Where does countercurrent exchange occur in nature?
In this regard, where does countercurrent exchange occur? Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism occurring in nature and mimicked in industry and engineering, in which there is a crossover of some property, usually heat or some chemical, between two flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions to each other.
What is the countercurrent exchange mechanism of blood?
This results in absorption of water into the blood and return of the absorbed solute to the interstitium. This is referred to as the countercurrent exchange mechanism. In the presence of ADH (secreted in response to hypovolemia and hyperosmolality in peripheral blood), water is absorbed (without NaCl) in the collecting tubule into the medulla.
Is there a countercurrent exchange system in the kidneys?
^ Both countercurrent exchange and countercurrent multiplication systems have been found in the kidneys. The latter in the loop of Henle, the first in the vasa recta ^ The specific heat capacity should be calculated on a mass basis, averaged over the temperature range involved. This is in keeping with the second law of thermodynamics
What is the history of countercurrent exchange?
Initially the countercurrent exchange mechanism and its properties were proposed in 1951 by professor Werner Kuhn and two of his former students who called the mechanism found in the Loop of Henle in mammalian kidneys a Countercurrent multiplier and confirmed by laboratory findings in 1958 by Professor Carl W. Gottschalk.
Where is a countercurrent exchange found?
Countercurrent exchange circuits or loops are found extensively in nature, specifically in biologic systems. In vertebrates, they are called a rete mirabile, originally the name of an organ in fish gills for absorbing oxygen from the water. It is mimicked in industrial systems.
Do humans have countercurrent exchange?
The arteries of our arms and legs run parallel to a set of deep veins. As warm blood passes down the arteries, the blood gives up some of its heat to the colder blood returning from the extremities in these veins. Such a mechanism is called a countercurrent heat exchanger.
What is countercurrent exchange in the kidneys?
1:106:30Countercurrent Exchange in Kidneys - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipThe passive reabsorbs orb of water into the extracellular fluid or the active transport where theMoreThe passive reabsorbs orb of water into the extracellular fluid or the active transport where the potassium sodium. And chlorine in the a sending in the ACE in the loop of Henle. Comes into the
Where does countercurrent exchange occur in the nephron?
loops of HenleAlthough both cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons regulate the concentrations of solutes and water in the blood, countercurrent multiplication in the loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons is largely responsible for developing the osmotic gradients that are needed to concentrate urine.
What is countercurrent exchange example?
An example of countercurrent heat exchange occurs in the feet of penguins, in which heat from blood in the arteries supplying the feet is transferred to blood returning to the body's core in veins that lie close to these arteries. This helps to maintain the core temperature in freezing conditions.
How loop of Henle are counter current?
The loop of Henle utilizes the countercurrent multiplier system to increase the concentration of solute and ions within the interstitium of the medulla. This ultimately allows the nephron to reabsorb more water and concentrate the urine while at the same time using as little energy as possible.
What is the countercurrent exchange in vasa recta?
3) In the vasa recta surrounding the ascending limb, the reverse occurs because the plasma is now hypertonic to the medullary interstitium. This results in absorption of water into the blood and return of the absorbed solute to the interstitium. This is referred to as the countercurrent exchange mechanism.
What is countercurrent exchange in biology?
Countercurrent exchange is the transport of heat or chemicals between fluids moving in opposite directions separated by a permeable barrier (such as blood within adjacent blood vessels flowing in opposite directions).
What Animals use countercurrent exchange?
Arctic foxes and wolves- use countercurrent exchange to heat and cool their feet so that they don't freeze in the ices and snow. Jackrabbits- use this exchange in their ears to help cool their bodies.
What is countercurrent exchange in biology?
Countercurrent exchange is the transport of heat or chemicals between fluids moving in opposite directions separated by a permeable barrier (such as blood within adjacent blood vessels flowing in opposite directions).
What is the purpose of countercurrent exchange?
The purpose of counter current exchange is to maintain a concentration gradient between the two fluids in order to maximize movement from one fluid to the other. The opposite of counter current exchange occurs in concurrent exchange when two fluids flow in the same direction.
What is the difference between countercurrent exchange and countercurrent multiplier?
Countercurrent multiplication is something the tubule does to create the high interstitial osmolality, and a large osmolality gradient between the renal medulla and the renal cortex. The countercurrent exchange mechanism is something the vasa recta do to maintain this gradient.
Overview
Countercurrent exchange in biological systems
Countercurrent exchange in biological systems occurred following the discovery of countercurrent multiplication systems by Werner Kuhn.
Countercurrent exchange is used extensively in biological systems for a wide variety of purposes. For example, fish use it in their gills to transfer oxygen from the surrounding water into their blood, and birds use a countercurrent heat exch…
Three current exchange systems
Countercurrent exchange and cocurrent exchange are two mechanisms used to transfer some property of a fluid from one flowing current of fluid to another across a barrier allowing one way flow of the property between them. The property transferred could be heat, concentration of a chemical substance, or other properties of the flow.
Countercurrent exchange in industry and scientific research
Countercurrent Chromatography is a method of separation, that is based on the differential partitioning of analytes between two immiscible liquids using countercurrent or cocurrent flow. Evolving from Craig's Countercurrent Distribution (CCD), the most widely used term and abbreviation is CounterCurrent Chromatography or CCC, in particular when using hydrodynam…
See also
• Anagama kiln
• Bidirectional traffic
• Economizer
• Regenerative heat exchanger
• Countercurrent multiplier
External links
• Countercurrent multiplier animation from Colorado University.
• Research about elephant seals using countercurrent heat exchange to keep heat from leaving their body while breathing out, during hibernation.
• Patent for a snow mask with a removable countercurrent exchange module which keeps the warmth from leaving the mask when breathing out.