Which chain of oxidative phosphorylation drives the synthesis of ATP?
Why can't protons pass through the phospholipid bilayer?
How are electrons transported in a redox reaction?
What causes the pumping of protons into the intermembrane space?
How does the proton gradient in the electron transport chain work?
What is the energy released in the electron transport chain?
Which electron carrier is used to transport electrons to complex III?
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Where does the oxidative phosphorylation occur in the cell?
mitochondriaMost of the usable energy obtained from the breakdown of carbohydrates or fats is derived by oxidative phosphorylation, which takes place within mitochondria.
Where does the oxidative phosphorylation take place quizlet?
Where does the process of oxidative phosphorylation occur? In the inner membrane of the mitochondria. The proton gradient is generated between the intermembrane space and the matrix of the mitochondria.
Does oxidative phosphorylation take place in the cytosol?
Answer and Explanation: Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the cytosol of the cell.
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur in eukaryotes quizlet?
ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria of all eukaryotic cells, including plant cells, and is mechanistically different from photophosphorylation in chloroplasts.)
Where does the oxidative phosphorylation occur in cellular respiration quizlet?
Part of the electron transport chain. A process occurring in the mitochondria that results in the formation of ATP from the flow of electrons across the inner membrane to bind with oxygen.
What is oxidative phosphorylation quizlet?
Oxidative Phosphorylation. The process by which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to O₂ by a series of electron carriers. Proton-motive force.
What is the oxidative phosphorylation?
Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which ATP synthesis is coupled to the movement of electrons through the mitochondrial electron transport chain and the associated consumption of oxygen.
What process occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotes?
The aerobic phases of cellular respiration in eukaryotes occur within organelles called mitochondria. These aerobic phases are the Krebs Cycle and the electron transport chain.
What is oxidative phosphorylation quizlet?
Oxidative Phosphorylation. The process by which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to O₂ by a series of electron carriers. Proton-motive force.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which ATP synthesis is coupled to the movement of electrons through the mitochondrial electron transport chain and the associated consumption of oxygen.
What is the main function of oxidative phosphorylation quizlet?
The purpose of oxidative phosphorylation is to produce ATP through the phosphorylation of ADP.
What happens oxidative phosphorylation?
During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from the electron donors to a series of electron acceptors in a series of redox reactions ending in oxygen, whose reaction releases half of the total energy.
Oxidative Phosphorylation – Steps and Important FAQs
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Oxidative phosphorylation: regulation and role in cellular and tissue ...
Oxidative phosphorylation provides most of the ATP that higher animals and plants use to support life and is responsible for setting and maintaining metabolic homeostasis. The pathway incorporates three consecutive near equilibrium steps for moving reducing equivalents between the intramitochondrial …
The Mechanism of Oxidative Phosphorylation - The Cell - NCBI Bookshelf
The Electron Transport Chain. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons derived from NADH and FADH 2 combine with O 2, and the energy released from these oxidation/ reduction reactions is used to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP.The transfer of electrons from NADH to O 2 is a very energy-yielding reaction, with ΔG°´ = -52.5 kcal/mol for each pair of electrons transferred.
Oxidative phosphorylation - Wikipedia
Oxidative phosphorylation works by using energy-releasing chemical reactions to drive energy-requiring reactions.The two sets of reactions are said to be coupled.This means one cannot occur without the other. The chain of redox reactions driving the flow of electrons through the electron transport chain, from electron donors such as NADH to electron acceptors such as oxygen and hydrogen ...
What are the pathways for oxidizing food molecules?
The pathways for oxidizing all food molecules— carbohydrates , fats, and amino acids —unite at oxidative phosphorylation. All these pathways produce NADH, which donates electrons to the ETS. The ETS and oxidative phosphorylation are thus versatile and ubiquitous pathways in all aerobic cells, and even in some anaerobic bacteria. Many such microbes use a similar mechanism to generate ATP, but in the absence of free oxygen they pass electrons to other acceptor molecules, such as sulfate or a variety of metal ions, thereby generating significant ATP in the absence of oxygen.
How does glycolysis produce ATP?
Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle both generate the high-energy compound adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) directly, by substrate -level phosphorylation, but this represents only a small fraction of the energy in each glucose that passes through these pathways. Much more of the energy in glucose is conserved in the form of high-energy electrons carried in pairs by the electron "shuttles" NADH and FADH 2 , which are generated in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. In aerobic cells, these high-energy electrons are used to produce more ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, a process during which the electrons are passed to molecular oxygen via an electron transport system (ETS), giving up their energy along the way. This energy is used to phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate to ATP in a process called chemiosmosis . In eukaryotic cells , oxidative phosphorylation takes place on the inner mitochondrial membrane; in prokaryotic cells, it is associated with the plasma membrane. The remainder of this discussion will refer only to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, but the process is similar in prokaryotes.
How does ATP synthase work?
ATP synthase is a large complex of proteins that is imbedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It consists of two parts: an integral protein complex that serves as a channel through which the protons cross the membrane, and a peripheral complex that phosphorylates the ADP to ATP. As the protons pass through the integral complex, they cause the peripheral complex to rotate. In a manner that is not completely understood, this mechanical action provides the energy needed to phosphorylate ADP. However, it seems that the rotation of the peripheral complex is necessary. This complex is made of six subunits, arranged in three identical pairs, each of which can bind ADP or ATP. At any given time, one of the pairs will be empty, one will bind ADP and phosphate, and one will bind ATP. As the complex rotates, the site binding ADP and phosphate passes a stationary extension of the integral complex, which causes that pair of subunits to change shape. The result is that the ADP is phosphorylated to ATP. At the same time, the ATP that was bound by the other pair of subunits is released, and the empty pair of subunits picks up ADP and phosphate, rendering ATP synthase ready for the next step. Altogether, for each complete rotation of the peripheral complex, three ATPs are generated.
Which cytochrome receives electrons from complex III?
them to complex III. Cytochrome c , a small peripheral protein, receives electrons from complex III and transfers them to complex IV. Several other cytochromes are included as members of the four electron-carrier complexes. Cytochromes are a class of small proteins containing heme that are important in transferring electrons in cellular processes.
Who discovered the mitochondria?
English chemist who won the 1978 Nobel Prize in chemistry for discovering how the mitochondria (organelles of most eukaryotes) in cells make energy. According to Mitchell's "chemiosmotic theory," cells form the energy-rich molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by means of chemical and electrical gradients.
What are the electron transport chains?
The electron transport chain consists of a series of carriers, including integral membrane proteins, peripheral proteins, and smaller, nonprotein carriers. Most of these carriers are arranged into four distinct aggregations embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, called electron-carrier complexes I through IV. Complex I receives electrons from NADH, whereas complex II receives them from FADH 2 . Complexes III and IV are further down the chain, and ultimately transfer the electrons to molecular oxygen to form water. In addition to these integral complexes, two smaller carriers play critical roles. Ubiquinone, a low-molecular-weight compound within the membrane, receives electrons from complexes I and II, and transfers
What is the energy released from ATP?
The energy released from ATP is converted into kinetic energy to do work.
What is the conversion of acetyl CoA to ketone bodies, which are released into the blood?
Click card to see definition 👆. Tap card to see definition 👆. The conversion of acetyl CoA to ketone bodies, which are released into the blood, is ketogenesis. When glucose is in short supply, it can be made via the process of gluconeogenesis.
What is the process of converting acetyl CoA to ketone bodies?
The conversion of acetyl CoA to ketone bodies, which are released into the blood, is ketogenesis. When glucose is in short supply, it can be made via the process of gluconeogenesis. A rise in metabolic rate in response to low body temperature is a process known as chemical thermogenesis.
What is the process of storing excess glucose as glycogen?
The process of storing excess glucose as glycogen is glycogenesis. Click again to see term 👆.
Which atoms act as electron acceptors in the electron transport chain?
Oxygen atoms act as electron acceptors in the electron transport chain.
What is the process of converting amino acids into glucose?
Gluconeogenesis refers to the process of converting glycerol or amino acids into glucose so that glycolysis can continue.
Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?
In eukaryotes, this takes place inside mitochondria. Almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation. This pathway is so pervasive because it releases more energy than alternative fermentation processes such as anaerobic glycolysis.
How does oxidative phosphorylation work?
Oxidative phosphorylation works by using energy -releasing chemical reactions to drive energy-requiring reactions. The two sets of reactions are said to be coupled. This means one cannot occur without the other. The chain of redox reactions driving the flow of electrons through the electron transport chain, from electron donors such as NADH to electron acceptors such as oxygen and hydrogen (protons), is an exergonic process – it releases energy, whereas the synthesis of ATP is an endergonic process, which requires an input of energy. Both the electron transport chain and the ATP synthase are embedded in a membrane, and energy is transferred from the electron transport chain to the ATP synthase by movements of protons across this membrane, in a process called chemiosmosis. A current of protons is driven from the negative N-side of the membrane to the positive P-side through the proton-pumping enzymes of the electron transport chain. The movement of protons creates an electrochemical gradient across the membrane, which is often called the proton-motive force. It has two components: a difference in proton concentration (a H + gradient, Δ pH) and a difference in electric potential, with the N-side having a negative charge.
What is the final step in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway?
ATP synthase , also called complex V, is the final enzyme in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. This enzyme is found in all forms of life and functions in the same way in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The enzyme uses the energy stored in a proton gradient across a membrane to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate (P i ). Estimates of the number of protons required to synthesize one ATP have ranged from three to four, with some suggesting cells can vary this ratio, to suit different conditions.
What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic oxidative phosphorylation?
The main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic oxidative phosphorylation is that bacteria and archaea use many different substances to donate or accept electrons. This allows prokaryotes to grow under a wide variety of environmental conditions. In E. coli, for example, oxidative phosphorylation can be driven by a large number of pairs of reducing agents and oxidizing agents, which are listed below. The midpoint potential of a chemical measures how much energy is released when it is oxidized or reduced, with reducing agents having negative potentials and oxidizing agents positive potentials.
What is the function of ATP synthase?
The ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor. Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging and senescence.
How does phosphorylation change the equilibrium?
This phosphorylation reaction is an equilibrium, which can be shifted by altering the proton-motive force. In the absence of a proton-motive force, the ATP synthase reaction will run from right to left, hydrolyzing ATP and pumping protons out of the matrix across the membrane. However, when the proton-motive force is high, the reaction is forced to run in the opposite direction; it proceeds from left to right, allowing protons to flow down their concentration gradient and turning ADP into ATP. Indeed, in the closely related vacuolar type H+-ATPases, the hydrolysis reaction is used to acidify cellular compartments, by pumping protons and hydrolysing ATP.
What is the energy used in ATP synthase?
The ATP synthase uses the energy to transform adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into adenosine triphosphate, in a phosphorylation reaction. The reaction is driven by the proton flow, which forces the rotation of a part of the enzyme. The ATP synthase is a rotary mechanical motor.
Which chain of oxidative phosphorylation drives the synthesis of ATP?
Overview of oxidative phosphorylation. The electron transport chain forms a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which drives the synthesis of ATP via chemiosmosis.
Why can't protons pass through the phospholipid bilayer?
Like many other ions, protons can't pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane because its core is too hydrophobic. Instead, H ions can move down their concentration gradient only with the help of channel proteins that form hydrophilic tunnels across the membrane.
How are electrons transported in a redox reaction?
Electrons are passed from one member of the transport chain to another in a series of redox reactions. Energy released in these reactions is captured as a proton gradient, which is then used to make ATP in a process called chemiosmosis. Together, the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis make up oxidative phosphorylation.
What causes the pumping of protons into the intermembrane space?
The energetically "downhill" movement of electrons through the chain causes pumping of protons into the intermembrane space by the first, third, and fourth complexes.
How does the proton gradient in the electron transport chain work?
The proton gradient produced by proton pumping during the electron transport chain is used to synthesize ATP. Protons flow down their concentration gradient into the matri x through the membrane protein ATP synthase, causing it to spin (like a water wheel) and catalyze conversion of ADP to ATP.
What is the energy released in the electron transport chain?
In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed from one molecule to another, and energy released in these electron transfers is used to form an electrochemical gradient. In chemiosmosis, the energy stored in the gradient is used to make ATP.
Which electron carrier is used to transport electrons to complex III?
Both complex I and complex II pass their electrons to a small, mobile electron carrier called ubiquinone ( Q ), which is reduced to form QH and travels through the membrane, delivering the electrons to complex III.