...
| Media Relations Links | |
|---|---|
| • | Upcoming Events |
| Related Links | |
| • | Centers at CDC |
| • | Data and Statistics |
What state has the most teen pregnancy?
Here are the 10 states with the highest teen birth rate:
- Arkansas ( 30 per 100k)
- Mississippi ( 29.1 per 100k)
- Louisiana ( 27.8 per 100k)
- Oklahoma ( 27.4 per 100k)
- Alabama ( 25.6 per 100k)
- West Virginia ( 25.2 per 100k)
- Kentucky ( 24.9 per 100k)
- New Mexico ( 24.4 per 100k)
- Texas ( 24 per 100k)
- Tennessee ( 23.7 per 100k)
What country has the highest teenage pregnancy rate?
• Among 35 developed countries for which adolescent pregnancy rates could be calculated, Romania has the highest rate (61 per 1,000 women aged 15–19 in 2011). Abortion data for Romania are incomplete; therefore, the true pregnancy rate (calculated based on births, abortions and miscarriages) in this country may be even higher than estimated.
What are the current statistics of teen pregnancy?
Top 10 Teenage Pregnancy Statistics for 2022
- 64% of abortions performed on teenage women are dangerous.
- Prevalence of teenage pregnancy is higher in poor countries—95% of teenage pregnancies happen in less developed countries.
- Every year, 7.3 million teenagers around the world give birth to their first child.
What's the youngest age at which a woman can give birth?
She was 5 years, 7 months, and 21 days old, the youngest person in history to give birth. The caesarean birth was necessitated by her small pelvis. The surgery was performed by Lozada and Dr Busalleu, with Dr Colareta providing anaesthesia.
Where is the highest rate of teenage pregnancy?
The highest rate of teenage pregnancy in the world is in sub-Saharan Africa, where women tend to marry at an early age. In Niger, for example, 87% of women surveyed were married and 53% had given birth to a child before the age of 18. A recent study found that socio-cultural factors, economic factors, environmental factors, individual factors, and health service-related factors were responsible for the high rates of teenage pregnancy in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Why are teenage pregnancy problems common?
Teenage pregnancies are associated with social issues, including lower educational levels and poverty. Teenage pregnancy in developed countries is usually outside of marriage and is often associated with a social stigma. Teenage pregnancy in developing countries often occurs within marriage and half are planned. However, in these societies, early pregnancy may combine with malnutrition and poor health care to cause medical problems. When used in combination, educational interventions and access to birth control can reduce unintended teenage pregnancies.
How is the age of a mother determined?
The age of the mother is determined by the easily verified date when the pregnancy ends, not by the estimated date of conception. Consequently, the statistics do not include pregnancies that began at age 19, but that ended on or after the woman's 20th birthday. Similarly, statistics on the mother's marital status are determined by whether she is married at the end of the pregnancy, not at the time of conception.
How does pregnancy affect girls?
According to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), "Pregnancies among girls less than 18 years of age have irreparable consequences. It violates the rights of girls, with life-threatening consequences in terms of sexual and reproductive health, and poses high development costs for communities, particularly in perpetuating the cycle of poverty." Health consequences include not yet being physically ready for pregnancy and childbirth leading to complications and malnutrition as the majority of adolescents tend to come from lower-income households. The risk of maternal death for girls under age 15 in low and middle income countries is higher than for women in their twenties. Teenage pregnancy also affects girls' education and income potential as many are forced to drop out of school which ultimately threatens future opportunities and economic prospects.
Why are girls more likely to be a parent?
A girl is also more likely to become a teenage parent if her mother or older sister gave birth in her teens. A majority of respondents in a 1988 Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies survey attributed the occurrence of adolescent pregnancy to a breakdown of communication between parents and child and also to inadequate parental supervision.
What are the risks of being pregnant as a teenager?
For girls aged 15–19, risks are associated more with socioeconomic factors than with the biological effects of age. Risks of low birth weight, premature labor, anemia, and pre-eclampsia are connected to biological age, as they are observed in teen births even after controlling for other risk factors, such as access to prenatal care.
How does being a mother affect education?
Being a young mother in a first world country can affect one's education. Teen mothers are more likely to drop out of high school. One study in 2001 found that women that gave birth during their teens completed secondary-level schooling 10–12% as often and pursued post-secondary education 14–29% as often as women who waited until age 30. Young motherhood in an industrialized country can affect employment and social class. Teenage women who are pregnant or mothers are seven times more likely to commit suicide than other teenagers.
Which country has the highest number of teen pregnancy rates?
There are large differences in adolescent pregnancy rates among developed nations like Canada, France, Great Britain, Sweden and the United States. The United States has the highest number of teen pregnancies and the highest number of STD's compared to the other four countries.
What is a teen pregnancy?
Teen pregnancy is defined as pregnancies in girls under the age of 20, regardless of marital status. Teen pregnancy rates have dropped 9% since 2013. Between 1991 and 2014, teenage birth rates dropped 61% nationwide. Teenage birth rates, as opposed to pregnancies, peaked in 1991, when there were 61.8 births per 1,000 teens, ...
What is the difference between the rate of pregnancy in the United States and the rate of pregnancy in other countries?
The biggest difference in the rate of pregnancies in the United States compared to the other countries is that in America there is a very high unintended pregnancy rate. This unintended pregnancy rate is higher than the total teenage pregnancy rate in all of the four countries.
How many teens were pregnant in 2008?
In 2008, 6.6 pregnancies occurred per 1,000 teens aged 13–14. In other words, fewer than 1% of teens younger than 15 became pregnant in 2008. Pregnant teenagers tend to gain less weight than older mothers, due to the fact that they are still growing and fighting for nutrients with the baby during the pregnancy.
How many teenage pregnancies are unintended?
Pregnancies. According to the Centers for Disease Control, more than 4 out of 5, or 80%, of teenage pregnancies are unintended. In 2010, of the majority of pregnancies to adolescent females in the United States, an estimated 60% ended in live birth, 15% ended in miscarriage, and 30% in abortion.
How many teenage births occur outside of marriage?
Nearly 89% of teenage births occur outside of marriage. Of all girls, 16% will be teen mothers. The largest increases in unintended pregnancies were found among girls who were cohabiting, had lower education, and low income.
How many babies were born in 2014?
In 2014, 249,078 babies were born to girls aged 15 – 19 years old. This is a birth rate of 24.2 per 1000 girls. However, most adolescents who give birth are over the age of 18. In 2014, 73% of teen births occurred in 18-19 year olds. Pregnancies are much less common among girls younger than 15.
How many unintended pregnancy occur in adolescent girls?
Additionally, adolescents may lack the agency or autonomy to ensure the correct and consistent use of a contraceptive method. At least 10 million unintended pregnancies occur each year among adolescent girls aged 15-19 years in developing regions. 1. An additional cause of unintended pregnancy is sexual violence, ...
Where do adolescent pregnancies occur?
Adolescent pregnancies are a global problem occurring in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Around the world, however, adolescent pregnancies are more likely to occur in marginalized communities, commonly driven by poverty and lack of education and employment opportunities. 10
Why can't adolescents avoid pregnancy?
Adolescents who may want to avoid pregnancies may not be able to do so due to knowledge gaps and misconceptions on where to obtain contraceptive methods and how to use them. 15 Adolescents face barriers to accessing contraception including restrictive laws and policies regarding provision of contraceptive based on age or marital status, health worker bias and/or lack of willingness to acknowledge adolescents’ sexual health needs, and adolescents’ own inability to access contraceptives because of knowledge, transportation, and financial constraints. Additionally, adolescents may lack the agency or autonomy to ensure the correct and consistent use of a contraceptive method. At least 10 million unintended pregnancies occur each year among adolescent girls aged 15-19 years in developing regions. 1
How many girls give birth in a year?
Every year, an estimated 21 million girls aged 15–19 years in developing regions become pregnant and approximately 12 million of them give birth. 1 At least 777,000 births occur to adolescent girls younger than 15 years in developing countries. 2
How many girls are pregnant before they are 18?
In many societies, girls are under pressure to marry and bear children early. 11,12,13 In least developed countries, at least 39% of girls marry before they are 18 years of age and 12% before the age of 15. 14 In many places girls choose to become pregnant because they have limited ...
What is the fertility rate in Ethiopia?
And even within countries there are enormous variations. In Ethiopia, for example the total fertility rate ranges from 1.8 in Addis Ababa to 7.2 in the Somali region with the percentage of women aged 15-19 who have begun childbearing ranging from 3% in Addis Ababa to 23% in the Affar region. 7
What is the cause of unintended pregnancy?
An additional cause of unintended pregnancy is sexual violence, which is widespread with more than a third of girls in some countries reporting that their first sexual encounter was coerced. 16
Why are teenage pregnancy rates dropping?
Teen pregnancy rates have been dropping in the United States for at least 25 years. Experts think this is because more sexually active teens use condoms.
What is the leading cause of death for girls ages 15 to 19?
According to the World Health Organization (WHO)Trusted Source. Trusted Source. , complications during pregnancy or childbirth are the leading cause of death globally for girls ages 15 to 19. If you get pregnant as a teen, you might feel frightened and worried about telling your family and friends.
How accurate is a home pregnancy test?
These tests are designed to detect pregnancy hormones in your urine. They’re most accurate if you use them more than a week after your missed period. If a home pregnancy test indicates you’re not pregnant, wait a week, and take another test to make sure.
How long does a healthy pregnancy last?
A healthy pregnancy lasts 40 weeks. A baby that’s delivered before 37 weeks of pregnancy is
How many babies were born in 2017?
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Trusted Source. , in 2017, around 194,000 babies were born to American girls between the ages of 15 to 19. While the number of teenage pregnancies in the United States has been in decline, it still remains higher than in other industrialized countries.
What to do if a home test shows you are pregnant?
If a home test shows you’re pregnant, you need to make an appointment with your doctor. They’ll confirm your pregnancy with a blood test and maybe a physical exam.
Why is it important to have obstetrics during pregnancy?
Proper obstetrical care throughout your pregnancy is so important to the health and well-being of both the mother and the baby . Eat well, exercise, and confide in supportive friends and family members.
What is a teen pregnancy?
Teenage Pregnancy: Teenage pregnancy is a pregnancy that occurs in teen girls between the ages of 13-19 years. Although precisely not a teenager, a young girl 12 or under who is pregnant also fall into this definition of teenage pregnancy. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ...
What are the negative effects of teen pregnancy?
Adverse Effects of Teenage Pregnancy: High social and economic costs of teen pregnancy and childbearing can have short and long-term negative consequences for teen parents, their children, and their community. High risk of Low Birth Weight (LBW) child. High chances of premature infants. Anemia.
Why Do These Early Pregnancies Occur?
According to World Health Organization (WHO), some girls/women get pregnant because they are unable to refuse unwanted sex or to resist forced or coerced sex.
How to prevent teenage pregnancy?
Self-restraint from sexual activity at early age is the best way to prevent teenage pregnancy. 2. Contraceptives. Using contraceptive devices or emergency pills during a sexual intercourse helps in preventing teenage pregnancy and early parenthood.
How many babies were born in 2017?
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 194,377 babies were born in 2017 to 15 to 19 year-olds. Teenage pregnancy is also widely known as adolescent pregnancy. According to the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services in 2014, about 77 percent of the pregnancies were unplanned. Teenage pregnancy can risk the health of ...
What is the leading cause of death for 15 to 19 year old girls globally?
Complications during pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death for 15 to 19- year-old girls globally (World Health Organization, 2015)
How many girls give birth in developing countries?
Adolescent pregnancy remains a major contributor to maternal and child mortality, and to intergenerational cycles of ill health and poverty. Every day, 20,000 girls below age 18 give birth in developing countries. Nine in 10 of these births occur within a marriage or a union highlighting the scourge of child marriage.
Which country has the highest rate of adolescent pregnancy?
However, the United States has one of the highest known rates of adolescent pregnancy and births in developed regions. • Information on the proportion of pregnancies that are unintended is not consistently available across developed countries.
How many abortions did adolescent children have in 2008?
• In some regions of the world, however, early childbearing remains common: In 2008, adolescents aged 15–19 in developing countries had an estimated 14.3 million births and 3.2 million abortions.
Which region has the highest prevalence of teenage pregnancy?
Sub-Saharan Africa recorded the highest prevalence of teenage pregnancy in the world in 2013.5,6Teenage mothers accounted for more than half of all the births in this region. It is estimated that 101 births per 1000 women aged from 15 to 19.
Which African country has the highest rate of teenage pregnancy?
Ethiopia is one of the African countries where the highest teenage pregnancies have been recorded.24According to Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS), in 2016, the prevalence of teenage pregnancy was 16%.
How many of the teen parents were married?
Family Level and Reproductive Health Characteristics. Two thousand twelve (89.1%) of the teenagers’ parents were married. Around 1977 (87.5%) were raised by both biological parents and 781 (34.6%) reported have elder sisters who had a history of teenage pregnancy.
How does pregnancy affect adolescent health?
Teenage pregnancy can bring about major health and social problems with unique medical and psychosocial consequences for the adolescent and society at large. 14For instance, it prevents teenagers from achieving their full potential and enjoying their basic human rights.15The effect of teenage pregnancy also adversely affects future earning potential and leads to lifelong poverty.16Such negative impacts continue throughout a teenager’s entire life and carry over to the next generation.17Above all, it contributes to rapid population growth, especially in countries where contraceptive use is not well embraced and increases individual lifetime fertility.18The contributing factors for teenage pregnancy are multiple and complex,19categorized as socio-demographic, familial, cultural and reproductive behavior. Different literature reported that factors associated with teenage pregnancy include living in rural areas, not attending school, early marriage, lack of communication between parents and adolescents about sexual and reproductive health (SRH) issues,20educational level of the teenagers,21and family history of teenage pregnancy.22,23
What is the importance of pregnancy in teens?
Teenage pregnancy is a global issue raising concerns for all who are interested in the health and well-being of young women and their children. It carries major health and social issues with unique medical and psychosocial consequences for both adolescents and society in general.
Why should we prevent teenage pregnancy?
Teenage pregnancy should be one of the main issues in every healthcare system since early pregnancy can have harmful long-lasting implications on girls’ physical, psychological, economic and social status8and it is a concern from both human rights and public health perspectives.9It is also a media-focal-point and a major issue irrespective of the teenager’s marital status.10The global maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in 2017 is estimated at 211 deaths per 100,000 live births, showing a reduction of 38% since 2000.11One of the targets of sustainable development goals (SDGs 3.1) is ending preventable maternal deaths which aims for less than 70 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births globally by the year 2030.12Preventing teenage pregnancy can help this goal since it is associated with poor maternal and child health outcomes and increased risks of dying during pregnancy.13
Is there a gap in Ethiopia's teenage pregnancy research?
There are gaps in research and publication regarding teenage pregnancy in Ethiopia. The existing teenage pregnancy research fails to clearly breakdown factors contributing to teenage pregnancy into specific categories, especially in rural areas, and most of the works are institutional-based and small-scale studies.27–29Factors contributing to teenage pregnancy are not well studied in Ethiopia. Therefore, this community-based study aimed at assessing the prevalence and factors associated with teenage pregnancy in eastern Ethiopia.
Which state has the highest rate of teenage pregnancy?
Teenage pregnancy statistics by state suggest that Arkansas and Mississippi have the highest teenage parenthood rates. (World Population Review) With 30.4 births per 1,000 teen girls, Arkansas is the US state with the highest incidence of teenage pregnancies.
What are the statistics for teen pregnancy?
Top 10 Teenage Pregnancy Statistics for 2021 1 64% of abortions performed on teenage women are dangerous. 2 Prevalence of teenage pregnancy is higher in poor countries—95% of teenage pregnancies happen in less developed countries. 3 Every year, 7.3 million teenagers around the world give birth to their first child. 4 Facts about teenage pregnancy imply that teen mothers have higher chances of postpartum depression, PTSD, and suicidal tendencies. 5 Teenage pregnancy statistics from the USA show that rates are declining. 6 In Romania, over 2,000 teen girls younger than 16 give birth each year – the youngest ones are only 12 years old. 7 Adolescent pregnancy statistics suggest that complications are the leading cause of both maternal and fetal deaths. 8 Children born to teen mothers have higher chances of being underachievers. 9 Teenage pregnancy statistics by state suggest that Arkansas and Mississippi have the highest teenage parenthood rates. 10 By the time they have reached adulthood, almost 25% of Kenyan girls become mothers, and up to 50% give birth by the time they’re 20.
How many teenagers give birth every year?
Every year, 7.3 million teenagers around the world give birth to their first child. Facts about teenage pregnancy imply that teen mothers have higher chances of postpartum depression, PTSD, and suicidal tendencies. Teenage pregnancy statistics from the USA show that rates are declining.
What are the health risks of a teen mother?
Babies born to teen mothers also have a greater risk of health complications, including digestive, respiratory, cognitive, and other problems. 2. Prevalence of teenage pregnancy is higher in poor countries—95% of teenage pregnancies happen in less developed countries. (UNFPA)
Why are there so many teenage girls in Kenya?
Apart from the vast majority of sexually-active teen girls not using contraception (up to 60%), another important reason behind it is that not many Kenyan girls are able to escape the poverty they grew up in and enhance their socio-economic status.
What are the causes of death in teenage girls?
Adolescent pregnancy statistics suggest that complications are the leading cause of both maternal and fetal deaths. Pregnancies in teenagers, or more specifically, the complications related to it, are the major cause of teenage girls’ mortality all over the world.
What was the highest rate of pregnancy in the baby boom era?
The teenage pregnancy rate was at its highest during the baby boom era – at 96.3 per 1,000 teenage girls, increasing dramatically after World War II. However, the profile of a teen mother was different in comparison to the present day.
Overview
Prevalence
In reporting teenage pregnancy rates, the number of pregnancies per 1,000 females aged 15 to 19 when the pregnancy ends is generally used.
Worldwide, teenage pregnancy rates range from 143 per 1,000 in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2.9 per 1,000 in South Korea. In the US, 82% of pregnancies in those between 15 and 19 are unplanned. Among OECD develop…
Definition
The mother's age is determined by the easily verified date when the pregnancy ends, not by the estimated date of conception. Consequently, the statistics do not include pregnancies that began at age 19, but that ended on or after the woman's 20th birthday. Similarly, statistics on the mother's marital status are determined by whether she is married at the end of the pregnancy, not at the time of conception.
History
Teenage pregnancy (with conceptions normally involving girls between ages 16 and 19) was far more normal in previous centuries, and common in developed countries in the 20th century. Among Norwegian women born in the early 1950s, nearly a quarter became teenage mothers by the early 1970s. However, the rates have steadily declined throughout the developed world since that 20th-century peak. Among those born in Norway in the late 1970s, less than 10% became te…
Effects
According to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), "Pregnancies among girls less than 18 years of age have irreparable consequences. It violates the rights of girls, with life-threatening consequences in terms of sexual and reproductive health, and poses high development costs for communities, particularly in perpetuating the cycle of poverty." Health consequences include not yet being physically ready for pregnancy and childbirth leading to complications and malnutritio…
Risk factors
Rates of teenage pregnancies are higher in societies where it is traditional for girls to marry young and where they are encouraged to bear children as soon as they are able. For example, in some sub-Saharan African countries, early pregnancy is often seen as a blessing because it is proof of the young woman's fertility. Countries where teenage marriages are common experience higher lev…
Prevention
Comprehensive sex education and access to birth control appear to reduce unplanned teenage pregnancy. It is unclear which type of intervention is most effective.
In the US free access to a long acting form of reversible birth control along with education decreased the rates of teen pregnancies by around 80% and the rate of abortions by more than 75%. Currently there are four federal programs aimed at preventing teenage pregnancy: Teen Pr…
Teenage fatherhood
In some cases, the father of the child is the husband of the teenage girl. The conception may occur within wedlock, or the pregnancy itself may precipitate the marriage (the so-called shotgun wedding). In countries such as India, the majority of teenage births occur within marriage.
In other countries, such as the US and Ireland, the majority of teenage mothers are not married to the father of their children. In the UK, half of all teenagers with children are lone parents, 40% ar…
Overview
Teenage pregnancy in the United States refers to females under the age of 20 who become pregnant. 89% of these births take place out-of-wedlock. Since the 1990s, teen pregnancy rates have declined almost continuously in the United States, but the United States still has one of the highest teenage birth rates among the industrialized nations. The 5 states with the highest teen birth rate are Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Alabama. According to the Center…
Pregnancies
According to the Centers for Disease Control, more than four out of five, or 80%, of teenage pregnancies are unintended. In 2010, of the majority of pregnancies to adolescent females in the United States, an estimated 60% ended in live birth, 15% ended in miscarriage, and 30% in abortion. In 2012, there were 104,700 maternal hospital stays for pregnant teens; the number of hospital stays for te…
Increased pregnancy risk factors in teenagers
There are certain factors in an adolescent/teenagers life that make them more pre-disposed to getting pregnant young. Some of which include race, (see below) but also factors such as sexuality, homelessness, foster care, living in rural areas, exposure to drugs and violence can effect whether a teenager gets pregnant young.
The more risks compiled suggests that an adolescent that exhibits any of the risk listed, is at a h…
By ethnicity
Black, Latina, and Native American youth experience the highest rates of teenage pregnancy and childbirth. Studies show that Asians (23 per 1,000) and whites (43 per 1,000) have lower rates of pregnancy before the age of 20. The pregnancy rate among black teens decreased 48% between 1990 and 2008, more than the overall U.S. teen pregnancy rate declined during the same period (42%).
Parenting as a teenager
There were 334,000 births among teenage girls aged 19 or younger in 2011, representing 8% of all U.S. births. Births to teen mothers peaked in 1991 at 62 births per 1,000 girls. This rate was halved by 2011 when there were 31 births per 1,000 girls. About 25% of teenage mothers have a second child within 24 months of the first birth.
Teenagers are becoming better contracepters because they realize that their sexual partners ma…
Supporting teenage parents
More than 50% of teenage mothers do not graduate from high school. Some high schools in the United States offer a program for pregnant and parenting teens to continue their education. These are sometimes referred to as "Teen Parent Programs".
There are several benefits to these school based programs, the number one benefit being teens are able to continue their high school education. Studies have shown that when teen parents sta…
Prevention
The United States has the highest rates of teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases in developed countries. The two primary reasons given by teenagers for not using protection is that the chance of becoming pregnant is small, and the failure to anticipate intercourse.
The best method of reducing the consequences of teenage parenthood is by providing reproductive health services to prevent teenagers from becoming pregnant in the first place. Pre…
International comparison
There are large differences in adolescent pregnancy rates among developed nations like Canada, France, Great Britain, Sweden and the United States. The United States has the highest number of teen pregnancies and the highest number of sexually transmitted infections compared to the other four countries. In France and Sweden during the late '90s, pregnancies were 20 per 1,000 girl…
Overview
Scope of The Problem
- Every year, an estimated 21 million girls aged 15–19 years in developing regions become pregnant and approximately 12 million of them give birth (1). Globally, ABR has decreased from 64.5 births per 1000 women in 2000 to 42.5 births per 1000 women in 2021. However, rates of change have been uneven in different regions of the world with the sharpest...
Context in Which Adolescent Pregnancies Occur
- Studies of risk and protective factors related to adolescent pregnancy in LMICs indicate that levels tend to be higher among those with less education or of low economic status (7).Progress in reducing adolescent first births has been particularly slow amongst these vulnerable groups, leading to increasing inequity. Several factors contribute to adolescent pregnancies and births. …
Who Response
- WHO works with partners to advocate for attention to adolescents, build the evidence and epidemiologic base for action, develop and test programme support tools, build capacity, and pilot initiatives in the small but growing number of countries that began to recognize the need to address adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health. As a result of these collective efforts, adol…
References
- Sully EA, Biddlecom A, Daroch J, Riley T, Ashford L, Lince-Deroche N et al., Adding It Up: Investing in Sexual and Reproductive Health 2019. New York: Guttmacher Institute; 2020.
- Darroch J, Woog V, Bankole A, Ashford LS. Adding it up: Costs and benefits of meeting the contraceptive needs of adolescents. New York: Guttmacher Institute; 2016.
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Fertility amo…
- Sully EA, Biddlecom A, Daroch J, Riley T, Ashford L, Lince-Deroche N et al., Adding It Up: Investing in Sexual and Reproductive Health 2019. New York: Guttmacher Institute; 2020.
- Darroch J, Woog V, Bankole A, Ashford LS. Adding it up: Costs and benefits of meeting the contraceptive needs of adolescents. New York: Guttmacher Institute; 2016.
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Fertility among young adolescents aged 10 to 14 years. New York: UNDESA, PD, 2020.
- United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Population Prospects, 2019 Revision: Age-specific fertility rates by region, subregion and country, 1950-2100 (births per 1,000 women...
