How long did the East Timor war last?
Shortly after obtaining independence from Portugal in 1974, East Timor (or Timor-Leste) was invaded by Indonesians who occupied the country until 1999. During the 25 years of Indonesian rule, armed and peaceful East Timorese groups struggled to overthrow the occupier.
How did East Timor conflict end?
A UN-sponsored referendum held in 1999 showed overwhelming approval for independence, but was followed by violent clashes and a security crisis, instigated by anti-independence militia. Australia then led a United Nations backed International Force for East Timor to end the violence and order was restored.
Who won the East Timor war?
The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) was established at the end of October and administered the region for two years. Control of the nation was turned over to the Government of East Timor and independence was declared on 20 May 2002.
Who liberated East Timor in 1999?
On September 20, a 16-nation, Australian-led force entered East Timor under UN auspices and began restoring order. On October 20, the Indonesian parliament formally relinquished Jakarta's claim to East Timor after 24 years of rule.
When did East Timor win its independence?
20 May 2002On 20 May 2002, the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of East Timor came into force and East Timor was recognised as independent by the UN. The Constituent Assembly was renamed the National Parliament, and Xanana Gusmão was elected as the country's first president.
Why did Indonesia give up East Timor?
The central government and military feared that an East Timor governed by leftists could be used as a base for incursions by unfriendly powers into Indonesia, and also that an independent East Timor within the archipelago could inspire secessionist sentiments within Indonesian provinces.
Does East Timor still exist?
East Timor, officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a country in Southeast Asia comprising the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecussi-Ambeno, an exclave on the northwestern side of the island, within Indonesian West Timor.
When did the East Timor genocide start and end?
1975 – 1999East Timor genocide / Period
How many died in East Timor genocide?
This occupation involved an estimated 170,000 deaths, about 25% of the 1975 population, between 1975 and 1999. The occupation came to the world's attention after the massacre of 270 civilians protesting at the Santa Cruz cemetery in Dili, the capital, was caught on video in 1991.
Why did Australia help East Timor?
Australian Defence Force units arrived in East Timor in 1999 to quell the rioting, disorder and low-level fighting created by the Indonesian military's scorched earth campaign as it withdrew from its former possession in 1999.
Why did Japan invade East Timor?
Neutral Portuguese Timor had not been originally included among the Japanese war objectives, but after Allied occupation violated its neutrality the Japanese decided to invade.
Is East Timor a poor country?
The world's newest nation - East Timor - is also Asia's poorest, according to a new report released by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The world's newest nation - East Timor - is also Asia's poorest, according to a new report released by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
What is East Timor now?
The United States recognized Timor-Leste, then known as East Timor, on May 20, 2002, when it achieved formal independence. Before this time, the region had been a Portuguese colony up until 1975 and was under Indonesian sovereignty from 1976 to 1999.
Did Japan invade East Timor?
Three months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese occupation of south-east Asia reached its southern limit with the invasion of Timor on 20 February 1942. At the time the island was divided between two colonial powers, the Dutch in the west and the Portuguese in the east.
How is Timor-Leste doing now?
Today, with a population of over 1.3 million people, Timor-Leste is a peaceful, democratic nation. While poverty levels remain high, progress has been made in improving living standards.
Is East Timor the youngest country?
East Timor is the youngest country in Southeast Asia, having gained independence from Indonesia in 2002 after 24 years of occupation.
Why East Timor is famous?
The country's diverse culture is influenced by Roman Catholicism, Indonesian culture, and Portuguese culture. East Timor is also rich in art and amazing Southeast Asian cuisine. Aside from these, East Timor is also home to wonderful sightseeing spots that entices many tourists into the country.
Why did US invade Indonesia?
The United States along with Britain and Australia wanted to overthrow the Sukarno administration, who had become Indonesia's first president in 1949.
What ethnicity is East Timor?
Demographics Of Timor-Leste Other Maloyo-Polynesian ethnic groups include the Galoli, Kemak, and the Baikeno. The largest ethnic group of Papuan origin are the Bunak (85,000), Fataluku (45,000) the Makasae (75,000). There is also a significant population of Mestiço (a mixed-race of Portuguese and East Timorese).
Did Australia fight Indonesia in East Timor?
The conflict lasted for more than 20 years, during which time the Australian Government did not become involved due to the risk of damaging relations with Indonesia, and maintained a policy of supporting Indonesia's claim to East Timor.
What was the outcome of the East Timor genocide?
Close to 2,000 civilians were publicly decapitated, hacked to death, or killed in other horrific ways. Among the many women and girls who were raped, a noticeable amount were members of the Catholic Church. By the time the violence ended, over four hundred thousand people had been displaced.
Was the East Timor peacekeeping mission successful?
In East Timor, for the first time, Australia organized and led a multinational peacekeeping operation. Interfet, which landed in East Timor in September 1999, was highly successful in quelling militia violence against the East Timorese people.
How did the UN help East Timor?
The United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET) (June - October 1999) was mandated to organize and conduct a popular consultation to ascertain whether the East Timorese people accepted a special autonomy within Indonesia or rejected the proposed special autonomy, leading to East Timor's separation from Indonesia.
What happened between East Timor and Indonesia?
During the initial years of the Indonesian invasion and occupation, more than 100,000 East Timorese died as a direct result of the conflict. Most of the dead were civilians killed by the military or starved to death in internment camps or while hiding in the hills from the Indonesian military.
How many East Timorese died during Indonesia's rule?
It finds that the occupation was directly responsible for the deaths of more than 100,000 East Timorese.
What was Gusmao's response to the violence?
In response to increasing violence by anti-independence activists, Gusmao orders guerrillas to resume independence struggle. 1999 May- Indonesia, Portugal sign agreement to allow East Timorese to vote on their future. Deal endorsed by UN.
How many people died in the Santa Cruz massacre?
1991 - Santa Cruz cemetery massacre in which troops fire on mourners at a funeral in Dili of Fretilin supporter, killing more than 100 people.
Why did the Foreign troops arrive in Dili in 2006?
2006 May- Foreign troops arrive in Dili to try to restore order as clashes involving former soldiers, who were sacked in March, descend into wider factional violence as well as looting and arson. At least 25 people are killed and about 150,000 take refuge in makeshift camps.
Why did the UN evacuate West Timor?
2000 September- UN evacuates staff from West Timor after murder of three refugee agency workers by pro-Indonesian militia gangs. An Indonesian court jails six men for up to 20 months for the killings, earning international outrage for being too lenient.
How many people died in the Indonesian famine?
Strong resistance to Indonesian rule followed by repression and famine in which 200,000 people are thought to have died.
Why were Australian journalists killed?
2007 November- An Australian court rules that five Australian-based journalists were deliberately killed by Indonesian troops in 1975 to stop them exposing the invasion of East Timor.
What happened in 1975 in Timor?
From the start of the invasion in August 1975, the TNI forces engaged in the wholesale massacre of Timorese civilians. At the start of the occupation, FRETILIN radio sent the following broadcast: "The Indonesian forces are killing indiscriminately. Women and children are being shot in the streets. We are all going to be killed.... This is an appeal for international help. Please do something to stop this invasion." One Timorese refugee told later of "rape [and] cold-blooded assassinations of women and children and Chinese shop owners". Dili's bishop at the time, Martinho da Costa Lopes, said later: "The soldiers who landed started killing everyone they could find. There were many dead bodies in the streets – all we could see were the soldiers killing, killing, killing." In one incident, a group of fifty men, women, and children – including Australian freelance reporter Roger East – were lined up on a cliff outside of Dili and shot, their bodies falling into the sea. Many such massacres took place in Dili, where onlookers were ordered to observe and count aloud as each person was executed. It is estimated that at least 2,000 Timorese were massacred in the first two days of the invasion in Dili alone. In addition to FRETILIN supporters, Chinese migrants were also singled out for execution; five hundred were killed in the first day alone.
What was the purpose of Operasi Keamanan?
The objective was to sweep the guerillas into the central part of the region where they could be eradicated. Many of those conscripted into the "fence of legs" died of starvation, exhaustion or were shot by Indonesian forces for allowing guerillas to slip through. As the "fence" converged on villages, Indonesian forces massacred an unknown number of civilians. At least 400 villagers were massacred in Lacluta by Battalion 744 of the Indonesian Army in September 1981. An eyewitness who testified before the Australian Senate stated that soldiers deliberately killed small children by smashing their heads against a rock. The operation failed to crush the resistance, and popular resentment toward the occupation grew stronger than ever. As FRETILIN troops in the mountains continued their sporadic attacks, Indonesian forces carried out numerous operations to destroy them over the next ten years. In the cities and villages, meanwhile, a non-violent resistance movement began to take shape.
How many people died in the Indonesian invasion?
In March 1977 ex-Australian consul James Dunn published a report detailing charges that since December 1975 Indonesian forces had killed between 50,000 and 100,000 civilians in East Timor. This is consistent with a statement made on 13 February 1976 by UDT leader Lopez da Cruz that 60,000 Timorese had been killed during the previous six months of civil war, suggesting a death toll of at least 55,000 in the first two months of the invasion. A delegation of Indonesian relief workers agreed with this statistic. A late 1976 report by the Catholic Church also estimated the death toll at between 60,000 and 100,000. These figures were also corroborated by those in the Indonesian government itself. In an interview on 5 April 1977 with the Sydney Morning Herald, Indonesian Foreign Minister Adam Malik said the number of dead was "50,000 people or perhaps 80,000".
What was the impact of World Vision on East Timor?
World Vision Indonesia visited East Timor in October 1978 and claimed that 70,000 East Timorese were at risk of starvation. An envoy from the International Committee of the Red Cross reported in 1979 that 80 percent of one camp's population was malnourished, in a situation that was "as bad as Biafra ". The ICRC warned that "tens of thousands" were at risk of starvation. Indonesia announced that it was working through the government-run Indonesian Red Cross to alleviate the crisis, but the NGO Action for World Development charged that organisation with selling donated aid supplies.
Why did Indonesia annex East Timor?
The Indonesian government presented its annexation of East Timor as a matter of anticolonial unity. A 1977 booklet from the Indonesian Department of Foreign Affairs, entitled Decolonization in East Timor, paid tribute to the "sacred right of self-determination" and recognised APODETI as the true representatives of the East Timorese majority. It claimed that FRETILIN's popularity was the result of a "policy of threats, blackmail and terror". Later, Indonesian Foreign Minister Ali Alatas reiterated this position in his 2006 memoir The Pebble in the Shoe: The Diplomatic Struggle for East Timor. The island's original division into east and west, Indonesia argued after the invasion, was "the result of colonial oppression" enforced by the Portuguese and Dutch imperial powers. Thus, according to the Indonesian government, its annexation of the 27th province was merely another step in the unification of the archipelago which had begun in the 1940s.
How many people died in East Timor in 2005?
The 2005 report of the UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) reports an estimated minimum number of conflict-related deaths of 102,800 (+/- 12,000).
What was the East Timor genocide?
The East Timor genocide refers to the "pacification campaigns" of state terrorism which were waged by the Indonesian New Order government during the United States –backed Indonesian invasion and occupation of East Timor.
What political party was formed in East Timor?
Indigenous political parties rapidly sprang up in Timor: The Timorese Democratic Union ( União Democrática Timorense, UDT) was the first political association to be announced after the Carnation Revolution. UDT was originally composed of senior administrative leaders and plantation owners, as well as native tribal leaders. These leaders had conservative origins and showed allegiance to Portugal, but never advocated integration with Indonesia. Meanwhile, Fretilin (the Revolutionary Front of Independent East Timor) was composed of administrators, teachers, and other "newly recruited members of the urban elites." Fretilin quickly became more popular than UDT due to a variety of social programs it introduced to the populace. UDT and Fretilin entered into a coalition by January 1975 with the unified goal of self-determination. This coalition came to represent almost all of the educated sector and the vast majority of the population. The Timorese Popular Democratic Association ( Portuguese: Associação Popular Democratica Timorense; APODETI), a third, minor party, also sprang up, and its goal was integration with Indonesia. The party had little popular appeal.
What was the Revolutionary Front of East Timor?
Meanwhile, Fretilin (the Revolutionary Front of Independent East Timor) was composed of administrators, teachers, and other "newly recruited members of the urban elites.". Fretilin quickly became more popular than UDT due to a variety of social programs it introduced to the populace.
What was the Indonesian invasion of East Timor?
The Indonesian invasion of East Timor, known in Indonesia as Operation Lotus ( Indonesian: Operasi Seroja ), began on 7 December 1975 when the Indonesian military (ABRI/TNI) invaded East Timor under the pretext of anti-colonialism and anti-communism to overthrow the Fretilin regime that had emerged in 1974. The overthrow of the popular and briefly Fretilin-led government sparked a violent quarter-century occupation in which between approximately 100,000–180,000 soldiers and civilians are estimated to have been killed or starved to death. The Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor documented a minimum estimate of 102,000 conflict-related deaths in East Timor throughout the entire period 1974 to 1999, including 18,600 violent killings and 84,200 deaths from disease and starvation; Indonesian forces and their auxiliaries combined were responsible for 70% of the killings.
Why is Australia important to East Timor?
Australian governments saw good relations and stability in Indonesia (Australia's largest neighbour) as providing an important security buffer to Australia's north. Nevertheless, Australia provided important sanctuary to East Timorese independence advocates like José Ramos-Horta (who based himself in Australia during his exile). The fall of Suharto and a shift in Australian policy by the Howard Government in 1998 helped precipitate a proposal for a referendum on the question of independence for East Timor. In late 1998, the Australian government drafted a letter to Indonesia setting out a change in Australian policy, suggesting that East Timor be given a chance to vote on independence within a decade. The letter upset Indonesian President B. J. Habibie, who saw it as implying Indonesia was a "colonial power" and he decided to announce a snap referendum. A UN-sponsored referendum held in 1999 showed overwhelming approval for independence, but was followed by violent clashes and a security crisis, instigated by anti-independence militia. Australia then led a United Nations backed International Force for East Timor to end the violence and order was restored. While the intervention was ultimately successful, Australian-Indonesian relations would take several years to recover.
Why was the integration monument in Dili donated?
The integration monument in Dili was donated by the Indonesian government to represent emancipation from colonialism. In parallel to the military action, Indonesia also ran a civil administration. East Timor was given equal status to the other provinces, with an identical government structure.
When did the UDT leave East Timor?
By the end of August, the UDT remnants were retreating toward the Indonesian border. A UDT group of nine hundred crossed into West Timor on 24 September 1975 , followed by more than a thousand others, leaving Fretilin in control of East Timor for the next three months.
How many people died in East Timor?
Indonesian Foreign Minister Adam Malik suggested that the number of East Timorese killed in the first two years of the occupation was "50,000 people or perhaps 80,000".
What happened in East Timor?
On November 28, the democratically elected government of East Timor, fearing an imminent Indonesian invasion, proclaimed the Democratic Republic of East Timor. On the morning of December 7, Indonesia responded by initiating a naval bombardment of the city of Dili, followed by landings of paratroopers from the air and of marines on the beaches.
When did East Timor get independence?
Indonesian dictator Suharto, who had ordered the 1975 invasion, was ousted from power in 1998, and East Timorese renewed their calls for independence. In 1999, the people of East Timor voted overwhelmingly for independence in a referendum, leading to bloody attacks by Indonesian militia forces.
When did Indonesia invade East Timor?
The Portuguese departed East Timor in August 1975 , and Indonesian troops soon began infiltrating the border from Indonesian West Timor. On November 28, the democratically elected government of East Timor, fearing an imminent Indonesian invasion, proclaimed the Democratic Republic of East Timor.
Why did the UN pull out of East Timor?
UN forces have been pulling out since October when East Timorese security forces took over responsibility for maintaining law and order. The UN played a vital role in East Timor's independence by organising the 1999 referendum which ended Indonesia's 24-year occupation.
When was the ISF deployed?
An Australian-led International Stabilisation Force (ISF) was also deployed in 2006 amid violence that forced thousands of people from their homes.
When did the UN peacekeeping troops return?
UN peacekeeping troops returned in 2006 after a failed military coup led to social and political instability.
Did the withdrawal of the UN end the partnership with East Timor?
He said the withdrawal did not mark an end to the partnership between the UN and East Timor, as "challenges still remain".
What is the name of the island in East Timor?
The eastern part of Timor island is rugged, with the mountains rising to 9,721 feet (2,963 metres) at Mount Tatamailau (Tata Mailau) ...
What are the major import sources in East Timor?
East Timor: Major import sources Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The Ambeno area has valuable sandalwood forests, coconut groves, and rice plantations. Its chief town, Pante Makasar, is a port and has an airport. The hilly offshore island of Atauro, which also has an airport, has a population occupied mainly with fishing.
Where is Dili located?
It occupies the eastern half of the island of Timor, the small nearby islands of Atauro (Kambing) and Jaco, and the enclave of Ambeno, including the town of Pante Makasar, on the northwestern coast of Timor. Dili is the capital and largest city. East Timor Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
What is the climate of Timor?
The area has a dry tropical climate and moderate rainfall. Hilly areas are covered with sandalwood.
What are the animals that live in the lowlands of East Timor?
There are hot springs and numerous mountain streams. Wildlife includes the cuscus (a species of marsupial), monkeys, deer, civet cats, snakes, and crocodiles. Dili, East Timor.
What is an encyclopedia editor?
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. ...
When did the United Nations transfer control of East Timor?
United Nations Peacekeeping Forces from Thailand at a ceremony marking the transfer of control of East Timor (Timor-Leste) to East Timorese forces in Los Palos, East Timor, July 23, 2002. In February 2008 President Ramos-Horta was seriously injured when he was shot by militant forces in an attempted assassination.
History Channel
The United Nations published a 2500 page report regarding Indonesia's involvement with the East Timor genocide. It holds the Indonesian police and military responsible for at least 70 percent of the deaths and disappearances that occurred from 1975-1999.
Yale
Once Indonesia invaded East Timor, media coverage of the genocide subsided. The Los Angeles Times and Chicago Tribune, both U.S. owned media corporations, both ran many stories on East Timor before the invasion but afterwards there were hold a handful of reports.
FAIR
The United Nations condemned the occupation of East Timor in ten resolutions, but it did not stop Indonesia from committing massacres and atrocities. Ever since the invasion the Indonesian military has made it difficult to report on it. This documentary Cold Blood explores the truth of what happened when Indonesia invaded East Timor.
Why did East Timor hold a referendum in 1999?
The landmark vote in 1999, in which 78.5% of East Timorese chose independence from Indonesia, was the culmination of 24 years of occupation by Jakarta and, before that, hundreds of years of colonial rule by Portugal.
Why did Portugal relinquish its far-flung colony?
In April 1974 a leftwing coup in Lisbon, the Carnation Revolution, led to Portugal setting its colonial outposts adrift. It withdrew its administrative and military personnel – including from Mozambique, Angola and what was then called Portuguese Timor.
What happened once they left?
Fighting broke out, there was an attempted coup by UDT, and then Fretilin unilaterally declared independence on 28 November 1975.
What was Indonesia’s reaction?
Indonesian troops at the house in which Australian journalists Greg Shackleton and Malcolm Rennie, cameramen Gary Cunningham and Brian Peters, and sound recordist Tony Stewart sheltered before dying while trying to capture images of Indonesian troops as they invaded Balibo in 1975. Photograph: National Archives of Australia
Why were the East Timorese so opposed to Indonesian rule?
Portugal’s colonial influence meant the population was culturally very different from the rest of Indonesia. The vast majority of East Timorese are devout Catholics and speak their own language (Tetun).
What happened after the invasion?
The Indonesian forces were brutal. As many as 200,000 people are thought to have perished in fighting, massacres and forced starvation. Fretilin and its armed wing, Falintil, retreated to the interior of the island with tens of thousands of civilians. It’s thought 100,000 died in the first few years, as the armed resistance was largely crushed and Indonesia held civilians in detention camps where many died in a famine. In July 1976 Indonesia’s parliament declared East Timor the country’s 27th province.
How did the world react?
Many countries, including Australia, effectively looked the other way, prepared to appease Indonesia because of its size and power in the region. In 1978 Australia’s prime minister, Malcolm Fraser, was the first to recognise Jakarta’s de facto annexation. But the UN condemned it and called for an act of self-determination.
Overview
Initial invasion
From the start of the invasion in August 1975, the TNI forces engaged in the wholesale massacre of Timorese civilians. At the start of the occupation, FRETILIN radio sent the following broadcast: "The Indonesian forces are killing indiscriminately. Women and children are being shot in the streets. We are all going to be killed ... This is an appeal for international help. Please do somethi…
Indonesian pacification operations
In 1981, the Indonesian military launched Operasi Keamanan (Operation Security), which some have named the "fence of legs" program. During this operation, Indonesian forces conscripted 50,000 to 80,000 Timorese men and boys to march through the mountains ahead of advancing TNI troops as human shields to foreclose a FRETILIN counterattack. The objective was to sweep the guerillas into the central part of the region where they could be eradicated. Many of those co…
Violence against women
Indonesian military abuses against women in East Timor were numerous and well-documented. In addition to suffering arbitrary detainment, torture, and extrajudicial execution, women faced rape and sexual abuse—sometimes for the crime of being related to an independence activist. The scope of the problem is difficult to ascertain, owing to the intense military control imposed during the occupation, compounded by the shame felt by victims. In a 1995 report on violence against …
Santa Cruz massacre
During a memorial mass on 12 November 1991 for a pro-independence youth shot by Indonesian troops, demonstrators among the 2,500-strong crowd unfurled the Fretlin flag and banners with pro-independence slogans, and chanted boisterously but peacefully. Following a brief confrontation between Indonesian troops and protesters, 200 Indonesian soldiers opened fire on the crowd killing at least 250 Timorese.
Number of deaths
Precise estimates of the death toll are difficult to determine. The 2005 report of the UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) reports an estimated minimum number of conflict-related deaths of 102,800 (+/- 12,000). Of these, the report says that approximately 18,600 (+/-1,000) were either killed or disappeared, and that approximately 84,000 (+/-11,000) died from hunger or illness in excess of what would have been expected due to peac…
Depictions in fiction
• Balibo (2009)
See also
• History of East Timor
• History of Indonesia
• Human rights in Indonesia
• Indonesian Politicide
• Papua conflict
Overview
The Indonesian invasion of East Timor, known in Indonesia as Operation Lotus (Indonesian: Operasi Seroja), began on 7 December 1975 when the Indonesian military (ABRI/TNI) invaded East Timor under the pretext of anti-colonialism and anti-communism to overthrow the Fretilin regime that had emerged in 1974. The overthrow of the popular and briefly Fretilin-led government sparked a violent q…
Background
East Timor owes its territorial distinctiveness from the rest of Timor, and the Indonesian archipelago as a whole, to being colonised by the Portuguese, rather than the Dutch; an agreement dividing the island between the two powers was signed in 1915. Colonial rule was replaced by the Japanese during World War II, whose occupation spawned a resistance movement that resulted in the deaths of 60,000 people, 13 percent of the population at the time. Following the war, the Dutc…
Invasion
On 7 December 1975, Indonesian forces invaded East Timor.
Operasi Seroja (Operation Lotus) was the largest military operation ever carried out by Indonesia. Following a naval bombardment of Dili, Indonesian seaborne troops landed in the city while simultaneously paratroopers descended. 641 Indonesian paratroopers jumped into Dili, where they engaged in six-hours co…
Integration efforts
In parallel to the military action, Indonesia also ran a civil administration. East Timor was given equal status to the other provinces, with an identical government structure. The province was divided into districts, sub districts, and villages along the structure of Javanese villages. By giving traditional tribal leaders positions in this new structure, Indonesia attempted to assimilate the …
Foreign involvement
There was little resistance from the international community to Indonesia's invasion. Although Portugal was undergoing an energetic decolonization process, Portugal failed to involve the United Nations.
Indonesia invaded East Timor during the political crisis and social unrest in Australia following the dismissal of the Whitlam Labor party government. Previ…
Memorials
There is a monument commemorating Operation Seroja in Halilulik, Tasifeto Barat (West Tasifeto), Belu Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. The monument, which contains a soldier statue and reliefs depicting the operation, was built in June 1990 and inaugurated by the regent of Belu Col. (Inf). Ignasius Sumantri on 17 August 1990.
Seroja Monument (Monumen Seroja) was built by Indonesian government under Megawati Sukar…
Depictions in fiction
• Balibo, a 2009 Australian film about the Balibo Five, a group of Australian journalists who were captured and killed just prior to the Indonesian invasion of East Timor
• Beatriz's War (A Guerra da Beatriz), a 2013 drama film produced by East Timor set during the Indonesian invasion
See also
• East Timor (province)
• Annexation of Goa