What is the history of public relations?
The first appearance of the term "public relations" was in the 1897 Year Book of Railway Literature. The book Today's Public Relations: An Introduction says that, although experts disagree on public relations' origins, many identify the early 1900s as its beginning as a paid profession.
Who was the first person to become a PR professional?
When Amos Kendall became the press secretary of President Andrew Jackson (1820), he was quickly regarded as the one causing public relations to become a career. Basil Clark is regarded as the first PR professional, establishing the first UK PR agency Editorial Services in 1924.
When was the first corporate PR department created?
The German steel and armaments company Krupp created the first corporate press department in 1870 to write articles, brochures and other communications advertising the firm. The first US corporate PR department was established in 1889 by Westinghouse Electric Corporation.
Who is considered the founder of PR in the UK?
Former journalist Basil Clarke is considered the founder of PR in the UK. He founded the UK's first PR agency, Editorial Services, in 1924. He also authored the world's first code of ethics for the field in 1929. Clarke wrote that PR, "must look true and it must look complete and candid or its 'credit' is gone".
Who is the 1st PR?
When Amos Kendall became the press secretary of President Andrew Jackson (1820), he was quickly regarded as the one causing public relations to become a career. Basil Clark is regarded as the first PR professional, establishing the first UK PR agency Editorial Services in 1924.
Where did public relations start?
The origins of public relations can be traced all the way to Ancient Greece, where Classical philosophers like Plato and Aristotle wrote on the art of rhetoric to aid public speakers in their persuasion of the people.
Who invented the PR?
Edward BernaysBernays in 1917BornEdward BernaysNovember 22, 1891 Vienna, Austria-HungaryDiedMarch 9, 1995 (aged 103) Cambridge, Massachusetts, USKnown forPublic relations (campaigns) Advertising Books Crystallizing Public Opinion (1923) Propaganda (1928) Public Relations (1945) The Engineering of Consent (1955)8 more rows
When did PR become popular?
Activists used public relations during the war to spread propaganda, then moved into the private sector in the 1920s. As a profession, PR became established first in the United States by Ivy Lee and Edward L. Bernays, then spread internationally.
How has PR evolved?
Since its creation in the early 20th century, public relations has been defined in multiple ways — from branding to social media management to influencer and media relations. PR has evolved with the ongoing advances in both society and technology.
Who were the first public relations clients?
The country's first publicity agency was the Publicity Bureau, established in Boston in 1900 by three former newspapermen, George V. S. Michaelis, Thomas Marvin and Herbert Small "to do a general press agent business." Its early clients were Charles W.
What is the Museum of Public Relations' historical timeline?
The Museum of Public Relations’ historical timeline, “Public Relations Through the Ages,” illustrates the evolution of the public relations profession and its relationship to the development of human communication. Presented jointly by The Museum and Hofstra University, this timeline highlights the significant people, ...
Where did the Protestant Reformation begin?
The beginning of the Protestant Reformation finds its roots in the “Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences” posted by Martin Luther to the Wittenberg Palace church door. The document, known as the “95 theses,” listed Luther’s grievances with the Catholic Church.
What was the name of the newspaper that was distributed in the Han Dynasty?
Han dynasty. During the Han dynasty, handwritten news sheets, called tipao, were disseminated among government officials. This early form of news writing was distributed again in China during the Tang Dynasty in the eighth and ninth century. History of tipao
Who is the founder of Confucianism?
Age of Faith / c. 551 to 479 BC. Kong Qiu (Confucius) is regarded as a great Chinese social philosopher, political theorist and lifelong teacher. Founder of Confucianism, he believed in family loyalty, morality, justice and respecting elders.
Who was the first student of Plato?
Among his pupils was Plato, who documented and added to Socrates’ philosophy, as well as founding Plato’s Academy. Aristotle, student of Plato, created the first institution featuring a research library.
Who was the first PR professional?
Basil Clark is regarded as the first PR professional, establishing the first UK PR agency Editorial Services in 1924. However, PR became a profession when Ivy Lee started working as an advisor of John Rockefeller in 1903.
When was the PR industry invented?
But let us start from the beginning, that is in 1440 when Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press.
What are the influences of PR?
The Ancient PR Influencers 1 Ptah-Hotep (2200 BCE) was an Egyptian literary who wrote the book The Maxims of Ptah-Hotep focusing on the importance of communicating with people. 2 Socrates (470 BCE - 399 BCE), one of the founders of Western philosophy, was of the opinion that effective communication should be based on the truth. 3 Aristotle (384 BCE - 322 BCE) whose work Rhetoric dealt with the art of persuasion and shaping the public opinion. 4 In 50 BCE, Julius Caesar (100 BCE- 44 BCE) publicized his military exploits in the first known political campaign biography to convince the public opinion of Romans that he would make the best head of state – a practice which is still used in mass media by political candidates today. This document is regarded as the first public newsletter.
Why do people use PR?
People have been using PR (and PR’s sister occupation, content marketing) to capture the public’s attention and spur them into action since the beginning of time (yes, we are suggesting that cavemen probably had some sort of PR campaigns). The channels have changed a bit here and there with the invention of the printing press, and now the Internet and of course social media and sophisticated media monitoring tools; but the basic strategies and principles are the same.
How long has public relations been around?
Although public relations wasn’t officially a profession until relatively recently, the practice has been around for thousands of years.
When did the internet start?
It started with the birth of the Internet (1969) , followed by the phenomena that the world wide web became accessible to the public (1991) and Hotmail was defined as the first web-based email service (1996).
When did bloggers start blogging?
Soon after, in 1999 to be more precise, first bloggers emerged and were finally able to share their content on Blogger, the first free blog publishing platform. 5 more years have passed before the world witnessed the explosion of social media platforms with the launch of Facebook and Twitter.
Where did public relations originate?
The origins of public relations can be traced all the way to Ancient Greece, where Classical philosophers like Plato and Aristotle wrote on the art of rhetoric to aid public speakers in their persuasion of the people. It can also be seen in the British abolitionist movement in the late 17th Century, where books, leaflets and lectures were presented to sway public opinion towards abolishing global slave trade.
Who is the founder of public relations?
Edward Bernays: the founder of public relations. Opinions on who is the true founder of public relations are currently divided, and there are many who surmise that it was Edward Bernays, and not Ivy Lee, who history should view as the forefather of modern-day public relations.
What was Lee's first press release?
Lee was also behind what is thought to be the first ever press release, after a major rail crash in Atlantic City in 1906.
What is public relations?
While the idea of using communications to influence and maintain a positive reputation has been around for centuries, public relations as a profession is something that is relatively new in comparison to some of the world’s oldest professions such as the lawyer or the physician.
Who is credited with refining the art of the press release?
Bernays is attributed to refining the art of the press release and developing much of the early theory on public relations, most notably his groundbreaking 1923 book Crystalizing Public Opinion. Eduard Bernays. It is with great admiration that we look at these two men who shaped the PR industry into what it is today.
Who is Curzon PR?
Curzon PR is a London-based PR firm working with clients globally. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact our business development consultant Jimi Suarez [email protected]
Who is Zoya from PR?
Zoya is an Account Director and senior contact for global clients across emerging, frontier and developed markets. She specialises in promoting and protecting reputations through proactive and reactive engagement strategies for government, corporate and culture clients. This blog details the remarkable story of the PR business;
Who was the first PR consultant?
Lee was the one who got hired as the very first PR consultant by popular industrialist John D. Rockefeller. John at that age was facing a hard time dealing with a strike known as “Ludlow Massacre” against his fuel and iron plant. He had a poor image and was believed to be selfish, and a monopolistic oppressor. But that wasn’t the truth. He was a renowned philanthropist of his time and Lee by using traditional media transformed John’s awful image into a thoughtful leader who keeps his workers higher than himself.
When did public relations start?
Nevertheless, the fact is that PR dates back to the 1900s when activists harnessed the power of PR at the time of the first world war to spread their propaganda and It was then in the 1920s when PR entered the private sector. Before that, there were many other forms dedicated to shaping public opinions. Since then, the face of Public relations has witnessed a paradigm shift in its role today.
When was Puerto Rico first documented?
In 1786 the first comprehensive history of Puerto Rico— Historia Geográfica, Civil y Política de Puerto Rico by Fray Iñigo Abbad y Lasierra —was published in Madrid, documenting the history of Puerto Rico from the time of Columbus' landing in 1493 until 1783.
When was Puerto Rico opened to foreigners?
On August 10 , 1815 , the Royal Decree of Grace was issued, allowing foreigners to enter Puerto Rico (including French refugees from Hispaniola), and opening the port to trade with nations other than Spain.
When did Puerto Rico become a colony?
The history of Puerto Rico began with the settlement of the Ortoiroid people between 430 BC and AD 1000. At the time of Christopher Columbus 's arrival in the New World in 1493, the dominant indigenous culture was that of the Taínos. The Taíno people's numbers went dangerously low during the later half of the 16th century because of new infectious diseases carried by Europeans, exploitation by Spanish settlers, and warfare.
What was the first military post in Puerto Rico?
The island was a major military post during many wars between Spain and other European powers for control of the region in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. In 1593 Portuguese soldiers, sent from Lisbon by order of Phillip II, composed the first garrison of the San Felipe del Morro fortress in Puerto Rico.
When was Puerto Rico made a US citizen?
The Jones Act of 1917 , which made Puerto Ricans U.S. citizens, paved the way for the drafting of Puerto Rico's Constitution and its approval by Congress and Puerto Rican voters in 1952. However, the political status of Puerto Rico, a Commonwealth controlled by the United States, remains an anomaly.
Who was the Pope when Puerto Rico was colonized?
The Roman Catholic Church of chappel, realizing the opportunity to expand its influence, also participated in colonizing the island. On August 8, 1511, Pope Julius II established three dioceses in the New World, one in Puerto Rico and two on the island of Hispaniola under the archbishop of Seville.
Who was the first person to sail from Puerto Rico to Florida?
According to the "500TH Florida Discovery Council Round Table", on March 3, 1513, Juan Ponce de León, organized and commenced an expedition (with a crew of 200, including women and free blacks) departing from " Punta Aguada " Puerto Rico.
When did PR become popular?
The greatest victory of PR advocates came in 1936 when voters in New York City approved the adoption of PR elections by a large margin. Interest in PR jumped dramatically as a result, with it eventually being adopted in eleven other cities, including seven in Massachusetts.
When was PR abandoned?
PR was abandoned in neighboring Long Beach and Yonkers in 1947 and 1948. Repeal campaigns also won in Boulder (1947), Toledo (1949), and Wheeling (1951). The PR movement never recovered from these defeats; and although supporters remained optimistic, the 1950s saw the repeal of PR in one city after another.
What were the political roots of proportional representation?
The political roots of proportional representation in the United States originated in the Progressive Movement of the early 20th century. Besides such issues as child labor laws, anti-monopoly legislation, and women’s suffrage, Progressives were also interested in government reform. Many were particularly concerned about the corruption in urban governments. Large cities often were dominated by ‘party machines,’ of which Tammany Hall in New York City was the most infamous. Bribery, kickbacks, favoritism, and voting fraud were rampant in these cities. The Progressives wanted to clean up these cities and blunt the power of the party bosses.
What were the concerns of the PR campaign?
Another common concern of PR critics was that it would increase political conflict and divisiveness. They worried that it would encourage so-called ‘bloc voting’ along ethnic, racial, religious, and class lines, and that the resulting city councils would be paralyzed by conflict. In practice, PR often did result in substantial bloc voting. But as defenders observed at the time, so too did winner-take-all elections. As noted earlier, PR also produced some city councils that were more demographically and politically diverse. But there is no evidence that this increased political pluralism had any detrimental impact on the workings of these city councils. In the five Ohio PR cities, Barber and her colleagues found "no systematic evidence of greater dissension on PR elected councils, compared the councils elected by other means.... Indeed, striking decreases in conflict were found after PR/STV was implemented in Hamilton and Toledo." (2) This lack of increased conflict may have resulted from the ballot transfer process in choice voting, which may have encouraged politicians to be more civil to each other so as not to risk alienating potential supporters.
Does PR affect voter turnout?
In reality, however, PR seemed to have little effect on voter turnout. Barber and her colleagues looked at turnout rates before, during, and after the use of PR in five Ohio cities and found little correlation between voting system and the degree of voter participation. She concluded that "the emergence and disappearance of local issues and candidates appear to have had more to do with the act of voting than did the form of the ballot." (1) The scattered evidence from other PR cities seems to confirm the importance of local factors, with some cities seeing increased turnout with the adoption of PR and others seeing a decline.
What is the history of Puerto Rico?
History of Puerto Rico. The following discussion focuses on Puerto Rican history from the time of European settlement. For treatment of the island in its regional context, see Latin America, history of, and West Indies, history of. The first inhabitants of Puerto Rico were hunter-gatherers who reached the island more than 1,000 years before ...
Who were the first people to live in Puerto Rico?
The first inhabitants of Puerto Rico were hunter-gatherers who reached the island more than 1,000 years before the arrival of the Spanish. Arawak Indians, who developed the Taino culture, had also settled there by 1000 ce. The clan-based Taino lived in small villages led by a cacique, or chief.
How did Spain convert San Juan into a military outpost?
In the second half of the 16th century Spain, recognizing the strategic importance of Puerto Rico, undertook to convert San Juan into a military outpost by using a financial subsidy from the Mexican mines. Initially they built a fortified palace for the governor called La Fortaleza (“The Fortress”), followed by the massive San Felipe del Morro ( El Morro) castle, which was perfectly located to dominate the narrow entrance to the harbour. Finally they added a stronger and larger fortress (San Cristóbal) to the northeast, on the Atlantic side of the city. In the early 17th century the city was surrounded by a stone wall 25 feet (8 metres) high and 18 feet (5 metres) thick, two parts of which still stand. These defenses made San Juan almost impregnable.
Who captured El Morro?
In 1595 Sir Francis Drake attacked the city with a sizable fleet but failed to silence its guns. Three years later the British soldier George Clifford, 3rd earl of Cumberland, captured the city but was soon forced to abandon it after his troops fell victim to disease (probably dysentery). In 1625 the Dutchman Bowdoin Hendrik captured and burned the town but failed to subdue El Morro, where the governor had taken refuge.
What was the most exposed military outpost guarding Spain’s New World empire?
The battlements of El Morro, San Juan, Puerto Rico. San Juan, the most exposed military outpost guarding Spain’s New World empire, received political and economic attention from the mother country; however, the island’s rural inhabitants, or jíbaros, were typically ignored by Spain and scorned by the residents of San Juan .
Who were the first people to live in Puerto Rico?
Puerto Rico’s first inhabitants were the Taínos, a group of indigenous people who lived on the island for hundreds of years before the Spanish arrival. Organized in small clans and villages led by caciques (chiefs), they survived by fishing, hunting, and basic agriculture.
Why was Puerto Rico named San Juan?
Still, the name was soon changed to Puerto Rico, or “rich port,” when the Spaniards realized the impressive amount of gold found in its rivers. When the capital city was established, it took the name of San Juan.
Why was Puerto Rico important to Spain?
Given its location and richness, Puerto Rico became an important military outpost for Spain and was attacked by the Dutch, French, and English in a series of failed attempts to conquer the Island. Forts and Castles like El Morro and San Cristóbal were originally built to protect the strategically significant Island.
What changes did Puerto Rico make to its colonial status?
With Puerto Rico’s colonial state came several changes – mainly in currency, government, and education – with civil rights and political status being decided by U.S Congress, a power it still holds more than a century later.
What was the reason for the Spanish independence of Puerto Rico?
In the late 1800s, the desire for independence from the Spanish crown boiled over in Puerto Rico. While the Spanish soldiers quickly suppressed the rebellion in San Juan, outbursts and uprisings erupted throughout the Island, which led the Spanish crown to grant autonomy to the government on the Island. This change opened trade channels with other European colonies and the United States.
What were the main exports of Puerto Rico?
Sugar cane, coffee, and tobacco were among the Island’s major exports. Due to the increasing demand for products and the decreasing number of local inhabitants to work the land, Spain brought African slaves to Puerto Rico.
What is Puerto Rico's identity?
Puerto Rico's identity is the very definition of a well-blended melting pot.
Who appointed the government of Puerto Rico?
During the first two years, the entire government in Puerto Rico was appointed by the President of the United States. In 1900, the American government approved the establishment of the Foraker Act as a federal law, this act established a civilian government in the island.
Who is in charge of Puerto Rico?
The governor is in charge of Puerto Rico's executive branch and is responsible for appointing executive branch agency heads, including the Secretary of State, who fulfills the role of lieutenant governor, the legislative branch's Ombudsman and Comptroller and all judges in the judicial branch.
When was the Puerto Rico governor built?
It was built between 1533 and 1540. This list of Governors of Puerto Rico includes all persons who have held that post, either under Spanish or American rule. The Governor of Puerto Rico is the Head of Government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
Who takes over the executive position of the Governor of Puerto Rico?
In the governor's absence, or if the governor dies or is unable to perform the executive duties, the Secretary of State of Puerto Rico takes control of the executive position, as Acting Governor during a temporary absence or inability, and as Governor in case of death, resignation or impeachment and conviction.
Who was the first Puerto Rican governor?
The first native Puerto Rican to perform the function was Juan Ponce de León II, as interim governor in 1579. During this administration, all of those appointed to take the position had served another function within the empire's government or the Roman Catholic Church.
Who was the first Spanish governor of Puerto Rico?
The first person to officially occupy the position was Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León in 1509.
When was La Fortaleza built?
Wikipedia list article. La Fortaleza in Old San Juan is the official residence of the Governor of Puerto Rico. It was built between 1533 and 1540.
