What was the Lupercal in ancient Rome?
Lupercalia was a pastoral festival of Ancient Rome observed annually on February 15 to purify the city, promoting health and fertility. Lupercalia was also known as dies Februatus, after the purification instruments called februa, the basis for the month named Februarius.
What is the Lupercal And what is the significance of this place?
(The), strictly speaking, meant the place where Romulus and Remus were suckled by the wolf (lupus). A yearly festival was held on this spot on Feb. 15, in honour of Lupercus, the god of fertility.
What are the Lupercal races?
Celebrated in February, the roman month of purification, the Lupercalia was held in the vicinity of the Palatine Hill in Rome. The main event of the festival was a peculiar race between two naked youths, who struck out at spectators with whips as they ran.
What happened at the Lupercal festival?
At the Lupercal cave, a dog and one or more male goats, to represent sexuality were sacrificed by the Luperci, a group of priests. Two of them, at this point naked, would be smeared by the blood from the sacrificial knife. As the Luperci priests laughed, the blood was removed with wool soaked in milk.
Do pagans still celebrate Lupercalia?
Lupercalia was popular and one of the few pagan holidays still celebrated 150 years after Christianity was legalized in the Roman Empire. (Learn about Valentine's Day with your kids.) When Pope Gelasius came to power in the late fifth century he put an end to Lupercalia.
Do people still celebrate Lupercalia?
Lupercalia is no longer a mainstream, public celebration for obvious reasons, but some non-Christians still recognize the ancient event on February 14 (instead of Valentine's Day) and celebrate in private.
What was lupercus the god of?
Lupercus was a protector of the farmers, harvesting and packs of wild animals. Every year on 15 February in honor of him, the Romans held the Lupercalia. He was an ancient Italian god, worshipped by shepherds as the promoter of fertility in sheep and protector of flocks.
What does the name Lupercalia mean?
Definition of Lupercalia : an ancient Roman festival celebrated February 15 to ensure fertility for the people, fields, and flocks.
Why do we have the Ides of March?
Why? In ancient Rome, the Ides of March were equivalent to our March 15. In the Roman calendar, this date corresponded to several religious observances. The Romans considered the Ides of March a deadline for settling debts.
Is Lupercalia real?
Lupercalia, ancient Roman festival that was conducted annually on February 15 under the superintendence of a corporation of priests called Luperci.
Why is Feast of Lupercal important in Caesar?
Answer and Explanation: In Julius Caesar, the Feast of Lupercal is a Roman celebration of the Lupercus (also known as Pan). The Feast celebrated fertility and included a ritual foot race. This was particularly important to Caesar because his wife Calpurnia was unable to have children.
What was Caesar offered at the Lupercal festival?
During the Feast of Lupercal or Lupercalia, Mark Antony, Caesar's deputy, offered Julius Caesar a crown on three occasions, and Caesar refused it, because he did not want the people to think he was a king.
What is the Feast of Lupercal quizlet?
The Feast of Lupercal was a fertility festival honoring Pan, and was celebrated in the Coliseum.
Who was Lupercal and when did the Feast of Lupercal occur?
Who was lupercal, and when did the feast of lupercal occur? God of sheep. 15th day of the month.
When was the feast of Lupercal?
Lupercalia, ancient Roman festival that was conducted annually on February 15 under the superintendence of a corporation of priests called Luperci.
What is the tradition of Lupercalia in South Africa?
For example, young South Africans often find out who their secret admirers are on February 14, as it is common for young girls in South Africa to pin the name of their sweetheart on their sleeve on Valentine's Day. This tradition is literally called Lupercalia in South Africa in honor of the ancient Roman festivals.
How deep is the Lupercal?
Archaeologists used laser scanners, endoscopes and camera probes to investigate the space for fear it might collapse. The circular structure measuring 7.5 meters in diameter and 8 meters high was plastered and beautifully decorated with coloured marble, mosaics, shells and white eagle at the centre. If this truly is the Lupercal it had been glorified and decorated over the years by the Romans who used this as a cult shrine and a permanent reminder of the foundation of Rome.
What was the Lupercal Cave?
The Lupercal Cave was the site of the Lupercalia, a Roman festival celebrated annually on the 15th of February. The priests of Faunus, known as the Luperci, sacrificed animals in the cave, the skins of the slain animals would be made into straps which would be used by the priests who ran through the city of Rome striking those they passed. This appears to have been a fertility ritual, it was thought that being struck with the skin of a goat would help women who were trying to conceive. The Luperci, the priests of Faunus, celebrated ceremonies of the Lupercalia at the cave, from the earliest days of the City until at least 494 AD.
Where did Lupercalia take place?
Lupercalia rituals took place in a few places: Lupercal cave, on Palatine Hill and within the Roman open-air, public meeting place called the Comitium. The festival began at Lupercal cave with the sacrifice of one or more male goats—a representation of sexuality—and a dog.
What happens during Lupercalia?
Often, the couple stayed together until the following year’s festival. Many fell in love and married. Over time, nakedness during Lupercalia lost popularity.
What was the name of the strip of goat hide that was cut off for the feast of Lupercal?
In Ancient Rome, feasting began after the ritual sacrifice. When the feast of Lupercal was over, the Luperci cut strips, also called thongs or februa, of goat hide from the newly-sacrificed goats.
When was Lupercalia first discovered?
No one knows the exact origin of Lupercalia, but it has been traced back as far as the 6th century B.C.
Did Lupercalia lose popularity?
Over time, nakedness during Lupercalia lost popularity. The festival became more chaste, if still undignified, and women were whipped on their hands by fully-clothed men. In Plutarch’s Life of Julius Caesar, Caesar famously refuses a golden crown presented to him by Mark Antony during the feast of Lupercalia.
Is Lupercalia a public holiday?
Lupercalia is no longer a mainstream, public celebration for obvious reasons, but some non-Christians still recognize the ancient event on February 14 (instead of Valentine’s Day) and celebrate in private.
What is Lupercalia in Encyclopaedia Britannica?
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Lupercalia, ancient Roman festival that was conducted annually on February 15 under the superintendence of a corporation of priests called Luperci.
What is Lupercalia festival?
Lupercalia, ancient Roman festival that was conducted annually on February 15 under the superintendence of a corporation of priests called Luperci. The origins of the festival are obscure, although the likely derivation of its name from lupus (Latin: “wolf”) has variously suggested connection with an ancient deity who protected ...
What did the Luperci sacrifice?
Each Lupercalia began with the sacrifice by the Luperci of goats and a dog, after which two of the Luperci were led to the altar, their foreheads were touched with a bloody knife, and the blood was wiped off with wool dipped in milk; the ritual required that the two young men laugh.
Where is the Lupercal Cave?
Top image: Photo of the dome of the so-called Lupercal Cave, taken by a probe beneath the Domus Livia on the Palatine Hill, Rome, Italy. Photo source: ( Fair Use ) Insert: Close-up of Romulus and Remus with the she-wolf from “Romulus and Remus milked by the she-wolf.” (1616) By Peter Paul Rubens. ( Public Domain )
How tall is Lupercal Cave?
In 2007, Italian archaeologists announced that they have discovered what they believe was the Lupercal Cave. This was an 8 meter (26.2 feet) high cave decorated with shells, mosaics and marble, and was discovered 16 meters (52.5 feet) underground in a previously unexplored area during restoration work on the House of Augustus on the Palatine Hill. Yet, one has to be cautious, as mistaken identities are quite common in archaeology.
What was the cave in the 15th century called?
For example, during the late 15th century, artists would descend into an underground painted cave where they studied ancient Roman frescoes. This was later identified as the palace of Nero, though at that time, it was mistakenly called the Baths of Titus.
Where is the statue of the Capitoline Wolf?
Sculpture of the Capitoline Wolf suckling Romulus and Remus. Musei Capitolini, Rome, Italy. ( CC BY 2.0 )
What is Lupercal about?
Lupercal, published in 1960, was Hughes’s second collection, and his follow-up to The Hawk in the Rain. In it we witness both a change in style, and a development of the themes Hughes had developed in his first collection. The boisterous rhythms and sound patterns of The Hawk in the Rain are subdued in Lupercal to a simpler key. Hughes has described the style of the collection as culminating ‘a deliberate effort to find a simple concrete language with no words in it over which I didn’t have complete ownership: a limited language, but authentic to me’ [1].
What does Lupercal project?
Lupercal consequently projects the sense of having been written from down the lens of a telescope.
What was Hughes's disappointment with Lupercal?
Hughes’s was ultimately disappointed with Lupercal, claiming he worried the book displayed a ‘lack of the natural flow and spirit of things’ [11]. In spite of this, the book met with positive reviews and is held in as great esteem now as it was at the time of its publication. It would be seven years until Hughes released his next book of poetry, Wodwo, which for reasons both creative and personal was to be vitally different in form and tenor.
Where did Horus Lupercal land?
A younger Horus Lupercal [21] Horus. When Horus was scattered, his pod landed on the world of Cthonia, a planet close to the Sol System. He was discovered by the Cthonian gang overlord Khageddon, and given the "no-name" of Nergüi.
Who did Horus meet in Ullanor?
With Horus renewed, he traveled to the surface of Ullanor to meet with the Traitor Primarch's that had already arrived. On the surface, he met Fulgrim and Lorgar. In truth, Lorgar had planned to usurp Horus as Warmaster as he viewed him as weak and undeserving of the title. Before Lorgar's coup could be enacted, Horus revealed that he knew of his treachery thanks to the efforts of Actaea. With the previously enslaved Fulgrim being freed by Zardu Layak, Lorgar's plan fell apart completely. Horus beat Logar viciously and exiled him, ordering that he never enter his sight again but retaining command over the Word Bearers of Zardu Layak. Before leaving Lorgar revealed his sadness for Horus, he had become such a slave to Chaos that even he pitied him. According to Layak, by this point Horus' form was consistently shifting between various states. His pure Luna Wolf form, that of the Warmaster, that of the empowered being on Molech, and finally his "new" form that was simply a dark maw of Chaotic energy. Horus had finally thrown away the last of Lupercal, all that existed was a Slave to Darkness. [18] Horus then met with the other Primarch's that arrived on Ullanor: Perturabo, Angron, Alpharius, and Magnus. A second, darker triumph on Ullanor was held as the traitors arrayed their forces. After sacrificing 1/10th of their slaves to the Gods, Horus ordered all move on Terra at last. [18]
How long did it take Horus to find the Primarch?
For a thirty years he was the only Primarch to have been discovered. Friendship between the Emperor and Horus grew rapidly and the Emperor eventually trusted him enough to give him command of the entire force of the Imperium. The Emperor had saved Horus's life at the Siege of Reillis as they fought back to back.
Who discovered Nergüi?
He was discovered by the Cthonian gang overlord Khageddon, and given the "no-name" of Nergüi. Growing up for a time under Khageddon's gang, Nergüi engaged in the perpetual gang warfare beneath Cthonia's surface that dominated the world.
Project Nota Resource Page
This page is divided by authors. Authors will each have a biography, works digitized and translated, and a corresponding Latin and/or History lesson plan.
Martha Marchina
Members of Lupercal and Project Nota collaborated and participated in the Martha Marchina Challenge, where they would read 50 poems by Marchina in 50 days.
Caterina Imperiale Lercari Pallavicini
Caterina Imperiale Pallavicini was an 18th-century Neo-Latin poet from the greater Genoa region. Her work, which was published in the collections of the Pontifical Academy of Arcadia (Pontificia Accademia degli Arcadi), includes epigrams (short, witty, often satirical poems) and elegies (poems of serious reflection, written in elegiac couplets).
Johanna Otho
Otho wrote dozens of poems. We have transcripted a couple of them, “Ornatissimo Domino Gotfrido Baudisio” and "“Laus Musarum Castalidum Choro”. To access her transcriptions, click here.
Maria Hutchenson
Hutchenson wrote a poem, called “QUI MUSAS STUDIIS, QUI MURIS AUXIT ET ÆDES”. To access the transcription, click here.
Camille de Morel
Camille de Morel wrote “In Typographiam Musarum Matrem”. To access her works, click here.
Margareta van Godewijck (1627-77)
Margareta van Godewijck (1627-77) lived in an important time and place in the scope of European history. Her work gives us a glimpse into the life of a young Dutch lady around the time of the Thirty Years’ War and the end of the Eighty Years’ War (1568–1648) in which the Netherlands became independent from the Spanish Hapsburgs.
