when was modern psychology founded

Who is the father of modern psychology and why?

Wilhelm Wundt is typically considered the father of modern psychology. He founded the first experimental psychology lab in 1879 at the University of Leipzig in Germany. Until Wundt opened the Institute for Experimental Psychology, the field was widely regarded and studied as an ambiguous combination of philosophy and biology.

Who is known as the father of modern psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt Biography

• The Father of Modern Psychology. ...
• The Life of Wilhelm Wundt. ...
• Wilhelm Wundt's Career in Psychology. ...
• Wilhelm Wundt's Influence. ...
• Other "Fathers of Psychology" A number of other influential thinkers can also claim to be "fathers of psychology" in some way or another.
• A Word From Verywell. ...

What are the seven modern perspectives of psychology?

What are the 7 major perspectives in psychology?

• The Psychodynamic Perspective. …
• The Behavioral Perspective. …
• The Cognitive Perspective. …
• The Biological Perspective. …
• The Cross-Cultural Perspective. …
• The Evolutionary Perspective. …
• The Humanistic Perspective.

Who were the pioneers of psychology?

The 10 Most Important People In The History Of Psychology

• Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
• Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
• Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930)
• Kurt Lewin (1890-1947)
• Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
• Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
• Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
• B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
• Aaron Beck (1921-present)
• Albert Bandura (1925-present)

What were the major events of the 20th century?

What was the 19th century?

What was the first modern psychology?

What is the name of the theory that led to the development of operant conditioning?

Where was the first experimental psychology lab?

When was depression first discovered?

When did Bandura first describe the concept of observational learning to explain aggression?

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About this website

Who founded modern psychology?

Wilhelm WundtTwo men, working in the 19th century, are generally credited as being the founders of psychology as a science and academic discipline that was distinct from philosophy. Their names were Wilhelm Wundt and William James.

When was modern psychology officially founded?

Psychology as a field of experimental study began in 1854 in Leipzig, Germany when Gustav Fechner created the first theory of how judgments about sensory experiences are made and how to experiment on them.

What event defined the start of modern psychology?

The beginnings of modern psychology are usually traced to the year 1879. That's when Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) established the first dedicated psychological laboratory at Leipzig. The selection of this date is somewhat arbitrary.

What is the modern psychology?

The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, esp. those affecting behaviour in a given context. The mental characteristics or attitude of a person or group. The mental and emotional factors governing a situation or activity.

Which country is the origin of modern psychology?

The formal development of modern psychology is usually credited to the work of German physician, physiologist, and philosopher Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920).

Why is modern psychology important?

Essentially, psychology helps people in large part because it can explain why people act the way they do. With this kind of professional insight, a psychologist can help people improve their decision making, stress management and behavior based on understanding past behavior to better predict future behavior.

Is Freud the father of modern psychology?

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Sigmund Freud was a late 19th and early 20th century neurologist. He is widely acknowledged as the father of modern psychology and the primary developer of the process of psychoanalysis.

What are the 7 modern psychological approaches?

The major perspectives in psychology that emerged are cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, socio-cultural, and evolutionary.

What was psychology defined as before 1920?

Until the 1920's Psychology was defined as... The science of mental life (Freud) emotional responses to childhood experiences and our unconscious thought processes affect our behavior. 1920-1960 Psychology was defined as... The scientific study of observable behavior.

Who is considered the founder of modern psychology quizlet?

Wilhelm Wundt. Wilhelm Wundt opened the Institute for Experimental Psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879. This was the first laboratory dedicated to psychology, and its opening is usually thought of as the beginning of modern psychology. Indeed, Wundt is often regarded as the father of psychology.

10 Key Moments in the History of Psychology

The earliest known writings about psychological topics date to 1550 B.C.E. It was then that the Ancient Egyptians wrote about several psychological conditions – depression and schizophrenia among them – in the Ebers Papyrus.. Granted, the Egyptians believed that these psychological conditions had supernatural causes, so the Ebers Papyrus wasn’t exactly a science-based and reliable ...

Timeline of the Development of Psychology - Timeline

All the events are represented on the interactive timeline and can be visualized. You can review all the cause-and-effect relations of timeline

Major events in Psychology timeline | Timetoast timelines

180 elementary abilities are made up of a combination of three dimensions which he calls: - operations: what a person does (6-types) - contents: the material on which operations are performed (5-types)

Important Dates in the History of Psychology

On March 5, 1934, psychologist Daniel Kahneman was born. Kahneman and his colleague Amos Tversky were later awarded a Nobel Prize in Economics for their work in prospect theory. On March 8, 1883, G. Stanley Hall created the first American psychology lab at John Hopkins University. On March 8, 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the unnecessary use of intelligence testing in employment ...

When did psychology start?

During the 17th-century, the French philosopher Rene Descartes introduced the idea of dualism, which asserted that the mind and body were two entities that interact to form the human experience. 1 

Why Study Psychology History?

Contemporary psychology is interested in an enormous range of topics, looking at human behavior and mental process from the neural level to the cultural level. Psychologists study human issues that begin before birth and continue until death. By understanding the history of psychology, you can gain a better understanding of how these topics are studied and what we have learned thus far.

How did Wundt view psychology?

How did Wundt view psychology? He perceived the subject as the study of human consciousness and sought to apply experimental methods to studying internal mental processes. While his use of a process known as introspection is seen as unreliable and unscientific today, his early work in psychology helped set the stage for future experimental methods.

What makes psychology different from philosophy?

So what makes psychology different from philosophy? While early philosophers relied on methods such as observation and logic, today’s psychologists utilize scientific methodologies to study and draw conclusions about human thought and behavior.

What is the focus of the theory of functionalism?

The focus of functionalism was about how behavior actually works to help people live in their environment. Functionalists utilized methods such as direct observation to study the human mind and behavior.

How many students attended Wundt's lectures?

An estimated 17,000 students attended Wundt’s psychology lectures, and hundreds more pursued degrees in psychology and studied in his psychology lab. While his influence dwindled as the field matured, his impact on psychology is unquestionable.

What is contemporary psychology?

Contemporary psychology is interested in an enormous range of topics, looking at human behavior and mental process from the neural level to the cultural level. Psychologists study human issues that begin before birth and continue until death.

What is psychoanalysis in psychology?

Psychoanalysis examines mental processes which affect the ego. An understanding of these theoretically allows the individual greater choice and consciousness with a healing effect in neurosis and occasionally in psychosis, both of which Richard von Krafft-Ebing defined as "diseases of the personality".

What is the theory of hypnosis and free association?

Starting in the 1890s, employing the case study technique, the Viennese physician Sigmund Freud developed and applied the methods of hypnosis, free association, and dream interpretation to reveal putatively unconscious beliefs and desires that he argued were the underlying causes of his patients' " hysteria ." He dubbed this approach psychoanalysis. Freudian psychoanalysis is particularly notable for the emphasis it places on the course of an individual's sexual development in pathogenesis. Psychoanalytic concepts have had a strong and lasting influence on Western culture, particularly on the arts. Although its scientific contribution is still a matter of debate, both Freudian and Jungian psychology revealed the existence of compartmentalized thinking, in which some behavior and thoughts are hidden from consciousness – yet operative as part of the complete personality. Hidden agendas, a bad conscience, or a sense of guilt, are examples of the existence of mental processes in which the individual is not conscious, through choice or lack of understanding, of some aspects of their personality and subsequent behavior.

What is the Greek philosopher's theory of psychology?

Ancient Greek philosophers, from Thales ( fl. 550 BC) through even to the Roman period, developed an elaborate theory of what they termed the psuchẽ ( psyche) (from which the first half of "psychology" is derived), as well as other "psychological" terms – nous, thumos, logistikon, etc.

What is psychology today?

Today, psychology is defined as "the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.". Philosophical interest in the human mind and behavior dates back to the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Persia, Greece, China, and India. Psychology was a branch of the domain of philosophy until the 1860s, when it developed as an independent scientific ...

When did psychology start?

Psychology as a field of experimental study began in 1854, in Leipzig Germany, when Gustav Fechner created the first theory of how judgments about sensory experiences are made and how to experiment on them. Fechner's theory, recognized today as Signal Detection Theory foreshadowed the development of statistical theories of comparative judgment and thousands of experiments based on his ideas (Link, S. W. Psychological Science, 1995). Later, 1879, Wilhelm Wundt founded in Leipzig, Germany, the first Psychological laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research in Germany. Wundt was also the first person to refer to himself as a psychologist (a notable precursor of Wundt was Ferdinand Ueberwasser (1752-1812) who designated himself Professor of Empirical Psychology and Logic in 1783 and gave lectures on empirical psychology at the Old University of Münster, Germany ). Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in the study of memory ), William James (the American father of pragmatism ), and Ivan Pavlov (who developed the procedures associated with classical conditioning ).

When was the term "psychology" first used?

The first print use of the term "psychology", that is, Greek-inspired neo-Latin psychologia, is dated to multiple works dated 1525. Etymology has long been attributed to the German scholastic philosopher Rudolf Göckel (1547–1628), often known under the Latin form Rodolphus Goclenius ), who published the Psychologia hoc est: de hominis perfectione, animo et imprimis ortu hujus... in Marburg in 1590. Croatian humanist Marko Marulić (1450–1524) likely used the term in the title of a Latin treatise entitled Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae (c.1520?). Although the treatise itself has not been preserved, its title appears in a list of Marulic's works compiled by his younger contemporary, Franjo Bozicevic-Natalis in his "Vita Marci Maruli Spalatensis" (Krstić, 1964).

Where did Jean Piaget work?

In 1918, Jean Piaget (1896–1980) turned away from his early training in natural history and began post-doctoral work in psychoanalysis in Zurich. In 1919, he moved to Paris to work at the Binet-Simon Lab. However, Binet had died in 1911 and Simon lived and worked in Rouen. His supervision therefore came (indirectly) from Pierre Janet, Binet's old rival and a professor at the Collège de France .

When did psychology start?

Psychology is a relatively young science with its experimental roots in the 19th century, compared, for example, to human physiology, which dates much earlier. As mentioned, anyone interested in exploring issues related to the mind generally did so in a philosophical context prior to the 19th century. Two men, working in the 19th century, are ...

Who is the most influential psychologist in the history of psychology?

FREUD AND PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY. Perhaps one of the most influential and well-known figures in psychology’s history was Sigmund Freud ( [link] ). Freud (1856–1939) was an Austrian neurologist who was fascinated by patients suffering from “hysteria” and neurosis.

How to understand psychology?

By the end of this section, you will be able to: 1 Understand the importance of Wundt and James in the development of psychology 2 Appreciate Freud’s influence on psychology 3 Understand the basic tenets of Gestalt psychology 4 Appreciate the important role that behaviorism played in psychology’s history 5 Understand basic tenets of humanism 6 Understand how the cognitive revolution shifted psychology’s focus back to the mind

How did the cognitive revolution affect psychology?

European psychology had never really been as influenced by behaviorism as had American psychology; and thus, the cognitive revolution helped reestablish lines of communication between European psychologists and their American counterparts. Furthermore, psychologists began to cooperate with scientists in other fields, like anthropology, linguistics, computer science, and neuroscience, among others. This interdisciplinary approach often was referred to as the cognitive sciences, and the influence and prominence of this particular perspective resonates in modern-day psychology (Miller, 2003).

What is psychoanalytic theory?

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious, as well as early childhood experiences, and this particular perspective dominated clinical psychology for several decades (Thorne & Henley, 2005). (a) Sigmund Freud was a highly influential figure in the history of psychology.

How does psychology affect society?

The science of psychology has had an impact on human wellbeing, both positive and negative. The dominant influence of Western, white, and male academics in the early history of psychology meant that psychology developed with the biases inherent in those individuals, which often had negative consequences for members of society that were not white or male. Women, members of ethnic minorities in both the United States and other countries, and individuals with sexual orientations other than heterosexual had difficulties entering the field of psychology and therefore influencing its development. They also suffered from the attitudes of white, male psychologists, who were not immune to the nonscientific attitudes prevalent in the society in which they developed and worked. Until the 1960s, the science of psychology was largely a “womanless” psychology (Crawford & Marecek, 1989), meaning that few women were able to practice psychology, so they had little influence on what was studied. In addition, the experimental subjects of psychology were mostly men, which resulted from underlying assumptions that gender had no influence on psychology and that women were not of sufficient interest to study.

What is the name of the attempt to understand the structure or characteristics of the mind?

This attempt to understand the structure or characteristics of the mind was known as structuralism. Wundt established his psychology laboratory at the University at Leipzig in 1879 ( [link] ). In this laboratory, Wundt and his students conducted experiments on, for example, reaction times.

What is the UCS in psychology?

In the classical conditioning paradigm (see Classical Conditioning and Clinical Psychology ), Pavlov also used the term to refer to the ‘unconditioned stimulus’ (UCS: the stimulus that evokes the reflexive response). When this stimulus is regularly paired with (predicted by) a neutral stimulus, the latter comes to evoke a somewhat similar response. The UCS is thus considered reinforcement, since its occurrence increases the tendency to emit a response in the presence of a previously neutral stimulus. Of considerable theoretical and practical importance is the phenomenon that when the UCS is removed and the previously neutral stimulus presented repeatedly, the conditioned response eventually ceases to occur. This phenomenon, as well as the procedure of removing the UCS, is known as extinction. It has an exact parallel in instrumental conditioning: if the overt behavior no longer produces the positive outcome, its probability decreases. This process is not simply the opposite of reinforcement; it is not unlearning or forgetting, but learning to do something else.

What was single case analysis?

In the early days of modern psychology, when Edward Bradford Titchener, William James, and Wilhelm Wundt rose to prominence, single-case analysis was a well-respected research strategy. Not uncommonly the researchers chose themselves as the subjects for investigation. Introspection and single-case experiments largely dominated psychological research in those pioneering times. The German philosopher Karl Jaspers introduced a special form of case study, called Biografik (biographic), which focused primarily on the course of individuals' lives. With the introduction of what were considered more objective data sources and analytical methods, introspection and single-case experiments—and, as a consequence, the single-case approach—were sidelined and eventually replaced. The reasons were many (Danzinger 1990 ). Psychology as a new field of research had to gain ground and hold out against well-established traditional disciplines such as medicine, physics, and biology. The decision to adopt an experimental methodology was made in the hope of enhancing the reputation of psychological research. The questionnaire as an economic data collection tool was also making inroads into psychology. This methodology, adopted from the social sciences, allowed for the collection and analysis of large, standardized samples. Experiments could now be carried out involving substantial numbers of people.

What are the three paradigms of psychology?

Modern psychology has spawned three major theoretical paradigms: cognitivism, behaviorism, and depth psychology, all of which continue longstanding philosophical traditions. In the tradition of rational philosophy, cognitivism regards human beings as reasonable, conscious, reflexive, and self-organizing.

What is reinforcement theory?

Reinforcement is closely linked to evolutionary principles, in that it represents adaptive functioning with obvious survival implications, and applies to all species capable of benefitting from experience. Its origin as a formal principle of modern psychology derives from Thorndike's (1927) Law of Effect: the occurrence of a ‘satisfying’ event ‘stamps in’ the behavior that was instrumental in producing it. Hull's ( 1943) influential learning theory proposed that the increase is in the strength of the association between a prior stimulus (cue or context) and the response, with the mechanism underlying reinforcement being the reduction in a basic biological drive. However, many stimuli can serve as reinforcers when they have only incentive value (such as a sweet but non-nutritive substance).

What did Watson think of the nervous system?

He had little hope that behavior can be reduced to physiology and blamed the structuralists for the promotion of the fiction that it can be: ‘ [For a structuralist] the nervous system…has always been a mystery box—whatever he couldn't explain in “mental” terms he pushed over into the brain’ (Watson 1924, p. 43). ‘Until [the physiologist has reduced the various phenomena of psychology] to electrical and chemical processes…he cannot help us very much’ (p. 169).

What are Plato's three talents?

The psychology of Watson's time often analyzed the contents of the mind into Plato's three human talents: knowing, feeling and doing, which modern psychology calls cognition, affect, and reaction tendencies (Kimble 1996 ). Watson objected to such mentalistic concepts and translated them into conditioned reflexes: ‘laryngeal (language) reflexes’ for cognition, ‘visceral (emotional) reflexes’ for affect, and ‘manual (motor) reflexes’ for reaction tendencies.

What is the difference between intelligence and cognition?

The emphasis on individual differences distinguishes theories of intelligence from theories of cognition. Theories of cognition try to explain how the brain–mind system works in general, while theories of intelligence attempt to explain how people vary in their cognitive ability.

Where did psychology come from?

As with so much else, the study of the mind began in Ancient Greece. Indeed, even the word psychology comes from the Greek ‘psyche,’ or soul. And Greek thinkers approached the subject as a scientific problem. In other words, they did not seek mystical or religious explanations. For example, Empedocles, one of the very earliest Greek philosophers, developed a wholly materialistic understanding of the psyche. For him, all thought and perception were dependent on changes in the body. In his work On the Soul, Aristotle also set out a materialistic view, one derived from his love of biology.

What is the paradigm of psychology?

Ideas are shaped by the paradigm within which they are developed. ‘Paradigm’ is a rather ugly word that simply means the fundamental, deep-rooted, underlying beliefs dominating a particular culture. These are usually so deep that they are rarely challenged. When they are, and new ones put in their place, a different paradigm appears. The paradigm in which modern psychology has evolved was established by two men above all: Rene Descartes and Isaac Newton.

Who are the philosophers who studied the mind?

Of course, philosophers have always been interested in the mind and in what we would now call ‘consciousness.’ Indeed, men like Spinoza, Leibniz, and the British empiricists Hobbes and Locke, all developed theories on how the mind worked and how it interacted with Descartes’ ‘extended thing’. But psychology as popularly understood, meaning a scientific discipline devoted solely to understanding the nature of the mind, began in 19th century Europe. And, like so many systems of thought, modern psychology was influenced by the mechanistic paradigm.

Who first established the idea of mind and matter as two separate entities?

And it was the Greeks who first established the idea of mind and matter as two separate entities. In the Phaedrus, for example, Plato uses the famous charioteer metaphor. The ‘soul,’ he argues, is like a charioteer pulled by two horses: the first represents physical passion, the second the higher emotions.

Who discovered the laws of the universe?

Isaac Newton was an Englishman and Cambridge University graduate (the same university Charles Darwin was to graduate from two centuries later). Newton discovered the physical laws governing the movements of Descartes’ ‘extended thing.’ Newton and Descartes, along with others like Francis Bacon, established what is known as the ‘mechanistic paradigm.’ Those who read Newton ceased to understand the Universe as a strange, mystical place inhabited by spirits and animated by powers beyond human understanding. Instead, the universe now resembled a great machine governed by precise mathematical laws.

Why is psychology important?

Psychology is the study of the mind and all of its infinite functions. Having a basic understanding of psychology helps us be our best selves and relate most effectively with others.

What did Pavlov discover about rewards and punishments?

Specifically, Pavlov discovered the roles of rewards and punishments on behaviors, a concept foreign to none of us. From parenting and managing a classroom, to gambling and purchasing that tenth cup of coffee in order to earn a free one on a punch card, our society is driven by consequences.

What is William James best known for?

Doctor William James is best known for two contributions to the field of psychology . First, he pioneered the focus of psychology to include emotions as well as thoughts and behaviors. He conceptualized emotion as a secondary reaction to our physiological reactions to various stimuli. While modern researchers have since discovered that this is true only some of the time, this theory was revolutionary for James’s time. Second, James was the first Founding Father to bring psychology to the United States through his studies and work at Harvard University.

What was Alfred Adler's goal?

His original theory focused mainly on the need to feel desired and appreciated by others. This led him to conduct ground-breaking studies on social interactions and the pursuit of happiness and emotional fulfillment. His goal was to help people rid themselves of insecurities in order to make room for their successes.

Why are the Founding Fathers dubbed the Five Gentlemen?

However, these Founding Fathers are dubbed so because they laid the groundwork upon which we have built what we now understand about the human mind and dynamic process through which it shapes our individual and shared experiences. The more we know about the world they created, the more we know about ourselves.

Who is the father of psychology?

Doctor Sigmund Freud probably thought of himself as the original Founding Father of Psychology, and many other people would agree. His is a name that most people have at least heard once or twice before ever stumbling into their first introduction to psychology course. He actually began his career as a biologist and physiologist, but he was one of the first documented scientists to manifest his intense curiosity for the human mind and the observable behaviors it produces. His approach to psychology was deep, and frequent analysis of people’s past traumas, connecting these experiences with present problematic behaviors and assisting patients in resolving said traumas to eliminate said behavioral responses.

Who is Carl Jung?

Doctor Carl Jung was a student, turned colleague, turned competitor of Sigmund Freud. Jung was just as interested as Freud in the influence human subconscious and unconscious processes on observable behaviors. However, Jung branched out into what he termed the collective unconscious. He focused less on a deep dive into an individual’s past and more on the invisible connections between all people and the universe as a whole. He believed that we are all striving for individuation within this collective system, and the ability to use both our conscious and unconscious minds.

What is behavioral psychology?

Behavioral psychology focuses on learned behaviors. It was founded on the work of psychologists such as Edward Thorndike and John B. Watson. 2  Behaviorism dominated psychology in the early twentieth century but began to lose its hold during the 1950s.

How does behaviorism differ from other perspectives?

Behaviorism differs from other perspectives because it focuses solely on observable behaviors rather than on emphasizing internal states.

What is cross cultural psychology?

Cross-cultural psychology is a fairly new perspective that has grown significantly in the last twenty years. Psychologists and researchers in this school of thought look at human behavior across different cultures.

What is cognitive psychology?

Cognitive psychologists often utilize an information-processing model (comparing the human mind to a computer) to conceptualize how information is acquired, processed, stored, and utilized. 4. The Biological Perspective. The study of physiology played a major role in the development of psychology as a separate science.

What are the three elements of psychology?

Freud conceived of the mind as being composed of three key elements: the id, the ego, and the superego .

What are biological perspectives in psychology?

Researchers with a biological perspective on psychology might look at how genetics influence behavior or how damage to specific areas of the brain affect personality. The nervous system, genetics, the brain, the immune system, and the endocrine system are just a few subjects of interest to biological psychologists.

What is the perspective of physiology?

The study of physiology played a major role in the development of psychology as a separate science. Today, the perspective is known as biological psycholog y (also called biopsychology or physiological psychology). The point of view emphasizes the physical and biological bases of behavior. 4 

What were the major events of the 20th century?

It was a time when the foundation of analysis was built, including Freud's examination of psychopathology and Jung's analytic psychology. 1900: Sigmund Freud publishes his landmark book, ...

What was the 19th century?

The 19th century was when psychology was established as an empirical, accepted science. While measures would change within that 100-year span, the model of research and evaluation would begin to take shape.

What was the first modern psychology?

Some consider the 17th and 18th centuries the birth of modern psychology (largely characterized by the publication of William Battie's "Treatise on Madness" in 1758). 2  Others consider the mid-19th century experiments done in Hermann von Helmholtz's lab to be the start of modern psychology.

What is the name of the theory that led to the development of operant conditioning?

1911: Edward Thorndike publishes "Animal Intelligence ," which leads to the development of the theory of operant conditioning. 1912: Max Wertheimer publishes "Experimental Studies of the Perception of Movement," which leads to the development of Gestalt psychology.

Where was the first experimental psychology lab?

1879: Wilhelm Wundt establishes the first experimental psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany dedicated to the study of the mind.

When was depression first discovered?

The timeline of psychology spans centuries, with the earliest known mention of clinical depression in 1500 BCE on an ancient Egyptian manuscript known as the Ebers Papyrus. 1  However, it was not until the 11th century that the Persian physician Avicenna attributed a connection between emotions and physical responses in a practice roughly dubbed "physiological psychology."

When did Bandura first describe the concept of observational learning to explain aggression?

1963: Bandura first describes the concept of observational learning to explain aggression.

Overview

Early psychological thought

Many cultures throughout history have speculated on the nature of the mind, heart, soul, spirit, brain, etc. For instance, in Ancient Egypt, the Edwin Smith Papyrus contains an early description of the brain, and some speculations on its functions (described in a medical/surgical context) and the descriptions could be related to Imhotep who were the first Egyptian physician who anatomized and discovered the body of the human being. Though other medical documents of a…

Further development

Emergence of German experimental psychology

Psychoanalysis

Early American

Early French

Early British