where is the lateral nucleus located

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What are the lateral nuclei of the cerebellum?

Lateral Nucleus Of Cerebellum. In turn, it projects to the ipsilateral oculomotor nucleus and lateral nucleus of the valvula. The posterior pretectal nucleus and the parvocellular superficial pretectal nucleus receive afferents from the ipsilateral nucleus isthmi.

What is the lateral geniculate nucleus of the eye?

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN; also called the lateral geniculate body or lateral geniculate complex) is a relay center in the thalamus for the visual pathway. It is a small, ovoid, ventral projection of the thalamus where the thalamus connects with the optic nerve.

What is the lateral nucleus of the amygdala?

The lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) receives axonal projections from the auditory thalamus, the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN), and mediates auditory fear conditioning.

What is the function of the ventral lateral nucleus?

The ventral lateral nucleus is involved in relaying cerebellar signals to the primary motor area and plays a role in fine motor control. The ventral anterior nucleus is involved in relaying the basal ganglia signals to the premotor cortex and plays a role in planning and initiating movements.

Where is the lateral geniculate nucleus?

the thalamusThe lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN; also called the lateral geniculate body or lateral geniculate complex) is a structure in the thalamus and a key component of the mammalian visual pathway. It is a small, ovoid, ventral projection of the thalamus where the thalamus connects with the optic nerve.

Is the ventral lateral nucleus in the thalamus?

The ventral lateral nucleus (VL) is a nucleus in the ventral nuclear group of the thalamus.

Where is the ventral lateral nucleus?

the thalamusThe ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus (VL) serves as a central integrative center for motor control, receiving inputs from the cerebellum, striatum, and cortex and projecting to the primary motor cortex.

What is lateral dorsal nucleus?

The laterodorsal (LD) nucleus of the thalamus has been considered a “higher order” nucleus that provides inputs to limbic cortical areas. Although its functions are largely unknown, it is often considered to be involved in spatial learning and memory.

What is lateral to the thalamus?

Lateral thalamic nuclei, also referred to as lateral nuclear group, are a collection of neuronal cell bodies found laterally to the internal medullary lamina. These are the largest division of the thalamic nuclei, divided into dorsal and ventral tiers of nuclei.

What nuclei are in the thalamus?

The thalamus is a paired structure located in the center of the brain. Each side can divide into three groups of thalamic nuclei: a lateral nuclear group, a medial nuclear group, and an anterior nuclear group.

What does the lateral geniculate nucleus do?

The lateral geniculate nucleus is a multilayered structure that receives input from both eyes to build a representation of the contralateral visual hemifield.

What does ventral lateral mean?

(ˌvɛntrəʊˈlætərəl ) adjective. anatomy. relating to both the ventral and lateral surface, or to the front and the side.

What is dorsal and ventral side?

On a human body, dorsal (i.e., posterior) refers to the back portion of the body, whereas ventral (i.e., anterior) refers to the front part of the body. The terms dorsal and ventral are also often used to describe the relative location of a body part.

What is a lateral group?

The lateral nuclear group is a collection of nuclei on the lateral side of the thalamus. According to MeSH, it consists of the following: lateral dorsal nucleus. lateral posterior nucleus. pulvinar.

Where is the dorsomedial nucleus located?

the hypothalamusThe dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. It is involved in feeding, drinking, body-weight regulation and circadian activity. More specifically, it is a necessary component for the expression of numerous behavioral and physiological circadian rhythms.

What is the reticular nucleus?

nucleus of the thalamus that forms a sheet-like structure and makes up the outer covering of the thalamus. The reticular nucleus is the only thalamic nucleus that does not project to the cerebral cortex. Instead it primarily modulates the activity of other thalamic nuclei.

What is the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus?

The ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (VIM) is an effective target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) to control symptoms related to essential tremor. The VIM is typically targeted using indirect methods, although studies have reported visualization of the VIM on proton density–weighted MRI.

What is the reticular nucleus?

nucleus of the thalamus that forms a sheet-like structure and makes up the outer covering of the thalamus. The reticular nucleus is the only thalamic nucleus that does not project to the cerebral cortex. Instead it primarily modulates the activity of other thalamic nuclei.

What does the ventral posterior nucleus do?

The ventral posterior nucleus receives neuronal input from the medial lemniscus, spinothalamic tracts, and trigeminothalamic tract. It projects to the somatosensory cortex and the ascending reticuloactivation system.

What is the function of the ventrolateral nucleus?

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What is the lateral geniculate nucleus?

The lateral geniculate nucleus ( LGN; also called the lateral geniculate body or lateral geniculate complex) is a relay center in the thalamus for the visual pathway. It is a small, ovoid, ventral projection of the thalamus where the thalamus connects with the optic nerve. There are two LGNs, one on the left and another on the right side ...

Which hemisphere of the brain has a lateral geniculate nucleus?

Both the left and right hemisphere of the brain have a lateral geniculate nucleus, named after its resemblance to a bent knee ( genu is Latin for "knee"). In humans as well as in many other primates, the LGN has layers of magnocellular cells and parvocellular cells that are interleaved with layers of koniocellular cells.

What part of the brain does LGN receive information from?

However, each LGN only receives information from one half of the visual field. This occurs due to axons of the ganglion cells from the inner halves of the retina (the nasal sides) decussating (crossing to the other side of the brain) through the optic chiasma ( khiasma means "cross-shaped").

Which layers of the LGN are similar to the retinal ganglion cells?

The magnocellular, parvocellular, and koniocellular layers of the LGN correspond with the similarly named types of retinal ganglion cells. Retinal P ganglion cells send axons to a parvocellular layer, M ganglion cells send axons to a magnocellular layer, and K ganglion cells send axons to a koniocellular layer.

How are external and internal divisions separated?

The external and internal divisions are separated by a group of fine fibers and a zone of thinly dispersed neurons. Additionally, several studies have suggested further subdivisions of the vLGN in other species. For example, studies indicate that the cytoarchitecture of the vLGN in the cat differs from rodents.

Which cells are functionally and neurochemically distinct from M and P cells?

Koniocellular cells are functionally and neurochemically distinct from M and P cells and provide a third channel to the visual cortex. They project their axons between the layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus where M and P cells project.

Which layer of the brain is magnocellular?

The inner two layers, (1 and 2) are magnocellular layers, while the outer four layers, (3,4,5 and 6), are parvocellular layers. An additional set of neurons, known as the koniocellular layers, are found ventral to each of the magnocellular and parvocellular layers.

Which part of the brain sends axons to the thalamus?

Cortical neurons in the motor cortex (area 4) and the supplemental and premotor cortices (area 6) send axons to the basal ganglia (caudate nucleus and putamen), the thalamus (ventral anterior [VA], and ventral lateral [VL] nuclei), the red nucleus, the pontine nuclei, the cranial nerve (CN) motor nuclei on both sides, and the spinal cord ventral horn, mainly on the contralateral side. These axons form the corticospinal tract, corticobulbar tract, corticostriatal projections, corticopontine projections, corticothalamic projections, and cortical connections to the upper motor neurons (UMNs) of the brain stem (reticular formation [RF] motor areas, red nucleus, superior colliculus). Neurons of the sensory cortex (areas 3, 1, 2) send axons mainly to secondary sensory nuclei (corticonuclear fibers) to regulate incoming lemniscal sensory projections destined for conscious interpretation. Neurons in the frontal eye fields (area 8) project to the superior colliculus, the horizontal and vertical gaze centers of the brain stem, and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal to coordinate voluntary eye movements and associated head movements. Other regions of sensory cortex project axons to thalamic and brain stem structures that regulate incoming lemniscal sensory information. Some cortical efferent fibers project to limbic forebrain regions, such as the amygdaloid nuclei, hippocampal formation, and septal nuclei.

What is the role of the basal ganglia in the motor cortex?

It is evident that the basal ganglia play an important part in the initiation of movement, the control of ramp movements, the change from one pattern of movement to another, and righting reflexes. The output from lateral ventral nucleus of thalamus to motor cortex provides an integration of basal ganglia and cerebellar activity to assist in the programming of movement and the correction of movement while in progress. Connections with the reticular formation provide a pathway bypassing the cerebral cortex for regulation of muscle tone by reticulospinal and vestibulospinal pathways. Disease of the extrapyramidal system is characterized by disturbances of muscle tone and the release of involuntary movements.

What are the two subcortical motor centers?

Two main subcortical motor centers, the cerebellum and the basal ganglia, modulate the activity of cortical motor areas by providing feedback circuits. Their output nuclei [the cerebellar nuclei for the cerebellum and the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) and the substantia nigra for the basal ganglia] receive indirect inputs from a variety of cortical somatosensory, motor, and associative areas and send their outputs, via the thalamus, back to the motor and premotor areas along with prefrontal, parietal, and other cortical areas. These motor areas receive cerebellar and pallidal inputs primarily through relays in the ventral lateral (VL) and ventral anterior (VA) regions of the thalamus. GPi sends a large number of GABA-containing fibers to the anterior region of the motor thalamus (VA nucleus) and the anterior part of the ventral lateral nucleus (VLa). Recent evidence shows that particular subsets of GPi neurons project to zones of VL that in turn project to individual cortical motor areas such as M1 or SMA, each of which contributes to the corticospinal tract. Thus, the multiple projections from GPi back to the cortex influence different cortical zones with different motor function. The deep cerebellar nuclei send excitatory input mostly to the posterior region of the motor thalamus (VL nuclei). The thalamus is not a simple relay of information from the cerebellum and globus pallidus to the cortex but, rather, a center for the integration these subcortical motor inputs with feedback from motor cortex.

Where does the motor input come from in the neocortex?

In the mammalian neocortex, M1 (area 4) receives motor input from a specific part of the lemnothalamic ventrobasal complex (VA/VL nuclei in rodents), and shows descending projections back to this thalamic complex, and to the brainstem and the spinal cord ( Figure 3 ), where the projections reach precerebellar (including the red and pontine nuclei) and sensory-relay areas (including dorsal column nuclei and dorsal horn of the spinal cord), but also reach premotor reticulospinal cell groups (including the prerubral and rubral neurons) and, in some species (such as rodents and primates), motor neuron pools such as those of the ventral horn in the spinal cord ( Weisberg and Rustioni, 1977; Humphrey et al., 1984; Torigoe et al., 1986; Liang et al., 1991; Krubitzer, 1995; Song and Murakami, 1998; Kuchler et al., 2002; Leergaard et al., 2004 ). In general, the descending projections of M1 are similar to those of S1, and axons from both areas contribute to form the pyramidal tract. However, the descending projections of S1 and M1 are somewhat different. For example, in the brainstem, S1 projects significantly more heavily to the precerebellar pontine nuclei than M1 ( Leergaard et al., 2004 ), whereas M1 is the major source of corticorubral axons ( Giuffrida et al., 1991; Burman et al., 2000) ( Figure 3 ). Further, in the spinal cord, S1 axons primarily reach dorsal horn laminae, whereas M1 axons, but not S1 axons, also reach the motoneuron pools in the ventral horn ( Figure 3) ( Ralston and Ralston, 1985; Martín, 1996 ). Current available data suggest that early mammals lacked a separate motor cortical area (M1), and that a separate M1 likely evolved with the origin of placental mammals ( Kaas, 2004 ). Thus, it appears that early mammals only had an S1 where somatosensory and motor attributes were overlapped, a situation which resembles that found in marsupials ( Kaas, 2004 ).

What is the cerebellum? What are its functions?

Besides the basal ganglia, the cerebellum also has profound influences on motor function. Major cerebellar outflow paths converge on the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus, and hence, these nuclei serve as a coordination center for the basal ganglia and cerebellar inputs to the cortex. Similar to the basal ganglia, the cerebellum influences the pyramidal system primarily through thalamocortical projections, and when cerebellar lesions occur, patients are poorly coordinated but are not weak. The cerebellar system, however, functions differently from the basal ganglia in that it has its own direct afferent paths from the entire cortex as well as the spinal cord. The cerebellum appears to be important for rapid corrections of gross motor movements, whereas the basal ganglia affect automatic movements and more complex motor controls. As such, the prototype of a cerebellar lesion is sloppy execution (dyssernergia) of simple motor tasks and terminal tremor, but without the superimposition of other abnormal involuntary movements (see Chapter 17 ).

Which nucleus receives afferents from the lateral nucleus of the amygd

On the other hand, the central nucleus of the amygdala directly receives afferents from the lateral nucleus of the amygdala. The lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) is a site of convergence for auditory (conditioned stimulus) and foot-shock (unconditioned stimulus) inputs during fear conditioning.

Which nucleus connects to the central nucleus?

The lateral nucleus connects with the central nucleus directly and by way of several other amygdala regions, including the basal, accessory basal, and medial nuclei. Neurotoxic lesions targeted either the lateral nucleus (LA), basolateral and basomedial nuclei (basal nuclei), or central nucleus (CE) of the amygdala.

Which nucleus is responsible for appetitive instrumental behaviors?

Selective lesion studies in rodents suggest that the baso lateral nucleus of the amygdala, which is a critical subnucleus within the amygdala, plays a critical role in appetitive instrumental behaviors. On the other hand, the central nucleus of the amygdala directly receives afferents from the lateral nucleus of the amygdala.

Where is zinc released in the amygdala?

Zinc release in the lateral nucleus of the amyg dala was examined using rat brain slices. Zinc release in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala innervated by the entorhinal cortex was next examined in brain slices double-stained with zinc and calcium indicators.

Where are NADPHD positive neurons located?

In the baso lateral nucleus, the strongly NADPHd-positive neurons were few, and were located mainly along the lateral border of the nucleus. Some Am nuclei, and especially the central lateral nucleus and the intercalated nucleus, display considerable species differences when compared with the primate Am.

Where did the anterior piriform cortex originate?

The projections to the anterior piriform cortex were light and originated in the dorsolateral and medial divisions of the lateral nucleus, the magnocellular division of the basal and accessory basal nuclei, the anterior and posterior cortical nuclei, and the periamygdaloid subfield of the periamygdaloid cortex.

Which brain regions have an increase in glucose metabolism?

An increase glucose metabolism was also found in the follows: the medial and lateral septal nucleus, substantia nigra, hippocampus, frontal cortex, parietal cortex, piriform cortex, en torhinal cortex, accumbens nucleus, ventral and lateral nucleus of the thalamus, amygdala, and ventral nucleus of hypothalamus.

Overview

The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is located in the dorsal posterolateral thalamus .

Structure (Fig. 13.1)

The LGN consists of six layers that each receive monocular input [ 5 ].

Projections from the LGN

Most axonal output from the LGN terminates in the primary visual cortex (V1) [ 4 ].

Where is the ventral nucleus?

Ventral anterior nucleus. The ventral anterior (VA) nucleus lies on the anterior pole of the ventral group of nuclei. It is bordered by the reticular nucleus anteriorly, the ventral lateral nucleus posteriorly, and the internal and external medullary laminae bilaterally.

What is the dorsomedial nucleus?

Through all these connections, the dorsomedial nucleus is responsible for integrating sensory, motor, visceral and olfactory information and subsequently relating it to the individual’s emotional state. Its overall functions are similar to those of the prefrontal cortex.

What do the anterior thalamic nuclei receive?

Specifically, the anterior thalamic nuclei receive afferent fibers input from the mammillary bodies via the mammillothalamic tract.

What are the two groups of nuclei that make up the internal medullary lamina?

There are two groups of nuclei involved: the anterior (rostral) and posterior (caudal).

What are the ventral tiers of the thalamic nucleus?

These are the largest division of the thalamic nuclei, divided into dorsal and ventral tiers of nuclei. The ventral tier nuclei are the ventral anterior (VA), ventral lateral (VL) and ventral posterior (VP) nuclei.

Which nuclei are nonspecific?

These nuclei include the reticular nucleus, and intralaminar and midline nuclei. The thalamic nuclei are a pretty complicated topic.

Where are the thalamic nuclei located?

The thalamus is an ovoid, paired gray matter structure, found in the center of the brain , just superior to the brainstem .

Overview

All of the body’s processes occur in a systematic and sequential order, ensuring that every work of the body is completed as perfectly as possible. This necessitates precise processing and appropriate handling of the sensory input received by the organs and tissues, implying a highly functioning brain.

Summary

Each lateral ventricle is a C-shaped chamber located deep within the cerebral cortex

Location

Each lateral ventricle is a chamber in the shape of a C and is present deep within the cerebral cortex. As the lateral ventricle loops around the thalamus, or central core of the brain, other components within the ventricle, such as the choroidal fissure, fornix, caudate nucleus, and choroid plexus, take on a C shape.

Structure

On either part of the cerebral hemispheres, there are two lateral ventricles. They connect with the third ventricle on the inferior side via the interventricular foramen. The anterior horn, or initial part, is the section of the lateral ventricle anterior to the foramen. This is followed by the central section.

Function

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the ventricle covering (CSF). The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is then absorbed in the subarachnoid region after passing through the ventricular system.

Complications involving the lateral ventricles of the brain

A CT scan can be used to determine the volume of the lateral ventricles and other structures within the brain. Physicians can use the scan to determine not just the length of the ventricles, but also the density of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) they hold.

Conclusion

Each lateral ventricle is a C-shaped chamber located deep within the cerebral cortex. Other ventricle components, such as the choroidal fissure, fornix, caudate nucleus, and choroid plexus, take on a C shape when the lateral ventricle loops around the thalamus, or central core of the brain.

Overview

The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN; also called the lateral geniculate body or lateral geniculate complex) is a structure in the thalamus and a key component of the mammalian visual pathway. It is a small, ovoid, ventral projection of the thalamus where the thalamus connects with the optic nerve. There are two LGNs, one on the left and another on the right side of the thalamus. In humans, both LGNs have six layers of neurons (grey matter) alternating with optic fibers (white …

Structure

M, P, K cells

Ipsilateral and contralateral layers

Input

Output

Function in visual perception

Rodents