where did the zika virus first originated

Where did the first Zika virus outbreak occur?

2007: Zika spreads from Africa and Asia to cause the first large outbreak in humans on the Pacific island of Yap, in the Federated States of Micronesia.

What is Zika virus and how is it spread?

Zika virus is most often spread through mosquito bites. Zika virus is first reported in a human. Zika virus causes an outbreak on the Yap Islands. Zika virus causes an outbreak in French Polynesia. Zika virus causes an outbreak in Brazil. WHO declares Zika virus to be a public health emergency of international concern.

What is Zika virus (ZIKV)?

Zika virus. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a member of the virus family Flaviviridae. It is spread by daytime-active Aedes mosquitoes, such as A. aegypti and A. albopictus. Its name comes from the Ziika Forest of Uganda, where the virus was first isolated in 1947.

How common is Zika virus in humans?

Before this incident, there were only 14 documented cases of the Zika virus disease in humans. The Zika virus, transmitted by the bite of the Aedes mosquito, was declared a global emergency by the World Health Organization in February 2016. MARIO TAMA/GETTY IMAGES

When was the first case of Zika?

The first recorded outbreak of Zika virus disease was reported from the Island of Yap (Federated States of Micronesia) in 2007. This was followed by a large outbreak of Zika virus infection in French Polynesia in 2013 and other countries and territories in the Pacific.

How was Zika virus first discovered?

In brief, Zika virus (ZIKV) was first isolated in 1947 from a febrile sentinel rhesus monkey (no. 766) held in a cage on a platform in the canopy of the Zika Forest in Uganda during studies to identify the vector of sylvatic YF [2].

Who was the first person to get Zika?

Spread in equatorial Africa and to Asia, 1951–2016 The first true case of human infection was identified by Simpson in 1964, who was himself infected while isolating the virus from mosquitoes. From then until 2007, there were only 13 further confirmed human cases of Zika infection from Africa and Southeast Asia.

What African country was home to the first human carrier of Zika?

1952: The first human cases are detected in Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania in a study demonstrating the presence of neutralizing antibodies to Zika virus in sera.

Where has Zika virus been found?

Zika virus is found in parts of: South and Central America. the Caribbean. the Pacific islands.

Is Zika a Mexican?

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has no current ZIKV notice for Mexico, but it acknowledges there's a risk of Zika Virus in the country....CURRENT UPDATE: March 2, 2020 ZIKA VIRUS IN MEXICO.StateNumber of confirmed casesVeracruz1Yucatan0Zacatecas026 more rows•Mar 2, 2020

Where did Zika start in Brazil?

The first suspected cases of Zika were reported in October 2014 in the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Norte as an outbreak of a rash of unknown origin [6]. In 2015 and 2016 Zika had spread throughout most of the country, with outbreaks in almost every major city of the Northeast.

What caused Zika virus?

Zika virus disease is caused by a virus transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitoes, which bite during the day. Symptoms are generally mild and include fever, rash, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, malaise or headache.

Where did the Zika virus come from?

Its name comes from the Ziika Forest of Uganda, where the virus was first isolated in 1947. Zika virus shares a genus with the dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses. Since the 1950s, it has been known to occur within a narrow equatorial belt from Africa to Asia. From 2007 to 2016.

When was Zika first discovered?

Zika was first known to infect humans from the results of a serological survey in Uganda, published in 1952. Of 99 human blood samples tested, 6.1% had neutralizing antibodies. As part of a 1954 outbreak investigation of jaundice suspected to be yellow fever, researchers reported isolation of the virus from a patient, but the pathogen was later shown to be the closely related Spondweni virus. Spondweni was also determined to be the cause of a self-inflicted infection in a researcher reported in 1956.

How long does Zika stay in semen?

ZIKV can persist in semen for several months , with viral RNA detected up to one year.

How does Zika spread?

Zika virus can spread by vertical (or "mother-to-child") transmission, during pregnancy or at delivery. An infection during pregnancy has been linked to changes in neuronal development of the unborn child. Severe progressions of infection have been linked to the development of microcephaly in the unborn child, while mild infections potentially can lead to neurocognitive disorders in adulthood. Congenital brain abnormalities other than microcephaly have also been reported after a Zika outbreak. Studies in mice have suggested that maternal immunity to dengue virus may enhance fetal infection with Zika, worsen the microcephaly phenotype and/or enhance damage during pregnancy, but it is unknown whether this occurs in humans.

What happens to cells after Zika?

A longitudinal study shows that 6 hours after cells are infected with Zika virus, the vacuoles and mitochondria in the cells begin to swell. This swelling becomes so severe, it results in cell death, also known as paraptosis. This form of programmed cell death requires gene expression.

How long is Zika contagious?

Zika virus appears to be contagious via mosquitoes for around a week after infection. The virus is thought to be infectious for a longer period of time after infection (at least 2 weeks) when transmitted via semen.

What is the name of the virus that spreads by mosquitoes?

Flavivirus. Species: Zika virus. Zika virus ( ZIKV; pronounced / ˈziːkə / or / ˈzɪkə /) is a member of the virus family Flaviviridae. It is spread by daytime-active Aedes mosquitoes, such as A. aegypti and A. albopictus. Its name comes from the Ziika Forest of Uganda, where the virus was first isolated in 1947.

When did the first Zika outbreak occur?

In 1952 , the first human cases of Zika were detected and since then, outbreaks of Zika have been reported in tropical Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands. Zika outbreaks have probably occurred in many locations.

How to diagnose Zika?

How Zika is diagnosed. Diagnosis of Zika is based on a person’s recent travel history, symptoms, and test results. A blood or urine test can confirm a Zika infection. Symptoms of Zika are similar to other illnesses spread through mosquito bites, like dengue and chikungunya.

Why is Zika dangerous?

Why Zika is risky for some people. Zika infection during pregnancy can cause a birth defect of the brain called microcephaly and other severe brain defects. It is also linked to other problems, such as miscarriage, stillbirth, and other birth defects.

What are the symptoms of Zika?

The most common symptoms of Zika are. Fever. Rash. Headache. Joint pain. Red eyes. Muscle pain.

Where did Zika come from?

Zika has a lot in common with dengue and chikungunya, another emergent virus. All three originated from West and central Africa and Southeast Asia, but have recently expanded their range to include much of the tropics and subtropics globally. And they are all spread by the same species of mosquitoes.

How to understand Zika spread?

One way to understand how Zika spread is to use something called the Swiss cheese model. Imagine a stack of Swiss cheese slices. The holes in each slice are a weakness, and throughout the stack, these holes aren’t the same size or the same shape. Problems arise when the holes align.

Why does the Chikungunya virus vanish?

But once it blows through a small island, the virus may vanish because there are very few susceptible hosts remaining.

Why are mosquitoes coming back?

Urbanization, changing climate, air travel and transportation, and waxing and waning control efforts that are at the mercy of economic and political factors have led to these mosquitoes spreading to new areas and coming back in areas where they had previously been eradicated.

Why was Brazil on alert for the 2014 World Cup?

Brazil had been on alert for an introduction of a new virus following the 2014 FIFA World Cup, because the event concentrated people from all over the world. However, no Pacific island nation with Zika transmission had competed at this event, making it less likely to be the source.

Which layer of the virus is introduced in Brazil?

In a large country, Brazil for instance, the virus can continue circulating without running out of susceptible hosts for a long time. The fourth layer is the introduction of the virus. It can be very difficult to pinpoint exactly when a virus is introduced in a particular setting.

Where is the Madariaga virus?

My colleagues and I are studying the role of these “layers” as they relate to the outbreak of yet another mosquito-borne virus, Madariaga virus (formerly known as Central/South American eastern equine encephalitis virus), which has caused numerous cases of encephalitis in the Darien jungle region of Panama.

Where did Zika originate?

Introduction. Zika, a flavivirus transmitted mainly by mosquitos in the genus Aedes, was discovered in 1947 in Uganda. From the 1960s to 1980s, human infections were found across Africa and Asia, typically accompanied by mild illness. The first large outbreak of disease caused by Zika infection was reported from the Island of Yap ...

Where was the first Zika case reported?

25 January 2016: The United States reports the first PCR confirmed case of locally acquired Zika infection in St Croix , one of the three main islands in the United States Virgin Islands. 27 January 2016: Nicaragua reports its first two PCR confirmed cases of locally acquired Zika infection.

What disease did Brazil have in 2015?

17 July 2015: Brazil reports detection of neurological disorders associated with a history of infection, primarily from the north-eastern state of Bahia. Among these reports, 49 cases were confirmed as Guillain-Barré syndrome. Of these cases, all but 2 had a prior history of infection with Zika, chikungunya or dengue.

Where is Zika now?

1960s-1980s: Zika is now being detected in mosquitos and sentinel rhesus monkeys used for field research studies in a narrow band of countries that stretch across equatorial Africa. Altogether, virus is isolated from more than 20 mosquito species, mainly in the genus Aedes.

When was the first proof of Zika?

1958: Two further Zika virus strains are isolated from Aedes africanus mosquitos caught in the Zika forest area. 5. 1964 : A researcher in Uganda who fell ill while working with Zika strains isolated from mosquitoes provides the first proof, by virus isolation and re-isolation, that Zika virus causes human disease.

Where did the Yap Island virus originate?

Analysis of virus from Yap Island strengthens previous epidemiological evidence that the outbreak on Yap Island originated in south-east Asia. 7, 21, 23, 25.

Is Zika a PHEIC?

In February 2016, as infection moved rapidly through the range occupied by Aedes mosquitos in the Americas, WHO declared that Zika infection associated with microcephaly and other neurological disorders constitutes a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC).

When was Zika discovered?

The Zika virus was first discovered in 1947 , during a routine surveillance for yellow fever in the Zika forest in Uganda by Yellow Fever Research Institute scientists. The term “ziika” means “overgrown” in Luganda. Because the forest is tropical and encompasses several ecosystems, it was perfect for studying mosquitoes and viruses.

Where did the first Zika outbreak occur?

Zika didn’t make it back into the limelight until after 2000: This time, the first large Zika outbreak was reported on the island of Yap, located in the Caroline Islands, which are part of the Federated States of Micronesia.

What mosquitoes carry Zika?

Two more strains of the virus are discovered from the same type of mosquito — the Aedes africanus — and in the same Zika forest. An Aedes aegypti mosquito inside a test tube; Aedes aegypti mosquitoes commonly transmit viruses like Zika, chikungunya, and dengue. Reuters. 1964.

What is the first country in the Americas to report a locally acquired Zika infection?

A woman holds a child born with microcephaly, a congenital disorder that causes an undeveloped brain in babies. Reuters. October 2015. Colombia became the first country in the Americas outside of Brazil to report a locally acquired Zika infection, and later confirmed 156 cases.

When was the Zika virus isolated?

That year, researchers isolated the Zika virus from a captive rhesus monkey at the forest. 1948. The virus was taken from the mosquito Aedes africanus after one was caught in a tree platform in the Zika forest. 1952.

Where did the Zika virus take place?

The Zika outbreak took a turn for the worse when researchers began drawing clearer connections between the virus and neurological disorders in Bahia, a northeastern state in Brazil. Among people who were infected with the virus and experienced a neurological issue as well, some 49 had Guillain-Barré syndrome.

What diseases did Brazil have in 2015?

At the time, doctors didn’t expect Zika, so instead they tested for dengue, chikungunya, measles, and rubella, among others. While 13 percent of the cases were positive for dengue, the others were all negative.

When was Zika discovered?

Zika virus was discovered in East Africa in 1947 by the Rockefeller Foundation during investigations on the ecology of yellow fever. Although it was subsequently shown to have widespread distribution in Africa and Asia, it was not known to cause epidemics until 2007.

Where did Zika spread?

The virus spread to New Caledonia, the Cook Islands, Easter Island, and to the rest of the South Pacific [ 43 ]. Zika virus is still circulating in the Pacific in 2017 (CDC web site: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/world-map-areas-with-zika ).

What was the cause of yellow fever?

DISCOVERY AND EMERGENCE. The confirmation that yellow fever (YF) was caused by a virus and was transmitted to humans by a mosquito resulted indirectly in the discovery of Zika and many other arboviruses by the Rockefeller Foundation YF program (reviewed in detail by Schwartz [ 1 ]).

Is Zika a flavivirus?

Zika virus shares common clinical features with other ar boviruses, especially flaviviruses, including the high rate of asymptomatic infections and the neurotropism of the virus in adults. However, congenital central nervous system malformations and sexual transmission make ZIKV unique among the arboviruses.

Overview

Virology

Transmission

Pathogenesis

Zika fever

History

External links