| ᠥᠭᠡᠳᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ Ögedei Khagan | |
|---|---|
| Reign | 13 September 1229 – 11 December 1241 |
| Coronation | 13 September 1229 in Khuruldai at the Kherlen's Khödöö Aral, Mongolia |
| Predecessor | Tolui (as regent) Genghis Khan |
| Successor | Töregene (as regent) Güyük Khan |
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How long did Ogedei Khan rule?
Ogedei Khan (aka Ogodei) ruled the Mongol Empire from 1229 to 1241. He was the third son of Genghis Khan (r. 1206-1227), the empire's founder.
When did Kublai Khan rule?
Kublai Khan was the fifth emperor (reigned 1260–94) of the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty (1206–1368). He conquered China in 1279, becoming the first Yuan ruler of all of China. He was partially responsible for the development of “dual principle” political theory.
When did Ogodei Khan rule?
Ögödei (1185-1241) During Ögödei's twelve year reign (1229-1241), the Mongols dramatically increased the territories under their control, moving from Central Asia into Russia in the 1230s and absorbing much of Russian territory.
Who ruled after Ogedei?
son GuyukIn December 1241 CE Ogedei Khan died, having laid down the foundations for a governable empire that now spanned the whole of Asia. He was succeeded by his son Guyuk in 1246 CE after a brief stint as regent by Ogedei's wife Toregene. Guyuk's reign as the third khan of the Mongol Empire would last a mere two years.
Who defeated Kublai Khan?
The JapaneseMost notably, the Mongol invasions of Japan in the 1270s and 1280s were disastrous for Kublai's men. The Japanese decisively defeated the Mongol invaders, who lost tens of thousands of men in the failed ventures, and prevented the Mongol Empire from expanding into Japan.
Who was the last Khan?
I would say that the last true Khagan of the Mongol Empire was Möngke Khan. He was the last Mongol Khagan to rule over a unified Mongol Empire. This means that he not only ruled over the Khanate of the Great Khan (later Yuan Dynasty), but his rule was also respected over the other three Khanates.
Who was Genghis Khan favorite son?
JochiAs Genghis Khan's first-born son, Jochi was favored to rule the clan and the empire after his father died.
Who ruled after Kublai Khan?
TemürTemür, also called Öljeitü, (born 1265, China—died 1307, China), grandson and successor of the great Kublai Khan; he ruled (1295–1307) as emperor of the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty (1206–1368) of China and as great khan of the Mongol Empire.
Who defeated chengiz Khan?
The Battle of the Indus was fought on the banks of the Indus River, on 24 November 1221, by two armies commanded by Shah Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu of the Khwarezmian Empire, and Genghis Khan of the Mongol Empire....Battle of the Indus.Date24 November 1221Territorial changesKhwarezmia annexed to the Mongol Empire2 more rows
When did the last khanate fall?
Answer and Explanation: Arguably, the last khanate was the Kumul Khanate located in Xinjiang, China. It was officially disestablished in 1930. Other latter extant khanates included the Dzungar Khanate, which lasted between 1634 and 1755 and the Crimean Khanate.
Who was the third Great Khan?
GüyükGüyük (also Güyug; c. March 19, 1206 – April 20, 1248) was the third Khagan-Emperor of the Mongol Empire, the eldest son of Ögedei Khan and a grandson of Genghis Khan. He reigned from 1246 to 1248.
Is Genghis Khan Good?
History books portray him as a brutal emperor who massacred millions of Asian and Eastern European people. However, he also practiced religious and racial tolerance, and his Mongolian Empire valued the leadership of women. Khan also brought law and civilization to Mongolia and is regarded as a hero in his native land.
How was Kublai defeated?
After failed expeditions against Japan and Java, his Mongol dynasty declined toward the end of his reign, and was completely overthrown by the Chinese after his death.
Who ruled after Kublai Khan?
TemürTemür, also called Öljeitü, (born 1265, China—died 1307, China), grandson and successor of the great Kublai Khan; he ruled (1295–1307) as emperor of the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty (1206–1368) of China and as great khan of the Mongol Empire.
How long did the Khan dynasty last?
Led at first by Genghis Khan, the empire lasted from 1206 until 1368. During that time, it expanded to cover most of Eurasia, thanks to advanced technology and a massive horde of nomadic warriors.
What dynasty did Kublai Khan conquer?
The Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty or the Mongol invasion of China beginning under Ögedei Khan (r. 1229 – 1241) and completed under Kublai Khan (r. 1260–1294) was the final step for the Mongols to rule the whole of continental East Asia under the Yuan dynasty (a division of the Mongol Empire).
What did Ogedei Khan order?
Ogedei Khan orders a census to be conducted for tax purposes across northern China . Feb 1234. The Mongols attack and conquer the Jurchen Jin State in northern China . 1235. Ogedei Khan orders the construction of a new capital of the Mongol Empire at Karakorum, Mongolia. 1235.
Who was Ogedei's father?
Ogedei assists his father Genghis Khan on several military campaigns, notably against the Khwarazm empire .
Which country did the Mongols conquer?
The Mongols attack and conquer the Jurchen Jin State in northern China .
What city was captured by the Mongols?
The city of Ryazan (Riazan) is besieged and captured by the Mongols.
Where did the Mongols capture Gran?
The Mongols capture the great city of Gran (Esztergom) in Hungary.
Which state did the Mongols attack?
The Mongols attack the Jurchen Jin State .
Who was the first ruler of the Mongols to call himself Khagan?
The third son of Genghis, Ögödei succeeded his father in 1229. He was the first ruler of the Mongols to call himself khagan(“great khan”); his father used only the title khan. He made his headquarters on the Orhon Riverin central Mongolia, where he built the capital city of Karakorumon the site laid out by his father. Like his father, he carried out several simultaneous campaigns, using generals in the field who acted independently but who were subject to his orders. The orders were transmitted by a messenger system that covered almost all of Asia.
Who was the Grand Khan of China?
China: Early Mongol rule. Yelü continued to serve under Ögödei, who became grand khan in 1229, and persuaded him to establish a formal bureaucracy and to replace indiscriminate levies with a rationalized taxation system along Chinese lines.
What countries did the Mongols conquer?
In the western part of his empire, Ögödei sent Mongol armies into Iran, Iraq, and Russia. With the sacking of Kiev in 1240, the Mongols finally crushed Russian resistance. In the next year Mongol forces defeated a joint army of German and Polish troops and then marched through Hungary and reached the Adriatic Sea.
How did gödei die?
Ögödei died during a drinking bout, and his troops called off their intended invasion of western Europe. His widow, Töregene, ruled as regent until 1246 when she handed over the throne to Güyük, her eldest son by Ögödei. Ögödei is described in contemporary sources as a stern, energetic man given to drinking and lasciviousness.
Who was the third son of Genghis Khan?
Ögödei, also spelled Ogadai, Ogdai, or Ugedei, (born 1185, Mongolia—died 1241, Karakorum, Mongolia), son and successor of the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (d. 1227), who greatly expanded the Mongol Empire. The third son of Genghis, Ögödei succeeded his father in 1229. He was the first ruler of the Mongols to call himself khagan (“great khan”);
Who was the third son of the Mongol Empire?
Mongolia: The successor states of the Mongol empire. The third son, Ögödei (Ogadai), received western Mongolia and the region of Tarbagatai (now the northwestern corner of Xinjang). The youngest, Tolui, inherited the ancient Mongol homeland of eastern Mongolia.
Who was the tributary of the Golden Horde?
Thereafter for more than 200 years Russia remained tributary to the Mongols of the Golden Horde. Ögödei died during a drinking bout, and his troops called off their intended invasion of western Europe. His widow, Töregene, ruled as regent until 1246 when she handed over the throne to Güyük, her eldest son by Ögödei.
How Did Ogedei Khan Die?
In December 1241, as the Mongols were about to invade Western Europe, Ogedei died during a drinking bout . When his commanders, who were marching towards Vienna, heard the news, they abandoned their campaign, and returned for the kurultai in Mongolia.
What did Ogedei do during his reign?
During Ogedei’s reign, the Mongols finally destroyed the Jin Dynasty and began their war against the Southern Song. It was also during his time that the Mongols launched their first campaigns against Korea.
Why was Ogedei given command of the siege?
At Samarkand, Ogedei is recorded to have been given command of the siege due to a disagreement between his two older brothers regarding military strategy. The city was eventually captured and destroyed.
Why was Ogedei able to focus his energies on external enemies?
Thanks to the internal stability of the empire, Ogedei was able to focus his energies on external enemies, expanding the empire, and consolidating the conquests made by his father. Coronation of Ogedei Khan, 1229.
When did the Jin Dynasty fall to the Mongols?
In 1234, for example, the Jin Dynasty finally fell to the Mongols after a campaign that began in 1211. With northern China under Mongol control, Ogedei could turn his attention to the neighboring Southern Song Dynasty. The campaign against the Song began in 1235 and was only concluded with the final defeat of the Song loyalists in 1279, ...
How many sons did Genghis Khan have?
Genghis Khan with three of his four sons. ( Public Domain )
Who was the ruler of the Mongol Empire after Genghis Khan?
Ögedei Khan. ( Assassin’s Creed Wiki ) Genghis Khan died in 1227, and Tolui, his youngest son, was ruler for two years, after which Ogedei was proclaimed the new Khagan of the Mongol Empire. Ogedei ’s personal charisma helped maintain the unity of the Mongol Empire after Genghis Khan’s death.
The Attack on the Southern Song Dynasty
Dynasty With the Jin Dynasty now non-existent, they came face to face with the Song, China’s last dynasty. Song rulers, who had collaborated with Mongols in the hope of snatching northern China from the Jin dynasty, knew that their downfall was imminent, and indeed the Mongol Empire declared war on them in 1235.
A Reminder of the Muslims
In 1230 Ogedei Khan dispatched an army of 30,000 under the command of Chromagen to fight the Muslims in the West. they had been growing restive since Genghis Khan had left their territories in 1225.
Battle Towards the West
Although in Genghis’ lifetime the Jochi-led western campaign had repeatedly dealt shattering blows on several Russian principalities, it was disrupted for a few years because of Jochi’s own death just months before Genghis’.
Nomadic Women
Genghis Khan had the best organized and best-equipped army of his time. The numerous maneuvers and stratagems described in modern military textbooks as originating with the Mongols had been in use prior to Genghis, but he improved and formulated them as a warfare doctrine and successfully applied them on a large scale.
Why was Ogedei chosen as Khan?
Ogedei was a surprising choice for khan because he already had a reputation for often being drunk.
What was the problem with Ogedei Khan?
Ogedei Khan had an immediate problem in the first years of his reign in that his state treasury was empty and his followers and armies needed booty to reward them for their loyalty and keep them together. One solution was for Ogedei to impose taxes on the peoples his father had conquered. This idea is traditionally credited to Yelu Chucai (1190-1244 CE), a khitan who was one of Ogedei’s senior ministers and who is credited with coining the maxim: ‘you can conquer an empire on horseback, but you cannot govern it on horseback.’ Chucai’s role in government may have been exaggerated by ancient Chinese sources and, in any case, taxing rather than outright confiscation was hardly a new policy to better govern a territory.
Why was Ogedei chosen as Genghis Khan's commander?
Ogedei was a surprising choice for khan because he already had a reputation for often being drunk. He was chastised for his drinking by his brother Chagatai but, not being unaware of the problem, Ogedei did offer to have a supervisor check how much alcohol he drank and to limit the number of cups per day to a specified number. Ogedei then made sure he was always served his favourite tipple in very large cups. Neither had Ogedei shown any great particular promise as a military commander. He was, however, likeable and willing to take the advice of his more senior ministers and commanders, essential qualities in the complex web of Mongol clan politics. Most importantly of all, he was his father’s choice and Genghis Khan was now already seen as a deified spirit whose word was law. Thus, Tolui, who had been acting as regent, handed over the reins of government to Ogedei and a new era of Mongol rule began.
How did Ogedei die?
On 11 December 1241 CE Ogedei, having laid down the foundations for a governable empire that now spanned the whole of Asia, died at the age of 56, perhaps from a stroke or organ failure , although there were rumours, too, of poisoning. He was succeeded by his son Guyuk in 1246 CE after a brief stint as regent by Ogedei’s wife Toregene. Ogedei’s own choice for his successor was first his son Kochu, but when he died prematurely, he then chose Kochu’s son Shiremun. This choice was ignored by the Mongol tribal leaders, perhaps because Ogedei’s final years had seen him decline further and further into alcoholism and he no longer carried the demigod prestige his own father had enjoyed. As it turned out, Guyuk’s reign as the third khan of the Mongol Empire would last a mere two years. Guyuk had never been a popular choice, and many nobles, whose loyalties were divided amongst Genghis Khan’s descendants, disputed the decision, hence the delay in his nomination after Ogedei’s death. It is likely Guyuk was poisoned by a rival.
Who is the ruler of the Mongol Empire?
A 14th century CE portrait of Ogedei Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire (r. 1229-1241 CE). Paint and ink on silk. (National Palace Museum, Taipei) / Wikimedia Commons
Who was the emperor of China in 1279 CE?
After two more khans and two regents, the next big step forward for the empire came during the reign of Kublai Khan , the grandson of Genghis who conquered most of what remained of China from 1275 CE and so caused the collapse of the Song Dynasty in 1279 CE. Kublai then proclaimed himself emperor of the new Yuan Dynasty in China. Over the next two decades, China would become entirely dominated by the Mongols. The Mongol Empire would then go on to more campaigns, including in the Middle East, Korea, and Japan with varying success but ultimately creating one of the largest empires ever seen.
How did Genghis Khan rule?
Having united the steppe tribes, Genghis Khan ruled over some 1 million people. In order to suppress the traditional causes of tribal warfare, he abolished inherited aristocratic titles. He also forbade the selling and kidnapping of women, banned the enslavement of any Mongol and made livestock theft punishable by death. Moreover, Genghis Khan ordered the adoption of a writing system, conducted a regular census, granted diplomatic immunity to foreign ambassadors and allowed freedom of religion well before that idea caught on elsewhere.
How many people did Genghis Khan rule?
Genghis Khan Establishes an Empire. Having united the steppe tribes, Genghis Khan ruled over some 1 million people. In order to suppress the traditional causes of tribal warfare, he abolished inherited aristocratic titles.
What did the Mongols do to the Jin Dynasty?
The Mongols next attacked the Jin Dynasty of northern China, whose ruler had made the mistake of demanding Genghis Khan’s submission. From 1211 to 1214, the outnumbered Mongols ravaged the countryside and sent refugees pouring into the cities. Food shortages became a problem, and the Jin army ended up killing tens of thousands of its own peasants. In 1214 the Mongols besieged the capital of Zhongdu (now Beijing), and the Jin ruler agreed to hand over large amounts of silk, silver, gold and horses. When the Jin ruler subsequently moved his court south to the city of Kaifeng, Genghis Khan took this as a breach of their agreement and, with the help of Jin deserters, sacked Zhongdu to the ground.
What did Genghis Khan do to his subjects?
Many people were slaughtered in the course of Genghis Khan’s invasions, but he also granted religious freedom to his subjects, abolished torture, encouraged trade and created the first international postal system . Genghis Khan died in 1227 during a military campaign against the Chinese kingdom of Xi Xia.
What was the name of the Mongol leader who conquered China and Central Asia?
Genghis Khan ’s Death and the Continuation of the Empire. Mongol leader Genghis Khan (1162-1227) rose from humble beginnings to establish the largest land empire in history. After uniting the nomadic tribes of the Mongolian plateau, he conquered huge chunks of central Asia and China.
What did Temujin do to his people?
Going against custom, Temujin put competent allies rather than relatives in key positions and executed the leaders of enemy tribes while incorporating the remaining members into his clan . He ordered that all looting wait until after a complete victory had been won, and he organized his warriors into units of 10 without regard to kin. Though Temujin was an animist, his followers included Christians, Muslims and Buddhists. By 1205 he had vanquished all rivals, including his former best friend Jamuka. The following year, he called a meeting of representatives from every part of the territory and established a nation similar in size to modern Mongolia. He was also proclaimed Chinggis Khan, which roughly translates to “Universal Ruler,” a name that became known in the West as Genghis Khan.
Where did Genghis Khan's first campaign take place?
Genghis Khan’s first campaign outside of Mongolia took place against the Xi Xia kingdom of northwestern China. After a series of raids, the Mongols launched a major initiative in 1209 that brought them to the doorstep of Yinchuan, the Xi Xia capital.
Overview
Ascendancy to Supreme Khan
The Empress Yisui insisted that Genghis Khan designate an heir before the invasion of the Khwarezmid Empire in 1219. After the terrible brawl between two elder sons Jochi and Chagatai, they agreed that Ögedei was to be chosen as heir. Genghis confirmed their decision.
Genghis Khan died in 1227, and Jochi had died a year or two earlier. Ögedei's y…
Background
Ögedei was the third son of Genghis Khan and Börte Ujin. He participated in the turbulent events of his father's rise. When Ögedei was 17 years old, Genghis Khan experienced the disastrous defeat of Khalakhaljid Sands against the army of Jamukha. Ögedei was heavily wounded and lost on the battlefield. His father's adopted brother and companion Borokhula rescued him. Although he was already married, in 1204 his father gave him Töregene, the wife of a defeated Merkit chief. The ad…
World conquests
After destroying the Khwarazmian empire, Genghis Khan was free to move against Western Xia. In 1226, however, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, the last of the Khwarizm monarchs, returned to Persia to revive the empire lost by his father, Muhammad ‘Ala al-Din II. The Mongol forces sent against him in 1227 were defeated at Dameghan. Another army that marched against Jalal al-Din score…
Administration
Ögedei began the bureaucratization of Mongol administration. Three divisions constituted his administration:
• the Christian eastern Turks, represented by Chinqai, the Uyghur scribe, and the Keraites.
• the Islamic cycle, represented by two Khorazmians, Mahamud Yalavach, and Masud Beg.
Karakorum
From 1235–38 Ögedei constructed a series of palaces and pavilions at stopping places in his annual nomadic route through central Mongolia. The first palace Wanangong was constructed by North Chinese artisans. The Emperor urged his relatives build residences nearby and settled the deported craftsmen from China near the site. The construction of the city, Karakorum (Хархорум), was finishe…
Character
Ögedei was considered to be his father's favorite son, ever since his childhood. As an adult, he was known for his ability to sway doubters in any debate in which he was involved, simply by the force of his personality. He was a physically big, jovial, and charismatic man, who seemed mostly to be interested in enjoying good times. He was intelligent and steady in character. His charis…
Death and aftermath
In the Tarikh-i Jahangushay claims Ögedei died shortly after his lion-like hounds chased and tore to pieces a wolf he saved and released despite his having hoped God Almighty would spare his ill bowels if he released a living creature. This anecdote (Anecdote 47) contradicts the standard account of Ögedei's death from a late-night drinking bout with Abd-ur-Rahman.
In the early 1230s, Ögedei had nominated his son Kuchu as his heir; following Kuchu's death in 1…