where are cds made

by Mrs. Jessyca Marks Published 3 years ago Updated 2 years ago

Full Answer

Are CDs worth it?

So, are CDs worth it? Ultimately, the answer depends on your individual circumstances. If you’re looking for a safe investment with predictable returns, CDs may be a good option for you if the alternative is sticking the money under your mattress. However, if you’re hoping to grow your money quickly, you may want to look into other options.

What was the first CD ever made?

Fun facts about the CD

The first ever CD was a 1982 album by Swedish pop group Abba called The Visitors
The biggest selling CD of all time is the Eagles 1976 Their Greatest Hits album, which sold over 38 million copies
If all the CDs in the world were piled up, they'd circle the Earth six times

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Who invented the CD and why?

The compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format that was co-developed by Philips and Sony to store and play digital audio recordings. In August 1982, the first compact disc was manufactured. It was then released in October 1982 and branded as Digital Audio Compact Disc.. The format was later adapted for storage of data ().Several other formats were further derived from ...

How to put CD in computer?

Once the tray is partially open:

Slide the drive tray out fully. Attention: Do not touch the drive lens.
Align the center hole of CD with the drive spindle.
Install the CD by pressing the CD near the center until all three positive lock-down devices on the drive spindle lock into place. ...
Carefully close tray.

Which country made CDs?

Compact discThe readable surface of a compact disc includes a spiral track wound tightly enough to cause light to diffract into a full visible spectrum.Developed byPhilips, SonyUsageAudio and data storageExtended toCD-RW DVD Super Audio CDReleasedOctober 1982 (Japan) March 1983 (Europe and North America)7 more rows

Where are music CDs made?

CD manufacturing is done mainly in the countries where the music industry is strongest such as the U.S., Ireland, Japan, the UK, and other European countries. Copy protection mechanisms (e.g. licensed encryption keys, radio frequency identification tags, physical errors) are included to prevent users from copying.

Are CDs made in Mexico?

Sony then closed its U.S. operation and gave its CD business to Bertelsmann's Sonopress, which also makes CDs in Mexico. The Mexican plants place music on the discs, which are then shipped on spindles to the United States and packaged in this country.

How CDs are manufactured?

In electroforming, metal layers are deposited on the glass master using electric currents. When the final master version is ready, its information is transfered onto a plastic disc. A reflective aluminum layer is applied, followed by a clear acrylic protective layer, and finally the label.

Are CD still manufactured?

Audio companies are still releasing new CD players. Because audiophiles are still craving them. In the past few years, companies such as Cambridge Audio, Panasonic, McIntosh, Rotel and Sony have all released new CD players (or integrating them into digital streamers).

How much longer will CDs be around?

Generally speaking, discs with recorded media will degrade faster than those without. Despite this, unused (with no data) CD-Rs and CD-RWs have the shortest predicted lifespan (five to 10 years), followed by recorded DVD-RWs (up to 30 years). Recorded CD-RWs and DVD-Rs have a predicted lifetime of 20 to 100 years.

Why are dvds made in Mexico?

It what they call outsourcing (sp) and it is something we have to live with. Their reasoning is the cheap labor in México keeps the cost of the DVD down.

How do they mass produce CDs?

Replicated CDs are mass-produced using a hydraulic injection mold, where a glass master disc is created and used to make "stampers." CDs and DVDs can be machine packed in a number of different packages together with booklets and other printed parts.

How many times can a CD be played?

RW discs: RW discs, unlike the other types, can “wear-out.” CD-RW and DVD-RW discs should last for about 1,000 rewrites, and DVD-RAM discs, 100,000 times, before the rewriting capability is lost. The reading functionality of the disc should continue for a limited number of read times after each writing.

How are CDs duplicated?

Replicated discs (CDs and DVDs) are made by first creating a glass master disc from your original. Stampers then produce an exact replica from the glass master using cutting-edge injection molding to embed your audio. These are also known as pressed discs.

When were CDs released in USA?

Thirty-three years ago this month, in March 1983, America got its first whirl at the compact disc. CDs first launched in Japan, but they didn't make their way to the States until several months later.

When did CDs become obsolete?

The Rise and Fall of the Compact Disc CD sales continued to grow until they peaked in 2002. In 2003 CD sales began to decline and have been rapidly falling ever since (it's no coincidence that the original iPod was released in 2001). In the United States, CD sales plummeted by 11.6% in 2015 and 18.5% in 2016.

Who created the CD format for Sony?

Most often attributed to inventor James Russell, the CD evolved from multiple optical mediums, and was eventually finalized in 1980 when Sony and Philips created the famed “Red Book” standard, which was a series of documents that outlined a 120mm diameter disc bearing music at a resolution of 16 bit/44.1kHz.

Why did CDs replace cassettes?

It was like having your own personal daily soundtrack with you wherever you went. The affordable pricing also made it so that anyone could take part — not just affluent folk. And that was a huge selling point to expanding cassette tape popularity.

What is a CD?

Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D. Updated July 03, 2018. A compact disc or CD is a form of digital media. It is an optical device which can be encoded with digital data. When you examine a CD you can tell it is mainly plastic. In fact, a CD is almost pure polycarbonate plastic. There is a spiral track molded into the top of the plastic.

Why is a CD reflective?

The surface of a CD is reflective because the disc is coated with a thin layer of aluminum or sometimes gold. The shiny metal layer reflects the laser that is used to read or write to the device. A layer of lacquer is spin-coated onto the CD to protect the metal.

Is a scratch on the label side of a CD better than on the other side?

Scratches Are Worse on One Side than the Other. Pits are closer to the label side of a CD, so a scratch or other damage on the label side is more likely to result in an error than one occurring on the clear side of the disc. A scratch on the clear side of the disc often can be repaired by polishing the disc or filling the scratch ...

How big is a CD?

The digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different size formats available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74- or 80-minute audio capacity and a 650 or 700 MB (737,280,000-byte) data capacity. Discs are 1.2 mm thick, with a 15 mm center hole. The official Philips history says this capacity was specified by Sony executive Norio Ohga to be able to contain the entirety of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony on one disc. This is a myth according to Kees Immink, as the EFM code format had not yet been decided in December 1979, when the decision to adopt the 120 mm was made. The adoption of EFM in June 1980 allowed 30 percent more playing time that would have resulted in 97 minutes for 120 mm diameter or 74 minutes for a disc as small as 100 mm. Instead, however, the information density was lowered by 30 percent to keep the playing time at 74 minutes. The 120 mm diameter has been adopted by subsequent formats, including Super Audio CD, DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray Disc. The 80-mm-diameter discs (" Mini CDs ") can hold up to 24 minutes of music or 210 MB.

When was the first compact disc made?

In August 1982 , the first compact disc was manufactured. It was then released in October 1982 and branded as Digital Audio Compact Disc .

What is the data integrity of a compact disc?

The data integrity of compact discs can be measured using surface error scanning, which is able to measure the rates of different types of data errors, known as C1, C2, CU and extended (finer-grain) error measurements known as E11, E12, E21, E22, E31 and E32, of which higher rates indicate a possibly damaged or unclean data surface, low media quality, deteriorating media and recordable media written to by a malfunctioning CD writer .

How to read a CD?

A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm wavelength ( near infrared) semiconductor laser through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. Because the pits are indented into the top layer of the disc and are read through the transparent polycarbonate base, the pits form bumps when read. The laser hits the disc, casting a circle of light wider than the modulated spiral track reflecting partially from the lands and partially from the top of any bumps where they are present. As the laser passes over a pit (bump), its height means that the part of the light reflected from its peak is 1/2 wavelength out of phase with the light reflected from the land around it. This causes partial cancellation of the laser's reflection from the surface. By measuring the reflected intensity change with a photodiode, a modulated signal is read back from the disc.

What is a polycarbonate disc layer?

A polycarbonate disc layer has the data encoded by using bumps.

Why are CDs damaged?

CDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc. Scratches on the clear side can be repaired by refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing. The edges of CDs are sometimes incompletely sealed, allowing gases and liquids to enter the CD and corrode the metal reflective layer and/or interfere with the focus of the laser on the pits, a condition known as disc rot. The fungus Geotrichum candidum has been found—under conditions of high heat and humidity—to consume the polycarbonate plastic and aluminium found in CDs.

What is a CD+G?

Compact Disc + Graphics is a special audio compact disc that contains graphics data in addition to the audio data on the disc. The disc can be played on a regular audio CD player, but when played on a special CD+G player, it can output a graphics signal (typically, the CD+G player is hooked up to a television set or a computer monitor); these graphics are almost exclusively used to display lyrics on a television set for karaoke performers to sing along with. The CD+G format takes advantage of the channels R through W. These six bits store the graphics information.

What is CD manufacturing?

Compact disc manufacturing is the process by which commercial compact discs (CDs) are replicated in mass quantities using a master version created from a source recording. This may be either in audio form ( CD-Audio) or data form ( CD-ROM ). This process is used in the mastering of read-only compact discs. DVDs and Blu-rays use similar methods (see Optical Disc § Optical Disc manufacturing ).

How are CDs printed?

After metalisation, the discs pass on to a spin-coater, where UV curable lacquer is dispensed onto the newly metallized layer. By rapid spinning, the lacquer coats the entire disc with a very thin layer (approximately 5 to 10 μm ).

What is CD pressing?

All CDs are pressed from a digital data source, with the most common sources being low error-rate CD-Rs or files from an attached computer hard drive containing the finished data (e. g., music or computer data). Some CD pressing systems can use digital master tapes, either in Digital Audio Tape, Exabyte, Digital Linear Tape, Digital Audio Stationary Head or Umatic formats. A PCM adaptor is used to record and retrieve digital audio data into and from an analog videocassette format such as Umatic or Betamax. However such sources are suitable only for production of audio CDs due to error detection and correction issues. If the source is not a CD, the table of contents for the CD to be pressed must also be prepared and stored on a tape or hard drive. In all cases except CD-R sources, the tape must be uploaded to a media mastering system to create the TOC (Table Of Contents) for the CD. Creative processing of the mixed audio recordings often occurs in conventional CD premastering sessions. The term often used for this is "mastering," but the official name, as explained in Bob Katz book, Mastering Audio, edition 1, page 18, is 'premastering' because there still has to be the creation of another disc carrying the premastered audio which supplies the work surface on which the metal master (stamper) will be electroformed.

What is replication in CD?

Replication differs from duplication (i.e. burning used for CD-Rs and CD-RWs) as the pits and lands of a replicated CD are moulded into a CD blank, rather than being burn marks in a dye layer (in CD-Rs) or areas with changed physical characteristics (in CD-RWs). In addition, CD burners write data sequentially, while a CD pressing plant forms the entire disk in one physical stamping operation, similar to record pressing.

What is a CD used for?

A CD can be used to store audio, video, and data in various standardized formats defined in the Rainbow Books. CDs are usually manufactured in a class 100 (ISO 5) or better clean room, to avoid contamination which would result in data corruption.

What happens if you find no defects on a CD?

If no defects are found, the CD continues to printing so a label can be screen or offset printed on the top surface of the disc. Thereafter, discs are counted, packaged, and shipped.

What is the metal coating on a glass disc?

Instead, the metal coating on the glass disc, actually reverse -plates onto the nickel (not the mandrel) which is being electrodeposited by the attraction of the electrons on the cathode, which presents itself as the metal-coated glass mistress, or, premaster mandrel.

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Overview

The compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format that was co-developed by Philips and Sony to store and play digital audio recordings. In August 1982, the first compact disc was manufactured. It was then released in October 1982 and branded as Digital Audio Compact Disc.
The format was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other for…

Physical details

A CD is made from 1.2-millimetre (0.047 in) thick, polycarbonate plastic and weighs 14–33 grams. From the center outward, components are: the center spindle hole (15 mm), the first-transition area (clamping ring), the clamping area (stacking ring), the second-transition area (mirror band), the program (data) area, and the rim. The inner program area occupies a radius from 25 to 58 mm.

Logical format

The logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips. The document is known colloquially as the Red Book CD-DA after the color of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit PCM encoding at a 44.1 kHz sampling rate per channel. Four-channel sound was to be an allowable option within the Red Book format, but has never been implemented. Monaural audio h…

Manufacture

In 1995, material costs were 30 cents for the jewel case and 10 to 15 cents for the CD. Wholesale cost of CDs was $0.75 to $1.15, while the typical retail price of a prerecorded music CD was $16.98. On average, the store received 35 percent of the retail price, the record company 27 percent, the artist 16 percent, the manufacturer 13 percent, and the distributor 9 percent. When 8-track cartridges, compact cassettes, and CDs were introduced, each was marketed at a higher pr…

Writable compact discs

Recordable Compact Discs, CD-Rs, are injection-molded with a "blank" data spiral. A photosensitive dye is then applied, after which the discs are metalized and lacquer-coated. The write laser of the CD recorder changes the color of the dye to allow the read laser of a standard CD player to see the data, just as it would with a standard stamped disc. The resulting discs can be read by most …

Copy protection

The Red Book audio specification, except for a simple "anti-copy" statement in the subcode, does not include any copy protection mechanism. Known at least as early as 2001, attempts were made by record companies to market "copy-protected" non-standard compact discs, which cannot be ripped, or copied, to hard drives or easily converted to other formats (like FLAC, MP3 or Vorbis). One major drawback to these copy-protected discs is that most will not play on either computer CD-…