when was the second intermediate period in egypt

Full Answer

What was the First Intermediate Period in Egypt?

First Intermediate Period of Egypt

• Events leading to the First Intermediate Period. ...
• The 7th and 8th dynasties at Memphis. ...
• Rise of the Heracleopolitan Kings. ...
• Rise of the Theban Kings. ...
• The Ipuwer Papyrus. ...
• Art and architecture of the First Intermediate Period. ...
• End of the First Intermediate Period. ...
• References. ...

What period was known as Egypt's Golden Age?

The Fourth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty IV) is characterized as a " golden age " of the Old Kingdom of Egypt. Dynasty IV lasted from c. 2613 to 2494 BC. It was a time of peace and prosperity as well as one during which trade with other countries is documented.

What was Egyptian Third Intermediate Period?

Third Intermediate Period of Egypt. The Third Intermediate Period refers to the time in Ancient Egypt from the death of Pharaoh Ramesses XI in 1070 BC to the foundation of the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty by Psamtik I in 664 BC, following the expulsion of the Nubian rulers of the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty.

What is the Second Intermediate Period?

The Second Intermediate Period marks a period when ancient Egypt fell into disarray for a second time, between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the start of the New Kingdom. The concept of a “Second Intermediate Period” was coined in 1942 by German Egyptologist Hanns Stock.

How long was the Second Intermediate Period in Egypt?

They ruled the Theban region in Upper Egypt for approximately seventy years during the Second Intermediate Period in between the Nubians to the south and the Hyksos to the north. The kings of this dynasty attempted to wage war against the Hyksos, but were defeated rather quickly.

What happened in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period?

The second of these, known as the Second Intermediate Period, covers the time between the Middle and New Kingdoms from roughly 1650-1550 BCE. As Egypt divided into weakened dynasties at the end of the Middle Kingdom, they were invaded by the foreign Hyksos people, who conquered most of Egypt.

What are the intermediate periods in Egyptian history?

Definition. The First Intermediate Period of Egypt (2181-2040 BCE) is the era which followed the Old Kingdom (c. 2613-2181 BCE) and preceded the Middle Kingdom (2040-1782 BCE) periods of Egyptian history. The name was given to the era by 19th-century CE Egyptologists, not by the ancient Egyptians.

Who ruled Egypt during the Second Intermediate?

King Senusret III (c. 1878-1860 BCE), the most powerful Egyptian ruler of the Middle Kingdom, led numerous expeditions south into Nubia, securing the land and fortifying the borders between the two countries.

How many intermediate periods were there in ancient Egypt?

The First Intermediate Period, described as a 'dark period' in ancient Egyptian history, spanned approximately 125 years, c....First Intermediate Period of EgyptPharaoh• c. 2181 BCMenkare (first)• c. 2069 BC – c. 2061 BCIntef III (last)History14 more rows

What does Intermediate period mean?

Intermediate Period means the period, if any, from the Commercial Operating Date until the beginning of the Operation Period.

What caused the 2nd Intermediate period?

The Second Intermediate Period marks a period when ancient Egypt fell into disarray for a second time, between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the start of the New Kingdom. The concept of a "Second Intermediate Period" was coined in 1942 by German Egyptologist Hanns Stock.

What are the 3 time periods of ancient Egypt?

The history of ancient Egypt is divided into three main periods: the Old Kingdom (about 2,700-2,200 B.C.E.), the Middle Kingdom (2,050-1,800 B.C.E.), and the New Kingdom (about 1,550-1,100 B.C.E.). The New Kingdom was followed by a period called the Late New Kingdom, which lasted to about 343 B.C.E.

What foreign power conquered Egypt in the Second Intermediate Period and where were they from?

Explanation: The Hyksos were foreign invaders who conquered most of Egypt in the 17th century BCE. They ruled most of Egypt for the next century, before being driven out by an Egyptian uprising. The Hyksos had one notable, lasting impact on the development of ancient Egypt.

When was the last pharaoh?

The last pharaoh of Egypt, Cleopatra VII (69–30 BCE, ruled 51–30 BCE), is among the most recognized of any Egyptian pharaoh by the general public, and yet most of what we 21st-century people know of her are rumors, speculation, propaganda, and gossip.

What foreign power conquered Egypt in the Second Intermediate Period and where were they from?

Explanation: The Hyksos were foreign invaders who conquered most of Egypt in the 17th century BCE. They ruled most of Egypt for the next century, before being driven out by an Egyptian uprising. The Hyksos had one notable, lasting impact on the development of ancient Egypt.

What happened in the Third Intermediate Period of ancient Egypt?

The Third Intermediate Period of ancient Egypt began with the death of Pharaoh Ramesses XI in 1070 BCE. The period was one of decline and political instability. It coincided with the Late Bronze Age collapse of civilizations in the ancient Near East and Eastern Mediterranean (including the Greek Dark Ages).

What happened during the New Kingdom of Egypt?

During the New Kingdom (1550-1069 BC), Egypt reached new heights of power and wealth. The territory ruled by the pharaohs expanded into new frontiers in the south, west, and east and the kings of Egypt built temples and palaces that were unrivaled by any in the world up until that point in history and well after it.

Who was the king of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period?

However, the Danish Egyptologist Kim Ryholt maintains in his study of the Second Intermediate Period that these prenomens all refer to one man, Apepi, who ruled Egypt for 40 or more years. This is also supported by the fact that this king employed a third prenomen during his reign: Nebkhepeshre.

What is the second intermediate period?

The Second Intermediate Period marks a period when ancient Egypt fell into disarray for a second time, between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the start of the New Kingdom. The concept of a "Second Intermediate Period" was coined in 1942 by German Egyptologist Hanns Stock.

What dynasty was the Abydos Dynasty?

The Abydos Dynasty may have been a short-lived local dynasty ruling over part of Upper Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period in Ancient Egypt and was contemporary with the 15th and 16th Dynasties, approximately from 1650 to 1600 BC.

Which dynasty ruled the Theban region?

Main article: Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt. The 16th Dynasty ruled the Theban region in Upper Egypt for 70 years. Of the two chief versions of Manetho 's Aegyptiaca, Dynasty XVI is described by the more reliable Africanus (supported by Syncellus) as "shepherd [ hyksos] kings", but by Eusebius as Theban.

When did the Middle Kingdom end?

End of the Middle Kingdom. The 12th Dynasty of Egypt came to an end at the end of the 19th century BC with the death of Queen Sobekneferu (1806–1802 BC).

Where did the Hyksos stay?

The Hyksos preferred to stay in northern Egypt since they infiltrated from the northeast. The names and order of their kings is uncertain. The Turin King list indicates that there were six Hyksos kings, with an obscure Khamudi listed as the final king of the 15th Dynasty.

When did the 2nd Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt begin?

The 2nd Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt occurred in c. 1786-1550 or 1650-1550 B.C.

Where were the centers of Egypt during the second intermediate period?

There were three centers in Egypt during the second intermediate period: Itjtawy, south of Memphis (abandoned after 1685 B.C.) Avaris (Tell el-Dab'a), in the eastern Nile Delta. Thebes, Upper Egypt.

Which two kingdoms were allied with the King of Kush?

However, the King of Avaris was allied with the King of Kush, so Lower Egypt and Nubia maintained trade and contact via an alternate oasis route. Kerma was the capital of Kush, which was at its most powerful in this period. They also traded with Thebes and some Kerma Nubians fought in Kamose's army.

Who were the rulers of the 14th and 15th dynasties?

The names of the rulers of Dynasties 14 and 15 were based in Avaris. Nehesy was an important 14th-century Nubian or Egyptian who ruled from Avaris. Aauserra Apepi ruled c.1555 B.C. Scribal tradition flourished under him and the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus was copied. Two Theban kings led campaigns against him.

Who ruled the 16th dynasty?

At least one of the 16th Dynastic kings, Iykhernefert Neferhotep, and probably more, ruled from Thebes. Neferhotep commanded the army, but it is unknown whom he fought. Nine kings of the 17th Dynasty also ruled from Thebes.

Where is Cusae in Egypt?

Cusae is about 40 km (almost 25 miles) south of the Middle Kingdom 's administrative center at Hermopolis. During the 2nd Intermediate Period, travelers from the south had to pay a tax to Avaris to travel the Nile north of Cusae. However, the King of Avaris was allied with the King of Kush, so Lower Egypt and Nubia maintained trade and contact via an alternate oasis route.

What happened in Egypt in 1640?

After the Middle Kingdom Egypt lost interest in maintaining its borders, the king withdrew troops and allowed the Nubians to occupy its southern forts. Meanwhile, semitic immigrants called the “Hyksos” entered Egypt and settled in the north. Hyksos rulers competed with the native Egyptians and even allied with ...

Who was the first pharaoh of the New Kingdom?

After Kamose died, his younger brother Ahmose (after waiting a few years to come of age) ousted the last of the Hyksos and became the first pharaoh of the New Kingdom. Artifacts from the Second Intermediate Period.

The Hyksos Arrival in Egypt

The period is chiefly characterized by the rule of the Hyksos in northern Egypt and, to a lesser but significant degree, the power of the Nubians in the south.

The Decline of the Middle Kingdom & Rise of the Hyksos

The 12th Dynasty of Egypt during the Middle Kingdom is considered a golden age in the country's history. Literature and the arts flourished, trade and military conquests made Egypt rich, fortified borders provided security, and the kings of the time maintained a stability and encouraged creativity and diversity.

The Nubian Kingdom of the South

King Senusret III (c. 1878-1860 BCE), the most powerful Egyptian ruler of the Middle Kingdom, led numerous expeditions south into Nubia, securing the land and fortifying the borders between the two countries. He garrisoned these forts with Egyptian soldiers, thus sealing the border and regulating immigration.

Relations Between Egyptians, Hyksos, & Nubians

Egypt's situation at this time (c. 1700-1600 BCE) was a divided nation of three central powers, but contrary to the view of 19th and early 20th century CE scholars, it was not a time of chaos or unrest. As noted, trade continued between the Kingdom of Kush and Thebes, between Kush and the Hyksos, and between Thebes and the Hyksos.

Thebes vs. Avaris

The Egyptian king Seqenenra Taa (also known as Ta'O, c. 1580 BCE) of the 17th Dynasty led an expedition against the Hyksos c. 1560 BCE according to later writers. His mummy, discovered in the cemetery near the Valley of the Kings by Thebes, shows he was most likely killed in battle. He "died violently at an age between 30 and 40 years.

Kamose of Thebes

Following Ta'O's death, his son Kamose (c. 1575 BCE) ruled at Thebes. He continued the war with the Hyksos citing as his justification the fact that he was a true Egyptian, who should not have to share his country with foreign powers. An inscription from Kamose reads:

Ahmose I & the Unification of Egypt

Ahmose I is credited with driving the Hyksos from Egypt and reuniting the country under the central rule of Thebes. Historian Margaret Bunson, drawing on the stele account at Karnak, writes how Ahmose I "ran the Asiatics out of Egypt, pursuing them to Sharuhen and then into Syria" (80).

Who modified the definition of Egyptian territory from the king’s personal boundaries?

Kamose and the other dissatisfied rulers of the Second Intermediate Period modified the definition of Egyptian territory from the king’s personal boundaries (the land the king controls) to Egypt’s boundaries (all of ethnic Egypt and Egyptian soil). Since the Hyksos were settled on Egyptian land, native Egyptian kings had every right to reclaim it.

What was the Hyksos period?

The Hyksos Period marks the first in which Egypt was ruled by foreign rulers. They did not, however, control all of Egypt.

How did Hyksos influence the New Kingdom?

Despite the inconsistencies between the official record and the archaeological one, Hyksos rulership affected New Kingdom culture, language, foreign policy, and even kingship. This distinguished period was marked by the arrival of new technologies and cultural immersion into Egypt.

What was the end of the foreign era?

The End of a Foreign Era. Head of Ahmose I, early 18th dynasty, Via The Met Museum, New York. Ahmose finally completed the conquest and expulsion of the Hyksos from the Delta region, reunified Egypt, and reasserted Egyptian power over its former subject territories (such as Nubia).

What dynasty was the headband of the mushroom?

However, the mushroom-like hair style and the fringed dress are plainly Levantine in style. Headband with Heads of Gazelles and a Stag between Stars or Flowers, 15th dynasty, via The Met Museum, New York. The Hyksos of the Second Intermediate Period adopted elements of Egyptian kingship including royal titles, sacred inscriptions, ...

Where did the Hyksos rule?

The Hyksos ruled the Nile Delta region from their capital at Avaris where they practiced their own customs while also incorporating Egyptian traditions.

What dynasty was the axe?

Egyptian axe, 16th dynasty, via The British Museum, London. During the Second Intermediate Period, unlike the normal progression of one dynasty moving into the next, Dynasty 16 existed concurrently with part of the 15th dynasty. They ruled the Theban region in Upper Egypt for approximately seventy years during the Second Intermediate Period in ...

What were the 15th and 16th dynasties?

The Fifteenth and Sixteenth Dynasties were thus foreign ones, founded by one Salitis. They did not impose a foreign system of government and assimilated themselves to the existing Egyptian system. This aceptance o previous practice even extended to the keeping of official records in Egyptian script, using Egyptian royal titles and copying Egyptian styles in their art.

How long did the thirteenth dynasty last?

For the first time, the Egyptians found themselves under the rule of foreigners. In fact, the thirteenth Dynasty did not disappear for a further twenty years, but it controlled less and less of the land, becoming less and less consequential, until it simply disappeared from history followed by a short – lived, local Fourteenth Dynasty.

The History of Ancient Egypt

It is during this period that Egypt was finally invaded from outside. While being invaded and conquered was already something of a routine in Mesopotamia, for Egypt it was a rather new experience for which there was precious little preparation.

Second Intermediate Period: 15 through 17th Dynasties

It is during this period that Egypt was finally invaded from outside. While being invaded and conquered was already something of a routine in Mesopotamia, for Egypt it was a rather new experience for which there was precious little preparation.

Avaris, Capital of The Hyksos

Rulers Based at Avaris

Cusae and Kerma

Thebes

The War of Avaris and Thebes

Sources