What were the Comanche involved in the Red River War?
(Of the five major Comanche bands, the Kwahadi and the Yamparika were the primary participants in the Red River War). At this meeting the Comanche, joined by Kiowa and Cheyenne, targeted the camp of white buffalo hunters at the site of Adobe Walls, an old trading post in the Texas Panhandle.
Who was involved in the Buffalo Hunters'War?
The Buffalo Hunters' War, or the Staked Plains War, occurred in 1877. Approximately 170 Comanche warriors and their families led by Quohadi chief Black Horse or Tu-ukumah (unknown–ca. 1900) left the Indian Territory in December, 1876, for the Llano Estacado of Texas.
How did the buffalo hunting affect the Comanche tribe?
Of those Indians that remained in the area, they correctly perceived the post and the buffalo hunting as a major threat to their existence. In the spring, the Indians held a Sun Dance, where Comanche medicine man, Isa-tai, foretold a victory to the warriors who participated in a battle to rid the buffalo hunters.
What was the Red River War of 1874?
The Red River War of 1874. In the early-morning hours of June 27, 1874 some 300 Indians, led by Isa-tai and famed Comanche chief Quanah Parker, attacked the Adobe Walls post. The Indians planned to catch the whites by surprise and simply overpower them.
What Comanche leader led the assault at Adobe Walls?
The young Comanche Quanah Parker joined Isatai as nominal leaders of the raid against the twenty-eight men and one woman residing in Adobe Walls, a small complex of trading stores and a saloon in presentday Hutchinson County, Texas.
Who led the unsuccessful attack on the buffalo hunters at Adobe Walls?
In June of 1874, Quanah allied with Satanta and led over 700 warriors in an attack on buffalo hunters camped at the ruins of Adobe Walls.
Who was the last Comanche chief that attacked Adobe Walls in the Texas Panhandle?
Th e Battle of Adobe Walls on June 26, 1874, involved an estimated 700 Comanche warriors led by chief Quanah Parker attacking the frontier town of Adobe Walls in the north Texas panhandle.
Who commanded the Union troops at the Battle of Adobe Walls?
Kit CarsonFirst Battle of Adobe WallsUnited StatesKiowa Comanche Plains ApacheCommanders and leadersKit CarsonDohäsan Satank Guipago Satanta Iron ShirtStrength8 more rows
Who fought at the Second Battle of Adobe Walls?
The Second Battle of Adobe Walls was fought on June 27, 1874, between Comanche forces and a group of 28 Texan bison hunters defending the settlement of Adobe Walls, in what is now Hutchinson County, Texas.
Who was the Comanche chief that eventually found success as a cattle rancher?
Quanah Parker was named chief over all the Comanches on the reservation, and proved to be a forceful, resourceful and able leader. Through wise investments, he became perhaps the wealthiest American Indian of his day in the United States.
Who was the most famous Comanche chief?
Quanah ParkerThe Rise And Fall Of The Comanche 'Empire' Quanah Parker, considered the greatest Comanche chief, was the son of Cynthia Ann Parker, a white pioneer woman kidnapped by a raiding party when she was a little girl. Their story — and the saga of the powerful American Indian tribe — is told by S.C.
Who was the Comanche chief?
Quanah ParkerBorn about 1845, Comanche leader Quanah Parker lived two vastly different lives: the first as a warrior among the Plains Indians of Texas, and the second as a pragmatic leader who sought a place for his people in a rapidly changing America.
Who was the leader of the Quahadi Comanche?
Quanah ParkerQuanah Parker, (born 1848?, near Wichita Falls, Texas, U.S.—died February 23, 1911, Cache, near Fort Sill, Oklahoma), Comanche leader who, as the last chief of the Kwahadi (Quahadi) band, mounted an unsuccessful war against white expansion in northwestern Texas (1874–75).
What happened in the Battle of Adobe Walls?
The second battle of Adobe Walls occurred on June 27, 1874, when a buffalo hunters' camp, built in the spring of that year in what is now Hutchinson County, about a mile from the adobe ruins known as Adobe Walls was attacked by a party of about 700 Plains Indians, mostly Cheyennes, Comanches, and Kiowas, under the ...
Who built the Adobe Walls in Texas?
Sometime around 1846, William Bent and Ceran St. Vrain arrived with Mexican adobe makers to replace the log establishment with Fort Adobe, a structure that was 80 feet square, with nine-foot walls and only one entrance.
Who had the advantage in the Battle of Adobe Walls?
After a few more futile attacks — Quanah was wounded in one, badly enough to remove him from the fighting — the Indians decided to lay siege to Adobe Walls instead. They still held numerical advantage over the whites.
What did Quanah Parker do?
Quanah Parker, (born 1848?, near Wichita Falls, Texas, U.S.—died February 23, 1911, Cache, near Fort Sill, Oklahoma), Comanche leader who, as the last chief of the Kwahadi (Quahadi) band, mounted an unsuccessful war against white expansion in northwestern Texas (1874–75).
Who had the advantage in the Battle of Adobe Walls?
After a few more futile attacks — Quanah was wounded in one, badly enough to remove him from the fighting — the Indians decided to lay siege to Adobe Walls instead. They still held numerical advantage over the whites.
Who killed all the bison?
"Buffalo" Bill Cody, who was hired to kill bison, slaughtered more than 4,000 bison in two years. Bison were a centerpiece of his Wild West Show, which was very successful both in the United States and in Europe, distilling the excitement of the West to those who had little contact with it.
What led to the Red River War?
The Red River War, a series of military engagements fought between the United States Army and warriors of the Kiowa, Comanche, Southern Cheyenne, and southern Arapaho Indian tribes from June of 1874 into the spring of 1875, began when the federal government defaulted on obligations undertaken to those tribes by the ...
Where did the Buffalo Hunters fight?
Buffalo Hunters' War. Black Horse with his wife and child at Fort Marion , Florida. The Buffalo Hunters' War, or the Staked Plains War, occurred in 1877. Approximately 170 Comanche warriors and their families led by Quohadi chief Black Horse or Tu-ukumah (unknown–ca. 1900) left the Indian Territory in December, 1876, for the Llano Estacado of Texas.
When did the Comanche leave the Indian Territory?
The Buffalo Hunters' War, or the Staked Plains War, occurred in 1877. Approximately 170 Comanche warriors and their families led by Quohadi chief Black Horse or Tu-ukumah (unknown–ca. 1900) left the Indian Territory in December, 1876, for the Llano Estacado of Texas. In February, 1877, they, and their ...
Where did Smoky Hill Thompson attack?
Smoky Hill Thompson remained behind to lead the defense of the trading post. The party trailed the natives to their camp in Thompson's Canyon, now known as Yellow House Canyon in present-day Lubbock, Texas, where they attacked on March 18.
Where did the Comanche attack the Red River?
At this meeting the Comanche, joined by Kiowa and Cheyenne, targeted the camp of white buffalo hunters at the site of Adobe Walls, an old trading post in the Texas Panhandle. The Indians' attack at Adobe Walls may be considered the official beginning of the Red River War. It was followed quickly by a Kiowa raid into Texas ...
Who were the leaders of the Kiowa tribe?
The Comanche and Kiowa were somewhat restrained by the imprisonment of Kiowa leaders Satanta and Big Tree for their part in a raid in 1871 and the capture of 124 Comanche women and children in 1872, but the release of all these prisoners in 1873 led to intensified raiding.
Why did the Indians want revenge?
Indian desire for revenge for losses sustained in earlier raids, continued delays and shortages in rations, fears of white encroachment on Indian land, and, especially, the movement of white buffalo hunters onto the plains of the Texas Panhandle, lands which the Indians believed were reserved for them, all contributed to their growing anger.
Where did the army meet the Indians?
The most famous encounter between the army and the Indians was at Palo Duro Canyon in the Texas Panhandle where the Fourth Cavalry, led by Col. Ranald Slidell Mackenzie, broke up a large encampment of Comanche, Kiowa, and Cheyenne, killing only a few Indians but capturing and slaughtering about fourteen hundred horses.
Who was the interpreter for Fort Sill?
Mackenzie, now commanding at Fort Sill in Indian Territory, sent post interpreter Dr. J. J. Sturms to negotiate the surrender of these Indians. Quanah Parker's band came into Fort Sill on June 2, 1875, marking the end of the Red River War.
How many Indians fled their reservations?
As many as five thousand Indians, representing many of the southern tribes, fled their Indian Territory reservations and moved onto their familiar hunting grounds in western Indian Territory and the Texas Panhandle. At this stage the army and the Indian Bureau in effect declared war on all Indians off their assigned reservations.
Who was the soldier in the Battle of Buffalo Wallow?
In September, just three months after Adobe Walls, an army dispatch detail consisting of Billy Dixon , another scout ( Amos Chapman) and four troopers from the 6th Cavalry were surrounded and besieged by a large combined band of Kiowas and Comanches. During what became known as the Battle of Buffalo Wallow, with accurate rifle fire they held off the Indians for an entire day. An extremely cold rainstorm that night discouraged the Indians, and they broke off the fight; every man in the detail was wounded and one trooper killed. For this action Billy Dixon , along with the other survivors of "The Buffalo Wallow Fight", were awarded the Medal of Honor .
Why is the Red River War important?
This fight is historically significant because it led to the Red River War of 1874–75, resulting in the final relocation of the Southern Plains Indians to reservations in what is now Oklahoma. A monument was erected in 1924 on the site of Adobe Walls by the Panhandle-Plains Historical Society.
How many Indians were in the Battle of Hanrahan?
The Indian force was estimated to be in excess of 700 strong : 208 and led by Isatai'i and Comanche Chief Quanah Parker, son of a captured white woman, Cynthia Ann Parker. Their initial attack almost carried the day; the Indians were in close enough to pound on the doors and windows of the buildings with their rifle butts. The fight was in such close quarters that the hunters' long-range rifles were useless. They were fighting with pistols and Henry and Winchester lever-action rifles in .44 rimfire. After the initial attack was repulsed, the hunters were able to keep the Indians at bay with their large-caliber, long-range Sharps rifles. Nine men were located in Hanrahan's Saloon—including Bat Masterson and Billy Dixon—11 in Meyer's & Leonard's Store and seven in Rath & Wright's Store. : 207
What guns were used at Adobe Walls?
Forensic archaeologists have discovered that the guns in use at Adobe Walls included several Richards' Colt conversions, some Smith & Wesson Americans and at least one Colt .45 (then new on the frontier) pistol, along with numerous rifles in calibers . 50-70, .50-90, .44-77, .44 Henry Flat and at least one .45-70 (also very new). At the time Sharps did not use designations like . 50-90 ("Big Fifty" Sharps). Instead, it designated cartridges by bore size and case length. Technically, the "Big Fifty" was known as the .50 Sharps 2-1/2 Inch. Depending on the bullet used, the case could be loaded as any of what was later designated .50-90, .50-100 or .50-110. The .50-90 loading used the heaviest bullet and gave the best performance at relatively short ranges out to about 100 yards. The two heavier loads used relatively lighter bullets and gave better performance at extended ranges. This makes it more likely that Billy Dixon's shot was made with a .50 Sharps 2-1/2 Inch case loaded to .50-110 specification. In Sharps' nomenclature, the .50-70 was first known as the .50 Sharps 1-3/4 Inch and later as the .50 Sharps 2 Inch, and was sometimes referred to as the "Little Fifty."
What was the name of the battle that took place in 1874?
Palo Duro Canyon. Buffalo Hunters' War. Staked Plains Horror. Yellow House Canyon. The Second Battle of Adobe Walls was fought on June 27, 1874, between Comanche forces and a group of 28 U.S. bison hunters defending the settlement of Adobe Walls, in what is now Hutchinson County, Texas.
What tribes swept across the plains?
Thus, most of the inhabitants were already wide awake and up at dawn when a combined force of Comanche, Cheyenne and Kiowa warriors swept across the plains, intent on erasing the populace of Adobe Walls.
What colors were used in the Battle of the Plains?
Hundreds of warriors, the flower of the fighting men of the southwestern Plains tribes, mounted upon their finest horses, armed with guns and lances, and carrying heavy shields of thick buffalo hide, were coming like the wind. Over all was splashed the rich colors of red, vermillion and ochre, on the bodies of the men, on the bodies of the running horses. Scalps dangled from bridles, gorgeous war-bonnets fluttered their plumes, bright feathers dangled from the tails and manes of the horses, and the bronzed, halfnaked bodies of the riders glittered with ornaments of silver and brass. Behind this headlong charging host stretched the Plains, on whose horizon the rising sun was lifting its morning fires. The warriors seemed to emerge from this glowing background. : 205
Who said these famous words to the US army when he was stopped at the Canadian border?
chief joseph, of the nez Perce tribe, said these famous words to the US army when he was stopped at the Canadian border. why was he seeking refuge there?
When did the Lakota get the Black Hills?
in 1868, the US and the Lakota tribe signed the Treaty of Fort Laramie, which granted the Lakota ownership of the Black Hills in South Dakota and Wyoming. during the 1870's, many settlers moved into the area owned by the Lakota, disregarding the treaty. why were the settlers so interested in this land?
What was the rivalry during the Cold War?
The Rivalry during the Cold War was one between two superpowers; the United States and the Soviet Union. However, it was also a conflict between which two vastly different ideologies?-
When did the Cuban missile crisis begin?
The Cuban Missile Crisis began in 1962 when which country placed nuclear missiles in Cuba?-
Who was the Chief of the Comanche?
Comanche Chief Quanah Parker. With Indian prophet Isa-tai, he led some 300 Indians in an attack on buffalo hunters in the Adobe Walls post. Southern Plains Indian tribes during the Red River War and location of reservations. Map courtesy of the Texas Historical Commission.
Who was the commander of the army columns in the first battle of the Red River campaign?
Col. Nelson A. Miles was the commander of one of the army columns in the first battle of the Red River campaign. U.S. Army columns of the Red River War. Courtesy of the Texas Historical Commission.
Why did the Indians spread out over the plains of Texas?
With their failure at Adobe Walls, many of the Indians began to spread out over the plains of Texas for one final grasp at the old ways of life. The increasing realization that their access to ancestral lands was diminishing encouraged many of the Indians to strike at the encroaching whites.
What was the purpose of the Red River War?
Army launched a campaign to remove the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indian tribes from the Southern Plains and enforce their relocation to reservations in Indian Territory. The actions of 1874 were unlike any prior attempts by the Army to pacify this area of the western frontier. The Red River War led to the end of an entire way of life for the Southern Plains tribes and brought about a new chapter in Texas history.
What were the causes of the Civil War?
To provide a measure of protection for these settlers, the Army established a series of frontier forts. The outbreak of the Civil War resulted in a withdrawal of the military from the western frontier. The Indians took advantage of the situation and aggressively exerted control over the Southern Plains. There was an outcry for the government to take action.
How many columns were used in the Texas Panhandle offensive?
The offensive utilized five columns converging on the general area of the Texas Panhandle and specifically upon the upper tributaries of the Red River where the Indians were believed to be. The strategy aimed at full encirclement of the region, thereby eliminating virtually all gaps through which the Indians might escape. Colonel Nelson A. Miles moved southward from Fort Dodge; Lieutenant Colonel John W. Davidson marched westward from Fort Sill; Lieutenant Colonel George P. Buell moved northwest from Fort Griffin; Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie came northward from Fort Concho; and Major William R. Price marched eastward across the Panhandle from Fort Union. The plan called for the converging columns to maintain a continuous offensive until a decisive defeat had been inflicted on the Indians.
What was the effect of the disappearance of the buffalo on the Indians?
The disappearance of the buffalo impoverished the tribes and forced them to depend on reservation rations… . Among the Indians there was talk of war and killing, and of driving the white man from the land.
Who led the Comanche Warriors?
Comanche Warriors. Leading 336 California and New Mexico Volunteers and 75 Ute and Jicarilla Apache auxiliaries, Carson led an attack against a nearby Kiowa village on November 25, 1864. Afterward, he and his men rested at the ruins of Adobe Walls.
Who led the Comanche tribe to Fort Adobe?
Bent agreed and soon sent a 13-man party led by Dick Wootton, back to Fort Adobe. The group was finally able to conduct trade with the Comanche through a window cut in the wall.
How many buffalo hunters were there in the Adobe Walls?
By the end of spring, 200 to 300 buffalo hunters roamed the area, and trade at Adobe Walls was booming. Of those Indians that remained in the area, they correctly perceived the post and the buffalo hunting as a major threat to their existence.
What happened to Bent in 1849?
However, after part of his stock was killed by hostile Indians, he had finally had enough. He soon blew up the fort, abandoning trade in the Texas Panhandle, and returned to Colorado. The ruins then became a familiar landmark to anyone determined to venture through the hostile country.
Where did the buffalo hunters trade in Fort Adobe?
A decade after the First Battle of Adobe Walls, several merchants from Dodge City, Kansas following the buffalo hunters south into the Texas Panhandle, established a large complex, called the Myers and Leonard Store, near the Fort Adobe ruins. The business included a corral and restaurant, with the primary purpose of serving the ever-increasing influx of buffalo hunters in the area. In April 1874 a second store, operated by Charles Rath and Company, was opened, and shortly afterward, James N. Hanrahan and Charles Rath opened a saloon, and Tom O’Keefe started a blacksmith shop. By the end of spring, 200 to 300 buffalo hunters roamed the area, and trade at Adobe Walls was booming.
Who was the commander of the Battle of Adobe Walls?
First Battle of Adobe Walls (1864) In 1864, Brigadier General James H. Carleton, commanding the Department of New Mexico, wanted to eliminate the Indian attacks on white settlers traveling along the Santa Fe Trail into New Mexico Territory.
Who visited the Adobe Walls?
The expeditions of Randolph B. Marcy in 1849 and Amiel W. Whipple in 1853 traveled by Adobe Walls during their surveys of the Canadian River Valley.