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Where is the concentration of glucose higher?
arterial circulationThe concentration of glucose is highest in the arterial circulation. Laboratory determinations are usually done on venous samples. If the venous circulation is delayed, such as by leaving a tourniquet on for a prolonged period of time, the concentration falls even further.
Is there a higher concentration of glucose inside or outside the cell?
Answer and Explanation: Since there is a higher concentration of glucose outside the cell, the water will leave the cell to make the concentrations the same. This is because glucose cannot enter the cell through simple diffusion, it needs assistance in entering the cell due to its size and polarity.
What is a high concentration of glucose?
Hyperglycemia is blood glucose greater than 125 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter) while fasting (not eating for at least eight hours; a person with a fasting blood glucose greater than 125 mg/dL has diabetes).
What is the concentration of glucose in cells?
The amount of glucose in cell culture formulations ranges from 1 g/L (5.5 mM) to as high as 10 g/L (55 mM). Many classical media are supplemented with approximately 5.5 mM D-glucose which approximates normal blood sugar levels in vivo.
Which side has the higher concentration of glucose after digestion?
The glucose molecules in the intestine might be in a higher concentration than in the intestinal cells and blood – for instance, after a sugary meal. At this point it will diffuse from high concentration in the intestine to a lower concentration in the blood.
What has higher concentration outside the cell?
Hypotonic solution is a solution which has a greater concentration outside the cell and hypertonic solution is a solution which has a greater concentration inside the cell.
What is the highest source of glucose?
The most concentrated whole food source of glucose monosaccharides is honey, followed by dried fruits such as dates, apricots, raisins, currants, cranberries, prunes and figs.
What causes high glucose concentration?
eating too much, such as snacking between meals. a lack of exercise. dehydration. missing a dose of your diabetes medication, or taking an incorrect dose.
Which vessels have the highest concentration of sugar?
(b) Hepatic portal vein will have the highest concentration of glucose and amino acids which will be absorbed from the food.
Where is the concentration of glucose lowest?
Structure (normally) containing the lowest concentration of glucose is Collecting tubule (7).
Why is the concentration of glucose is low inside the cell?
After reaching the myocytes, the glucose molecules immediately enter the reactions of glycolysis; in this biochemical reaction, the glucose molecules are at first phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate. Thus, glucose concentration is low inside the myocytes compared to its concentration in the blood plasma.
How do you find the concentration of glucose?
The present method used to measure glucose levels is to take a sample of blood from the fingertip by puncturing it with a needle, transferring it to a chip and then measuring the glucose concentration using an oxygen electrode method or by colorimetric determination.
What has a higher concentration inside the cell?
potassiumThe sodium and chloride ion concentrations are lower inside the cell than outside, and the potassium concentration is greater inside the cell. These concentration differences for sodium and potassium are due to the action of a membrane active transport system which pumps sodium out of the cell and potassium into it.
Why is the concentration of glucose is low inside the cell?
After reaching the myocytes, the glucose molecules immediately enter the reactions of glycolysis; in this biochemical reaction, the glucose molecules are at first phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate. Thus, glucose concentration is low inside the myocytes compared to its concentration in the blood plasma.
Why is glucose concentration always lower inside the cell?
Glucose enters cells where it undergoes phosphorylation to form glucose-6-phosphate. Changing the form that the glucose is in means that glucose cannot be transported back outside the cell, and the cells sense that the concentration of glucose is higher outside the cell than inside.
What is the percent of glucose outside the cell?
The glucose outside the cell is The concentration 10%. So the answer is 10%.
Can Glucose Diffuse Through The Cell Membrane By Simple Diffusion?
Glucose is a six-carbon sugar that is directly metabolized by cells to provide energy. The cells along your small intestine absorb glucose along with other nutrients from the food you eat. A glucose molecule is too large to pass through a cell membrane via simple diffusion. Instead, cells assist glucose diffusion through facilitated diffusion and two types of active transport. Cell Membrane A cell membrane is composed of two phospholipid layers in which each molecule contains a single phosphate head and two lipid, or fatty acid, tails. The heads align along the inner and outer boundaries of the cell membrane, while the tails occupy the space in between. Only small, nonpolar molecules can pass through the membrane through simple diffusion. The lipid tails reject polar, or partially charged, molecules, which include many water-soluble substances such as glucose. However, the cell membrane is peppered with transmembrane proteins that provide passage to molecules that the tails would otherwise block. Facilitated Diffusion Facilitated diffusion is a passive transport mechanism in which carrier proteins shuttle molecules across the cell membrane without using the cell’s energy supplies. Instead, the energy is provide by the concentration gradient, which means that molecules are transported from higher to lower concentrations, into or out of the cell. The carrier proteins bind to glucose, which causes them to change shape and translocate the glucose from one side of the membrane to the other. Red blood cells use facilitated diffusion to absorb glucose. Primary Active Transport The cells along the small intestine use primary active transport to ensure that glucose only flows one way: from digested food to the inside of cells. Active transport proteins use adenosine triphospha Continue reading >>
How does osmosis work?
Osmosis is a phenomenon where pure water flows from a dilute solution through a semi permeable membrane to a higher concentrated solution. Semi permeable means that the membrane will allow small molecules and ions to pass through it but acts as a barrier to larger molecules or dissolved substances. To illustrate this, assume that a semi permeable membrane is placed between two compartments in a tank. Assume the membrane is permeable to water, but not to salt. If we place a salt solution in one compartment and pure water solution in the other one, the system will try to reach equilibrium by having the same concentration on both sides of the membrane. The only possible way to do this is for water to pass from the pure water compartment to the saltwater compartment. As water passes through the membrane to the salt solution, the level of liquid in the saltwater compartment will rise until enough pressure, caused by the difference in levels between the two compartments, is generated to stop the osmosis. This pressure, equivalent to a force that the osmosis seems to exert in trying to equalize concentrations on both sides of the membrane, is called osmotic pressure. If pressure greater than the osmotic pressure is applied to the high concentration the direction of water flow through the membrane can be reversed. This is called reverse osmosis (abbreviated RO). Note that this reversed flow produces pure water from the salt solution, since the membrane is not permeable to salt. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion in which the molecules are water and the concentration gradient occurs across a semipermeable membrane. The semipermeable membrane allows the passage of Continue reading >>
How does water move through a membrane?
If a selectively permeable membrane separates the two solutions, water moves through it in both directions at the same time. However, more water leaves a dilute solution (high water concentration) and passes into a more concentrated solution (low water concentration) than enters it. Although the water appears to move across the membrane in one direction, it is in fact moving in both directions but more one way than the other. When the concentration of water is the same on both sides of the membrane, the movement of water will be the same in both directions. Pure water has the highest water concentration possible. As more salt or sugar is dissolved the water concentration decreases. A concentration gradient [concentration gradient: A difference in concentration between two areas next to each other. Particles will move down the concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.] is where there is a high water concentration in one area and a lower water concentration in another. Using these words and information we can now summarise osmosis with its definition. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from higher water concentration to a lower water concentration - or - down a concentration gradient. Animal cells are surrounded only by the membrane and may swell up and burst if too much water enters by osmosis. Plant cells have a strong cell wall outside the membrane and this wall prevents them from swelling up too much. They become stiff and hard like a well inflated football. The cell is turgid. Animal cells just shrivel up when they lose water by osmosis. Plant cells shrink a little, but the tough cell wall keeps its shape when the membrane inside shrinks away from it so the cell becomes Continue reading >>
What are the two main components of the membrane?
Recall that membranes have two major components: phospholipids arranged in a bilayer, and membrane proteins . One of the functions of membranes is to control what passes into and out of the cell. In this module you will review mechanisms of membrane transport. There are several different types of membrane transport, depending on the characteristics of the substance being transported and the direction of transport. SIMPLE DIFFUSION In simple diffusion, small noncharged molecules or lipid soluble molecules pass between the phospholipids to enter or leave the cell, moving from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration (they move down their concentration gradient). Oxygen and carbon dioxide and most lipids enter and leave cells by simple diffusion. Illustrations of simple diffusion. Note that the arrows indicate that the substance is moving from where there is more of that substance to where there is less of it, and that the substances are passing between the phospholipids of the membrane. OSMOSIS Osmosis is a type of simple diffusion in which water molecules diffuse through a selectively permeable membrane from areas of high water concentration to areas of lower water concentration. (Note that the more particles dissolved in a solution, the less water there is in it, so osmosis is sometimes described as the diffusion of water from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration). Illustration of Osmosis. Assume that the membrane is permeable to water, but not to sucrose (represented by the small black squares). The sucrose molecules will not leave the cell because they cannot pass through the membrane. However, since there is less water on the side with the sucrose, water will enter the cell by osmosis. Another way to describe the two Continue reading >>
How do substances move through the cell membrane?
Substances can move into and out of cells through the cell membrane. The three main types of movement are diffusion, osmosis and active transport. of water molecules, from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, through a partially permeable membrane. A dilute solution contains a high concentration of water molecules, while a concentrated solution contains a low concentration of water molecules. Partially permeable membranes are also called selectively permeable membranes or semi-permeable membranes. They let some substances pass through them, but not others. The slideshow shows an example of osmosis: The beaker contains water and sugar molecules Water molecules pass through from solution one to two In the slideshow, eventually the level on the more concentrated side of the membrane rises, while the one on the less concentrated side falls. When the concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane, the movement of water molecules will be the same in both directions. At this point, the net exchange of water is zero and there is no further change in the liquid levels. Continue reading >>
What are the functions of cells in life?
They: absorb or produce food reproduce are sensitive to and respond to changes in their environment control the chemical reactions taking place inside them In this way they have the properties that characterise life. All eukaryotic cells have a cell surface membrane (also known as a plasma membrane). It is very fragile and its role is to hold the cell together and to help control what substances can get in and out. It is partially permeable, allowing only some substances to pass through it. The membrane has a complex structure consisting of a phospholipid bi-layer and different types of proteins. Phospholipids These layers are constantly moving, creating small pores which allow small particles to pass through by diffusion and osmosis. Some of the lipids in the cell surface membrane are triglycerides. These are molecules formed from glycerol by reaction with fatty acids, phosphoric acid or simple sugars. Each glycerol molecule has three hydroxyl groups. However, the majority of lipids in the membrane are phospholipids. In these, two hydroxyl groups of a glycerol molecule form esters with fatty acids. The third hydroxyl group forms a phosphate. A phospholipid molecule has one part that is attracted to water (it's said to be hydrophilic) and one part that repels water (it's said to be hydrophobic). In the bi-layer, the hydrophilic parts are on the outside, attracted by the water in the cell and water in the fluid surrounding the cell. The hydrophobic parts are in the middle of the membrane. Proteins There are many different types of proteins associated with the phospholipid bi-layer. Some lie in just one of the phospholipids layers (extrinsic protein Continue reading >>
How is glucose concentration controlled?
The glucose concentration is controlled based on its nominal flowrate F sp (t), which is predetermined by a mass balance. Deviations in normal operating and environmental conditions require a flowrate correction term, ΔF (t), to maintain the desired glucose concentration. In this scheme, we derive this correction term based on the ethanol concentration and dissolved oxygen content.
Why is it important to control glucose concentration?
Controlling glucose concentration is critical because high glucose concentration leads to ethanol production, which in turn inhibits the production of the desired genetic material. Since online glucose sensors are seldomly available, Shi and Shimizu (1992a, b) used the dissolved oxygen content and the ethanol concentration as the measured variables for controlling the glucose concentration.
What happens when glucose is too high?
Glucose concentration is itself the signal and, when too high, increases secretion of a hormone, insulin, which initiates a cascade of events to move glucose to cells and store it as glycogen thereby returning the extracellular glucose concentrations to normal.
How does glucose depletion affect oxygen content?
glucose depletion causes the substrate to decrease, which in turn causes the dissolved oxygen content to oscillate . Therefore, we can indirectly control the glucose concentration by maintaining a constant ethanol concentration and keeping the dissolved oxygen content from oscillating.
What is closed loop control?
Closed-loop control of glucose concentrations in type 1 diabetes mellitus has progressed significantly over the last decade. Automated insulin delivery systems, or artificial pancreas systems, have advanced to incorporate model-based predictive controllers developed on the basis of adaptive and personalized glucose-insulin models. This chapter reviews the advancements and the state of the art in control algorithms and modeling paradigms employed to develop the artificial pancreas systems. Recent technological breakthroughs in dual-hormone systems, run-to-run control approaches, and multivariable control architectures for improving glycemic control are discussed. A novel integrated physiological and metabolic simulation platform for multivariable glucose, insulin, and physiological variables simulation is used to demonstrate the ability of the artificial pancreas systems to counteract the diverse meal and exercise disturbances and maintain euglycemia.
How does neural fuzzy controller work?
The neural-fuzzy controller employs two separate temporal-pattern-recognition networks to categorize ethanol concentration and dissolved oxygen content, respectively. To develop these pattern-recognition networks, we plot the ethanol concentration and dissolved-oxygen-content signals on a two-dimensional (M * N) grid and assign a value of “1” to a quadrant where the signal is present and a “0” where it is not (Figure 5.58). Note that a signal partially passing through a block can be given a proportional value between 0 and 1. To translate this signal into a network input, we simply assign each block (with its value ranging from 0 to 1) to an input node.
What is the effect of fuzzy controllers on cell productivity?
Shi and Shimuzu (1992a) found that this neural-fuzzy controller was able to suppress dissolved oxygen content oscillations, maintain low levels of ethanol production, and increase cell productivity by about 15% over conventional fuzzy controllers.
How does water move in osmosis?
C. In osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration.
Where do solutes move in osmosis?
D. In osmosis, solutes move across a membrane from areas of lower water concentration to areas of higher water concentration.
What is the interior of a membrane?
A. The interior of the membrane is filled with liquid water.
Which pump is necessary to all cell membranes?
D. Proton pumps are necessary to all cell membranes.
Where does osmosis take place?
A. Osmosis only takes place in red blood cells.
Which domains use protons?
Proton pumps are used in various ways by members of every domain of organisms: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. What does this fact most probably mean?