Full Answer
Why did the student movement start at Berkeley?
The student movement arose at the University of California at Berkeley in 1964, when students involved in civil rights activism chafed at the university’s sudden attempt to prevent them from organizing politically on campus. The Free Speech Movement arose to challenge the university’s restrictions on political speech and assembly.
What was the student movement in the 1960s about?
Read about the student protests against the Cold War in the 1960s. The student movement arose to demand free speech on college campuses, but as the US involvement in the Vietnam war expanded, the war became the main target of student-led protests.
How did student activists protest restrictions on freedoms?
Student activists protested these restrictions on their freedoms, which included curfews, limits on freedom of speech, and "character-building" policies. For example, in the 1860s, Wheaton College suspended a student because he joined a secret society.
What is the Berkeley Free Speech Movement?
The Berkeley Free Speech Movement refers to a group of college students who, during the 1960s, challenged many campus regulations limiting their free-speech rights. In the wake of McCarthyism’s anti-Communist sentiments during the 1950s, public universities in California had enacted numerous regulations limiting students’ political activities.
Who was competing with the People's Republic of China for the favor of the North Vietnamese?
Did a Republican controlled Congress deliver Clinton an acceptable budget?
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What year did black students sit in at the lunch counter?
In 1960 , four black students from North Carolina A&T State University held a sit-in at a "whites only" lunch counter, an act that inspired thousands of students to join the civil rights movement. A statue at North Carolina A&T celebrating student activists who staged a sit-in at the Woolworth Company store in 1960 .
What did student activists do to increase diversity?
Student activists pushed colleges and universities to increase campus diversity and protect members of the school community from discrimination. Take the civil rights movement of the 1960s, in which college students protested segregation and marched for civil rights.
Why are student activists important?
From riots over butter to protests against tuition increases , student activists have spoken out for centuries. In fact, campus activism has played a major role in shaping higher education itself. Generations of students have pushed for colleges to end discriminatory policies, increase campus safety, and improve student life.
Why did students block the highway in Santa Cruz?
Students at the University of California, Santa Cruz, blocked a highway in 2015 to protest the tuition hike. In response, the university suspended activists for more than a year. That same year, the Million Student March brought together students from over 100 campuses across the country.
Which state eliminated the in loco parentis doctrine?
Alabama (1961), which eliminated the in loco parentis doctrine and upheld the idea that colleges could not violate the constitutional rights of their students. Student activists protested … curfews, limits on freedom of speech, and “character-building” policies.
What is the renaissance of student activism?
has witnessed a "renaissance of student activism," as described by The Atlantic. College students are more active than ever before, successfully fighting against tuition increases and for more equitable campus policies.
Why did the University of Padua cancel student vacations?
Student Protests Throughout History. In 1507, the professors at the University of Padua canceled student vacations for the celebration of Carnevale — the 16th-century equivalent of spring break. Instead of partying in Venice, students were told to attend lectures on Aristotle.
What was the Berkeley Free Speech Movement?
The Berkeley Free Speech Movement refers to a group of college students who, during the 1960s, challenged many campus regulations limiting their free-speech rights.
Why did Mario Savio start the Free Speech Movement?
Savio started Free Speech Movement to protest Berkeley's political activity restrictions. In 1964, Mario Savio and 500 fellow students marched on Berkeley’s administration building to protest the university’s order. He and other leaders called for an organized student protest to abolish all restrictions on students’ free-speech rights ...
What did Savio say about the FSM?
Savio continued to insist that the First Amendment was the only valid guideline for student activities, especially political, and he condemned the administration’s rules as “ prior restraint .”
How many people attended the Savio sit in?
As the first step, 1,500 of Savio’s audience entered the building for a nonviolent sit-in demonstration. After thousands witnessed an increasingly violent police action to remove the demonstrators, Berkeley faculty voted overwhelmingly to support the FSM.
What was the effect of McCarthyism on California?
In the wake of McCarthyism’s anti-Communist sentiments during the 1950s, public universities in California had enacted numerous regulations limiting students’ political activities. At the University of California, Berkeley, student groups taking part in any on- or off-campus political activities were banned from campus.
When did Berkeley support the FSM?
Berkeley eventually supported the FSM. On Dec. 2, 1964, the 5,000 people gathered outside the administration building listened to Savio invoke the “conscience of the community” for a campus-wide strike to bring down the university “machine.”.
Did the FSM have liberal supporters?
But by then the FSM had gained enough liberal-minded supporters on campus that it was able to temporarily prevent severe administrative retaliation. The Board of Regents, however, failed to recognize the FSM’s seriousness and clamped down hard with punitive sanctions.
Who ordered the governors and mayors of states to do so?
d)Mayors and governors of states were ordered to do so by President Hoover.
Which party increased their numbers in the House and Senate?
a)liberal Democrats increased their numbers in the House and Senate.
What led to a constant outflow of dollars into foreign currency markets during the Hoover years?
A. maintaining the gold standard during the Hoover years had led to a constant outflow of dollars into foreign currency markets.
Did Roosevelt want to stay on the gold standard?
c)Roosevelt had wanted to remain on the gold standard, but Republicans in Congress forced him to do so.
Why did the student movement start?
The student movement arose to demand free speech on college campuses, but as the US involvement in the Vietnam war expanded, the war became the main target of student-led protests.
Where did the student movement originate?
Origins of the student movement. The student movement arose at the University of California at Berkeley in 1964, when students involved in civil rights activism chafed at the university’s sudden attempt to prevent them from organizing politically on campus. The Free Speech Movement arose to challenge the university’s restrictions on political ...
What was the Pentagon Papers?
In 1971, the New York Times broke the story of the Pentagon Papers, a Department of Defense report that concluded that the Johnson and Nixon administrations had systematically lied to the American people and Congress about the extent of US involvement in the Vietnam war. Together with the Watergate scandal, which involved Nixon’s authorization of the illegal wiretapping of his political enemies, the Pentagon Papers undermined the trust of the American people in its president and government.
What was the rise of the antiwar movement?
Vietnam and the rise of the antiwar movement. As the US involvement in the Vietnam War intensified, so did antiwar sentiment. Especially after 1965, when President Lyndon Johnson dramatically escalated the US troop presence and bombing campaigns in Vietnam, the war became the focal point for student political activism.
How did Nixon try to quench domestic dissent?
Once in office, Nixon attempted to quash domestic dissent by reducing the US troop presence in Vietnam and reforming the draft. The elimination of the draft and its replacement with an all-volunteer professional army was a major lasting consequence of the antiwar movement. At the same time, Nixon authorized the FBI and the CIA to expand their surveillance and harassment of antiwar protest groups.
How did the Pentagon Papers affect the American people?
Together with the Watergate scandal, which involved Nixon’s authorization of the illegal wiretapping of his political enemies, the Pentagon Papers undermined the trust of the American people in its president and government.
How did the news media influence the antiwar movement?
The role of the news media in the antiwar movement increased both antiwar sentiment and hostility towards antiwar activists. As investigative journalists began digging into the official version of the US war effort, they began to uncover the truth of conditions in Southeast Asia. Graphic images of death and destruction displayed on the nightly news turned the American public ever more sharply against the war. At the same time, news media coverage was frequently hostile to the activists themselves, and thus contributed to the conservative backlash against the antiwar movement.
What was the purpose of the student protest at NYU?
The demonstration was to call on the current president, John Sexton, to do something about the accumulation of debt of his graduating students. The protest was also designed to make sure that the upcoming NYU president, Andrew Hamilton, was aware of the debt problem. Students took to Twitter with hashtags like #HamiltonGetReady and #YouAreNotALoan. Teach-in events accompanying the protest prompted the university to offer counseling services so that students could talk about their financial debt situation. Little changed following the protest.
What was the cause of the protests at Kent State University?
In April of 1970, President Richard Nixon went on national television to announce the U.S. invasion of Cambodia and need to draft 150,000 soldiers in order to expand the Vietnam War effort. His announcement provoked protests on campuses throughout the United States, including Kent State University in Ohio. Protesters launched a huge demonstration that included setting fire to the ROTC building. The protest prompted the Ohio governor to dispatch 900 national guards to campus. During the protest, an altercation took place and 28 guardsmen opened fire on a crowd of students, killing four and wounding nine. A grand jury later indicted eight of the guardsmen, but the charges were dismissed for lack of evidence. The Kent State shootings go down in history as the worst handling of a campus demonstration.
Why did students march on Stony Brook?
On February 1, 2017, Stony Brook University students marched on campus in a demonstration to protest against the president’s executive order barring refugees, immigrants, and individuals from seven Muslim-majority countries. Protesters were opposed to the immigration order and marched alongside students directly impacted by the presidential move. Stony Brook was one of many United States college campuses to organize protests against Donald Trump’s speeches, immigration policies, and declaration of building a wall along the Mexico and United States border.
What was the cause of the 1968 protests at Columbia University?
In 1968, protests broke out at Columbia University after institution officials announced plants to build a gym in Morningside Park that would offer only limited access to residents of nearby Harlem. This racially charged protest was birthed out of the already aggravated student body regarding Columbia’s research ties to the Vietnam War. In April of 1968, a large crowd of students occupied the campus buildings and demonstrated for approximately one week. Officers showed up with tear gas and approximately 150 students were injured. Over 700 arrests were made, and the recreation center was never built.
What was the rally at Cornell University?
In an effort to protest hate speech surrounding the United States’ 2016 presidential election, nearly 1,000 students, faculty, and area residents rallied at Cornell University. They called the demonstration the People’s Walkout. The rally was assembled as more than criticizing the President-Elect, but something bigger. A student organizer is quoted as saying, “A lot of students are scared and they don’t know what to do and this is a protest that is just trying to bring our whole community together in solidarity to figure out what do we do next.” Students dressed in black and marched through the Cornell campus. While the protest did block traffic and disrupt classes, the rally remained peaceful.
Why did the University of Michigan teach in?
To protest American intervention in Vietnam, an anti-war protest broke out at the University of Michigan in March of 1965. The protest was decided to be a “teach-in,” as a way to make a statement yet educate the university’s students. Teachers brought awareness of the Vietnam War to the classrooms and held demonstrations following classes so there was minimal disruption to the university. The teach-in at University of Michigan was the first demonstration of its kind, and after receiving national press, prompted many more teach-ins throughout the country, including those at Rutgers, Columbia, and University of Wisconsin.
Why did Syracuse University have a sanctuary campus?
In a response fueled by the 2016 presidential election, approximately 1,000 students at Syracuse University and neighboring SUNY declared themselves a “sanctuary campus.” The protest message was to inform immigrants, people of color, and the LGBTQ+ community know they are always welcome on the campuses. The protesters were motivated by the tone of the presidential election and other issues like the Dakota Access Pipeline and Black Lives Matter. Organizers delivered speeches, and a march took place across the quad. Approximately 80 other college campuses throughout the U.S. took part in a show of solidarity.
Who was the social scientist who tried to speak at Middlebury College?
Controversial libertarian social scientist Charles Murray was met by angry protesters when he tried to speak at Middlebury College.
What demographic is involved in violent protests?
Those who predominantly engage in such violent protests generally fit an identifiable demographic profile, according to the study by the Brookings Institute’s Center on Children and Families. The analysis found that it is predominantly upscale students from liberal institutions who are demonstrating illiberal values by protesting, and at times rioting, to force their schools to disinvite or cancel events featuring conservative thinkers.
What happened to the Middlebury faculty?
When a Middlebury faculty member attempted – for Murray’s physical safety -- to escort Murray to a vehicle, a student mob physically attacked them. After a struggle, which left the faculty member injured, they were able to get inside a vehicle, at which point students began battering the vehicle and jumping on top of it.
Is it difficult to invite conservatives to Middlebury College?
The analysis of who on these campuses is making it increasingly difficult to invite conservatives comes shortly after a disturbing such instance at Middlebury College. Earlier this month, controversial libertarian social scientist Charles Murray arrived at the Vermont campus to deliver a guest lecture. But the intensity of the student protests forced Murray and those who had invited him to move to a different section of the campus to continue.
What did the students protest against in 1976?
On June 16, 1976, thousands of high school students in Soweto, South Africa, protested peacefully against apartheid and the Bantu Education Act, which severely limited educational opportunities to black students and decreased education quality.
When did protesters hold umbrellas in front of police?
Pro-democracy protesters holding umbrellas in front of police during clashes on a street in Mong Kok on October 19, 2014 in Hong Kong.
Why did the police use tear gas during the protests?
During the demonstrations, police often used pepper spray and tear gas to control and disperse crowds. The protestors stood firm, however, and opened their umbrellas to protect them from the dangerous mists, turning the umbrella into a powerful symbol of their struggle.
Why did students march in Tiananmen Square?
On April 18, 1989, after the funeral of communist leader Hu Yaobang, thousands of students marched in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China, to protest the oppressive communist government. The protests continued as students called for strikes and class boycotts.
What happened in 2014 in Hong Kong?
Hong Kong’s 2014 Umbrella Protests. Soweto Uprising. Sources. In the wake of the February 14 mass shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida—during which 17 people were killed and more than a dozen injured—students at that high school and across the United States have been galvanized into action.
What happened on November 17, 1989?
On November 17, 1989 a student march marking International Students Day turned into an anti-communism rally. The peaceful marchers were attacked by riot police and 167 of them were hospitalized.
How many people were on the May 19 protest?
Within a few days, the number of strikers had reached over one thousand. On May 19, a rally for political and economic change drew over 1.2 million demonstrators, most of them university students. The Chinese government imposed martial law on May 20 but to no avail.
Why did students protest in the square?
In 1989, student protesters occupied the square in react to the death of former Communist Party Secretary General Hu Yaobang, who had been a reformist. His death was the spark that subsequently led to pro-democracy protests.
What were the protests in 1989?
3. Tiananmen Square Protest – 1989.
Why are universities protesting in Burma?
And in more recent weeks, universities from South Africa to Pakistan have been raising their voice in protest to the ongoing persecution of Rohingya Muslims in Burma.
What was the most famous protest in the 1970s?
One of the most famous was at Kent State University in 1970. Four students were killed during a protest when Ohio National Guardsmen fired into the crowd. The shootings instigated a nationwide strike that forced many colleges and universities to close.
What was the anti-war movement in the 1960s?
The anti-war movement of the 1960s mostly began on college campuses, as student members of an organisation called Students for a Democratic Society began organising teach-ins to talk about their opposition to the Vietnam War.
How many people protested in Grosvenor Square?
The anti-war sentiment spread across the pond where over 4,000 people protested outside the US Embassy in Grosvenor Square.
Who was competing with the People's Republic of China for the favor of the North Vietnamese?
Kosygin was competing with the People's Republic of China for the favor of the North Vietnamese.
Did a Republican controlled Congress deliver Clinton an acceptable budget?
A Republican controlled Congress did not deliver Clinton an acceptable budget.
Student Protests Throughout History
The Fight For Civil Rights on College Campuses
- Student activists have also successfully tackled more serious issues like discrimination and equity. Until the 20th century, many American colleges and universities enrolled only white male students. Student activists pushed colleges and universities to increase campus diversity and protect members of the school community from discrimination. Take the civil rights movement …
Students Protest Administrative Policies
- In the modern era, student activists demanded a voice in institutional decisions. But first, activists had to convince colleges not to treat them like children. Before the 1960s, colleges actively governed students' lives. Under the doctrine of in loco parentis, a Latin phrase meaning "in the place of the parent," colleges acted as parents toward s...
The Push For Campus Safety
- Campus activism has often focused on the issue of safety. From gun control groups to sexual assault activists, students have pushed institutions to protect people on campus. In 1966, a shooter climbed the tower at the University of Texas at Austin and killed 17 people before police shot him. It was the first mass shooting on a college campus. Fifty years later, Texas passed a l…
Fighting Tuition Increases and Rising Costs
- In response to the skyrocketing cost of college, students have protested tuition increases and pushed for the elimination of student debt. While tuition costs have soared in the past decade, student activists have protested tuition increases for much longer. In 1980, students at Tufts University protesteda proposed $1,126 tuition increase. Tuition for the University of California sy…
Student Activism in 2020 and Beyond
- What does student activism look like today? In the early months of 2020, campus activists continued to focus on major issues, such as the cost of college and equity on campus. But the COVID-19 pandemic created a new urgency for student activists. After colleges closed their campuses and moved to online courses, students began to demand tuition refunds, housing sup…