When did the Spanish American War start and end?
Series of armed conflicts in the Americas between 1808 and 1835. The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America with the aim of political independence that took place during the early 19th century, shortly after the French invasion of Spain in 1807 during Europe's Napoleonic Wars.
What were the origins of the Latin American wars of Independence?
The more immediate origins of the wars of independence in Latin America are usually traced to the 1807 alliance between the Spanish crown and Napoleon Bonaparte, who placed his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne the following year.
When did slavery end in Latin America?
By the early 1850s, slavery had been abolished in the independent nations of Spanish America. Juana Azurduy de Padilla, a Mestiza leader of independence in Rio de la Plata. Women were not simply spectators throughout the Independence Wars of Latin America.
When did Latin America gain independence from Spain?
After three centuries of colonial rule, independence came rather suddenly to most of Spanish and Portuguese America. Between 1808 and 1826 all of Latin America except the Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico slipped out of the hands of the Iberian powers who had ruled the region since the conquest.
What was the outcome of the wars for independence in Latin America?
The Latin American Wars of Independence were the various revolutions that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America.
Why did the Latin American wars of independence happen?
The immediate trigger of the conflict was Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) in 1807 and 1808, but its roots also lay in the growing discontent of creole elites (people of Spanish ancestry who had been born in Latin America) with the restrictions imposed by Spanish imperial rule.
How did the Latin revolution end?
The revolution was still simmering in 1898 when the United States and Spain fought the Spanish-American War. After the war, Cuba became a US protectorate and was granted independence in 1902.
When did the last Latin American country gain independence?
South American nations won their independence primarily from Spain, but also from Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands. The first country to declare independence was Colombia in 1810. The last was Suriname in 1975.
What were the 3 main causes of the Latin American revolution?
Answer: The causes of the Latin American revolutions included the inspiration from the French and American revolution, Napoleon's conquest of Spain triggered revolts, injustices and repression (committed by royal officials) Political and military jobs controlled by Peninsulares, Peninsulares and Creoles controlled ...
Who won the Latin American revolution?
The wars of independence, 1808–26 The final victory of Latin American patriots over Spain and the fading loyalist factions began in 1808 with the political crisis in Spain.
Which Latin American country won its independence from France?
The Latin American country that won its independence from France is Haiti, a country that occupies the western portion of the island of Hispaniola in...
Why did so many Latin American nations gain independence by 1830?
Why did so many Latin American nations gain independence by 1830? They were influenced by the independence of the United States.
Which country won its independence in 1810?
Commonly confused with Cinco de Mayo in the U.S., this holiday celebrates the moment when Father Hidalgo called for Mexico's independence from Spain in September 1810. On September 16, Mexicans around the globe will celebrate the anniversary of the country's independence from Spain.
Which Latin American countries are not independent?
The only South American country that is not independent is French Guiana, a region of France itself.
Who liberated South America?
As “The Liberator,” Bolívar liberated or helped liberate four territories: New Granada (1819), Venezuela (1821), Quito (1822), and Peru (1824).
Who colonized most of South America?
Although most of Latin America was colonized by Spain, the countries of Portugal and France also had major influences on the region. Due to war and disease, native populations were decimated.
Why did so many Latin American nations gain independence by 1830?
Why did so many Latin American nations gain independence by 1830? They were influenced by the independence of the United States.
What factors caused the revolution in Latin America quizlet?
Geographic barriers so hard to unite.close knit families.regional Nationalism (difficult to unite)political alliances.People had little experience in self rule.caudillos.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Graham, Richard. Independence in Latin America: A Comparative Approach. 2d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994. The original edition was published in 1972.
Chronology
1700: The Habsburgs are replaced by the Bourbons on the Spanish Throne.
Conditions prior to revolution
The rebellion by the thirteen British colonies in North America from Great Britain was spurred by several factors, including a number of imposed taxes, repressive acts, and the lack of American representation in British government. This infuriated many colonists, and eventually became the spark that ignited the American Revolutionary War.
Portuguese America
After several failed revolts, The Portuguese colony of Brazil declared independence, forming a separate, local Empire founded by Prince Regent Dom Pedro I. The war between the Brazilians and Portuguese lasted from February 1822, with the burst of first skirmishes between militias, to November 1823, when the last Portuguese garrisons surrendered.
World Reaction
During the nineteenth century, the new Latin American countries faced by many challenges in developing their economies. Though they were politically independent from countries such as Spain and Portugal, many countries remained economically dependent on Europe, in particular on the United Kingdom.
Later developments in Latin America
Internal divisions also resulted in internecine wars. For example, Gran Colombia proved too fragile and the South American nation collapsed within ten years. Because many of the rulers of this period (often called caudillos) who came to power were from the military, a strong authoritarian streak marked many of the new governments.
When did Central America gain independence?
Spain recognized Mexico's independence in 1836. Central America gained its independence along with New Spain. On 15 September 1821, an Act of Independence was signed in Guatemala City which declared Central America (Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica) independent from Spain.
What was the cause of the Spanish American wars of independence?
A more direct cause of the Spanish American wars of independence were the unique developments occurring within the Kingdom of Spain and its monarchy during this era, concluding, finally , with the emergence of the new Spanish American republics in the post-Napoleonic world.
How did the Spanish Navy dismantle?
The Spanish navy had been totally dismantled by a disastrous naval policy and relegated to the background by the urgency of the war against Napoleon itself. To 1817, Tsar Alexander supported reactionary governments. Ferdinand VII applied to the Tsar to purchase vessels. The Tsar agreed to this request with the offer of the sale of some of his own vessels. The agreement was finally negotiated at Madrid, between Dmitry Tatishchev, Russian ambassador, and Eguia, Minister of war. It was apparently known only to these two, and to the king himself. The text of the treaty of sale has not been found in the Spanish Naval archives. This diplomatic transaction was veiled in the deepest secrecy against Spanish Navy and Minister of Navy.
What were the events in Spanish America related to?
The events in Spanish America were related to the wars of independence in the former French colony of St-Domingue, Haiti, and the transition to independence in Brazil.
How did the Spanish American wars affect the economy?
The nearly decade and a half of wars greatly weakened the Spanish American economies and political institutions, which hindered the region's potential economic development for most of the nineteenth century and resulted in the enduring instability the region experienced.
What wars did Spain fight in the early 19th century?
Western Sahara (1975) The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America during the early 19th century. With the aim of political independence, these began shortly after the French invasion of Spain in 1807 during Europe's Napoleonic Wars.
How did Riego's revolt affect the war?
Riego's Revolt had two significant effects on the war in the Americas. Militarily, the large numbers of rein forcements, which were especially needed to retake New Granada and defend the Viceroyalty of Peru, would never arrive. Furthermore, as the royalists' situation became more desperate in region after region, the army experienced wholesale defections of units to the patriot side. Politically, the reinstitution of a liberal regime changed the terms under which the Spanish government sought to engage the insurgents. The new government naively assumed that the insurgents were fighting for Spanish liberalism and that the Spanish Constitution could still be the basis of reconciliation between the two sides. The government implemented the Constitution and held elections in the overseas provinces, just as in Spain. It also ordered military commanders to begin armistice negotiations with the insurgents with the promise that they could participate in the restored representative government.
Summary
- The Latin American Wars of Independence were the revolutions that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America. These revolutions followed the American and French Revolutions, which had profound effects on the Spanish, Portuguese and French colonies in th...
Historical context
Creation of new ruling institutions in Spain and Americas, 1808–1810
Military campaigns
The Spanish American wars of independence (25 September 1808 – 29 September 1833; Spanish: Guerras de independencia hispanoamericanas) were numerous wars in Spanish America with the aim of political independence from Spanish rule during the early 19th century. These began shortly after the start of the French invasion of Spain during the Napoleonic Wars. Thus, the strict perio…
Effects of independence
Political independence was not necessarily the foreordained outcome of the political turmoil in Spanish America. "There was little interest in outright independence." As historians R.A. Humphreys and John Lynch note, "it is all too easy to equate the forces of discontent or even the forces of change with the forces of revolution." Since "by definition, there was no history of independence until it happened," when Spanish American independence did occur, explanations …
Foreign support
The Peninsular War was the trigger for conflicts in Spanish America in the absence of a legitimate monarch. The Peninsular War began an extended period of instability in the worldwide Spanish monarchy that lasted until 1823. Napoleon's capture of the Bourbon monarchs precipitated a political crisis in Spain and Spanish America. Although the Spanish world almost uniformly reje…
See also
Although on the battlefield the fight was to the death and without quarter, however, the recruitment of soldiers seemed to end up a common pool employed by opposing sides as cannon fodder. Socially, both apparently opposing positions, loyalist and pro-independence, had an uncertain significance for the different social strata of the monarchy. In Europe, the Spa…
Notes
The nearly decade and a half of wars greatly weakened the Spanish American economies and political institutions, which hindered the region's potential economic development for most of the nineteenth century and resulted in the enduring instability the region experienced. Independence destroyed the de facto trade bloc that was the Spanish Empire – Manila galleons and Spanish tr…