of “causing damage to the national economy,” and fined more than $90 million for turning off the internet and cell phone service during the unrest that began in January.

How long was Mubarak in power?

In 1975, he was appointed vice president by President Anwar Sadat and assumed the presidency after his assassination in 1981. Mubarak's presidency lasted almost thirty years, making him Egypt's longest-serving ruler since Muhammad Ali Pasha, who ruled the country for 43 years from 1805 to 1848. Before he stepped down, Mubarak was also the fourth-longest serving Arab leader, after Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, Sultan Qaboos Bin Said of Oman, and Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh.

How did Mubarak become president?

He assumed the presidency after a referendum, and renewed his term through referendums in 1987, 1993, and 1999. Under United States pressure, Mubarak held the country's first multi-party election in 2005 and Mubarak renewed his term for the fourth time by winning it. In 1989, he succeeded in reinstating Egypt’s membership in the Arab League, which had been frozen since the Camp David Accords with Israel and returning the Arab League's headquarters back to Cairo. He was known for his supportive stance on the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, in addition to his role in the Gulf War. Despite providing stability and reasons for economic growth, his rule was repressive. The state of emergency, which had not been lifted since the 1967 war, stifled political opposition, the security services became known for their brutality, and corruption spread.

What did Mubarak do in the 1980s?

Throughout the 1980s, Mubarak increased the production of affordable housing, clothing, furniture, and medicine. By the time he became President, Mubarak was one of a few Egyptian officials who refused to visit Israel and vowed to take a less enthusiastic approach to normalizing relations with the Israeli government.

Why did Mubarak have cancer?

In July 2010, the media said Egypt was about to undergo dramatic change because Mubarak was thought to have cancer and because of the scheduled 2011 presidential election . Intelligence sources said he had esophageal cancer, stomach or pancreatic cancer; this was denied by Egyptian authorities. Speculation about his ill health increased after his resignation from the presidency. According to Egyptian media, Mubarak's condition worsened after he went into exile in Sharm el-Sheikh. He was reportedly depressed, refused to take medications, and was slipping in and out of consciousness. According to the source—an unnamed Egyptian security official—"Mubarak wants to be left alone and die in his homeland". The source denied that Mubarak was writing his memoirs, stating that he was almost completely unconscious. After his resignation, Egypt's ambassador to the United States Sameh Shoukry reported that his personal sources said Mubarak "is possibly in somewhat of bad health", while several Egyptian and Saudi Arabian newspapers reported that Mubarak was in a coma and close to death. On 12 April 2011, it was reported that he had been hospitalized after suffering a heart attack during questioning over possible corruption charges.

What happened on the east bank of the Suez Canal?

On 6 October 1973, at the breakout of the Yom Kippur War, the Egyptian Air Force launched a surprise attack on Israeli soldiers on the east bank of the Suez Canal. Egyptian pilots hit 90% of their targets, making Mubarak a national hero.

Why did Mubarak not support the US withdrawal from Iraq?

However, as President he did not support an immediate US withdrawal from Iraq because he believed it would probably lead to chaos.

Why did Mubarak's sons get detained?

On 13 April 2011, a prosecutor originally appointed by Mubarak ordered the former president and both his sons to be detained for 15 days of questioning about allegations of corruption and abuse of power amid growing suspicion that the Egyptian military was more aligned with the Mubaraks than with the revolution.

What was Mubarak's first year as president?

During his first year as president, Mubarak struck a moderate note, neither backing away from the peace with Israel nor loosening ties with the United States. By pursuing that steady course, he was able to prevent any delay in the return of the occupied Sinai Peninsula to Egyptian sovereignty in April 1982. At the same time, Mubarak tried ...

What was Mubarak's commitment to domestic development?

In fact, Mubarak’s commitment to domestic development was evident in his choice of three successive economic planners to serve as prime minister during the 1990s. And though Egypt was becoming ever more sophisticated economically, it was doing so at a high price.

What were the internal tensions between Mubarak and the NDP?

Internal tensions grew as the Mubarak regime continued to suppress opposition, arresting dissident leaders and restricting political expression. Widespread irregularities were observed in the legislative elections of November 2010, which the NDP won overwhelmingly, effectively eliminating opposition parties from the People’s Assembly.

What did Sadat announce?

He announced the end of the reign of the privileged minority that had dominated the invigorated private sector during the Sadat years. He also released Sadat’s political prisoners, while prosecuting vigorously the Islamic militants who had plotted the late president’s assassination.

What was the Egyptian currency?

The country’s currency, the Egyptian pound, had to be devalued several times, interest rates were raised, and subsidies were lowered on food and fuel. These policies especially harmed the poorest Egyptians, who often looked to Islamist groups such as the Muslim Brotherhood for assistance.

When was Sadat assassinated?

Sadat’s assassination on October 6, 1981, by militant soldiers associated with (EIJ), was greeted in Egypt by uprisings in some areas but mostly by a deafening calm. It was with a profound sense of relief that Egyptians brought Hosni Mubarak, Sadat’s handpicked vice president, to power with a mandate for cautious change.

Where did Mubarak kill?

Egyptian terrorists, for their part, assassinated several government ministers, nearly killed Mubarak himself in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 1995, and gunned down tourists near Egypt’s most famous monuments—including an especially violent attack at Luxor in 1997.

How did Mubarak influence Egypt?

This is in large part due to Egypt's political structure, in which the President must approve all pieces of legislation and state expenditures before they are enacted.

What countries did Mubarak rule?

The Egyptian government under Mubarak also maintained close relations with the other member states of the Arab League, as well as the United States, Russia, India, and much of the Western World.

How long did Mubarak rule Egypt?

The history of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak spans a period of 29 years, beginning with the 1981 assassination of President Anwar Sadat and lasting until the Egyptian revolution of January 2011, when Mubarak was overthrown in a popular uprising as part of the broader Arab Spring movement.

How many popular votes did Mubarak get?

Presidential elections were held four months later, with Mubarak receiving nearly 89% of the popular vote against two other candidates. In order to be listed on the ballot, a presidential candidate must have the endorsement of a political party and the approval of a national election commission.

What was the reward for Hosni Mubarak?

After the war, his reward was that America, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and Europe forgave Egypt around $14 billion of debt.

Why did Mubarak's government have corruption?

While in office, political corruption in the Mubarak administration's Ministry of Interior rose dramatically, due to the increased power over the institutional system that is necessary to secure the prolonged presidency. Such corruption has led to the imprisonment of political figures and young activists without trials, illegal undocumented hidden detention facilities, and rejecting universities, mosques, newspapers staff members based on political inclination. On a personnel level, each individual officer is allowed to violate citizens' privacy in his area using unconditioned arrests due to the emergency law.

Why did Egypt join the Gulf War?

Egypt was a member of the allied coalition in the 1991 Gulf War, and Egyptian infantry were some of the first to land in Saudi Arabia to evict Iraqi forces from Kuwait. Egypt's involvement in the coalition was deemed by the US government as crucial in garnering wider Arab support for the liberation of Kuwait.

Overview

Early life and Air Force career

Vice President of Egypt

President of Egypt

Revolution and overthrow

Personal life

Further reading

External links