Nuclear weapon
A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or a combination of fission and fusion (thermonuclear weapon). Both reactions release vast quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter.
Which countries have signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty?
Feb 08, 2022 · Which countries joined the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty in 1968? July 1, 1968: The NPT is opened for signature and signed by the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Article IX of the treaty established that entry into force would require the treaty’s ratification by those three countries (the treaty’s depositories) and 40 additional states.
Who signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1968?
Yugoslavia signed the Treaty on July 10, 1968 and deposited an instrument of ratification, with a declaration, on March 4, 1970. 6 Chad signed the Treaty at Moscow on July 1, 1968. 7 On July 1, 1968, the Treaty was signed at Washington in the name of the Republic of China. An instrumentof
Which countries did not join the nuke Treaty?
Still, it had one major drawback in that two nuclear powers, France and the People’s Republic of China, did not sign the agreement, nor did a number of non-nuclear states. Of the non-nuclear states refusing to adhere, and thereby limit their own future nuclear programs, of particular importance were Argentina, Brazil, India, Israel, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and South Africa, …
Is the Non-Proliferation Treaty uniquely unequal?
Accordingly, when was the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty? 1968 . Who is part of the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty? The treaty recognizes five states as nuclear-weapon states: the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, and China (also the five permanent members of the United Nations Security
What countries were involved in the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty?
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, also called Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, agreement of July 1, 1968, signed by the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, and 59 other states, under which the three major signatories, which possessed nuclear weapons, agreed not to assist other states ...Mar 23, 2022
Which countries signed the treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons?
The treaty entered into force on 22 January 2021....The following countries have ratified the United Nations' Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons:Antigua & Barbuda.Austria.Bangladesh.Belize.Benin.Bolivia.Botswana.Cambodia.More items...•Jan 22, 2021
Which countries signed the Treaty?
The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919, by 66 representatives from 32 different countries. The countries were split into three parties, which were led by the Principal Allied and Associated Powers of Britain, France, Italy, Japan and the United States.Jan 10, 2020
How many countries have signed the UN Treaty?
The convention has been ratified by 168 parties, which includes 167 states (164 United Nations member states plus the UN Observer state Palestine, as well as the Cook Islands and Niue) and the European Union. An additional 14 UN member states have signed, but not ratified the convention.
What is the 1968 nuclear non-proliferation treaty?
The 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty commits states to prevent the spreading of nuclear weapons and to negotiate general and complete disarmament, while regulating the safe use of nuclear energy. It also commits states to work towards nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament. The 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) ...
Which countries have nuclear weapons?
There are five nuclear weapon states, which are allowed to maintain nuclear weapons: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The non-nuclear states are the remaining 190 state parties. The NPT prohibits the development of nuclear weapons by non-nuclear weapon states, but allows them to use nuclear energy ...
How many countries have signed the NPT?
The NPT opened for signature on 1 July 1968 with Finland the first state to sign. There are now 191 parties to the treaty. India, Pakistan, Israel and South Sudan are not and never have been parties to the treaty.
When did the Soviet Union test its first nuclear weapon?
UNGA Res 1 (I). Three years later in 1949, the Soviet Union tested its first nuclear weapon in Kazakhstan. Another three years later in 1952, the United Kingdom tested its first nuclear bomb. A series of more powerful tests, including the United States’ hydrogen bomb, would be executed in the following years.
What is the NPT?
The NPT prohibits the development of nuclear weapons by non-nuclear weapon states, but allows them to use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes (i.e. nuclear energy and research) as well as prohibiting nuclear weapon states from spreading nuclear weapons. All states, including nuclear weapon states, are required to pursue both nuclear ...
When did the NPT start?
In 1957 the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) entered into force to control and monitor nuclear technology. In 1958 the Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs, Frank Aiken, launched the NPT development process. Throughout the next few years the development of a treaty gained support.
What is the purpose of the NPT?
All states have the right to use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. Since there are other uses for nuclear energy, the NPT allows for non-nuclear weapon states to use their nuclear material for peaceful purposes. Peaceful purposes include nuclear power and research into nuclear power.
When did North Korea leave the NPT?
This Article does not provide for other states to question a state's interpretation of "supreme interests of its country". North Korea acceded to the NPT in 1985.
Which countries have nuclear weapons?
The treaty recognizes five states as nuclear-weapon states: the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, and China (also the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council ). China and France acceded to the treaty in 1992. Four other states are known or believed to possess nuclear weapons: India, ...
What is the NPT?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The list of parties to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty encompasses the states which have signed and ratified or acceded to the international agreement limiting the spread of nuclear weapons . On 1 July 1968, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was opened for signature.
When did the NPT start?
On 1 July 1968, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was opened for signature. The three depositary states were the Soviet Union (and later its successor state Russia), the United Kingdom, the United States; states wishing to become a party to the NPT must deposit their instruments of ratification, accession or succession with at least one ...
Which country is the only one recognized by the UN?
The Republic of China (Taiwan), which is currently only recognized by 14 UN member states, ratified the treaty prior to the United Nations General Assembly 's vote to transfer China's seat to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1971.
When did the NPT come into force?
The treaty came into force and closed for signature on 5 March 1970 with the deposit of ratification of the three depositary states and 40 others. Since then, states that did not sign the treaty may only accede to it. Date NPT first effective (including USSR, YU, CS of that time)
When was the Treaty of Vietnam signed?
Signed by the Republic of Vietnam on 1 July 1968, and ratified on 10 September 1971, but following the victory. by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the Vietnam War, the reunified Socialist Republic of Vietnam renounced all treaty actions. performed by the Republic of Vietnam.
What is the purpose of Article VI of the Treaty?
Under Article VI of the Treaty each state party ‘undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.’ The Government of Japan believes it essential for the attainment of the purposes of this Treaty that, above all, the nuclear-weapon states should take concrete nuclear disarmament measures in pursuance of this undertaking. As a member of the Committee on disarmament, Japan is also prepared to cooperate in the furtherance of disarmament.
What is the purpose of the Treaty of Versailles?
It is the purpose of the Treaty to prevent the present non-nuclear-weapon States from manufacturing or otherwise acquiring nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. The provisions of the Treaty are therefore solely designed to attain this objective. In no case shall they lead to restricting the use of nuclear energy for other purposes by non-nuclear-weapon States.
What is nuclear explosive device?
At the present stage of technology nuclear explosive devices are those designed to release in microseconds in an uncontrollable manner a large amount of nuclear energy accompanied by shock waves, i.e. devices that can be used as nuclear weapons.
What is Article IV?
Article IV requires those Parties to the Treaty in a position to do so to co-operate in contributing to the further development of the applications of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. The Federal Government therefore expects that any measures restricting the unhampered flow of scientific and technological information will be re-examined with a view to facilitating the fullest possible exchange of scientific and technological information for peaceful purposes.
Overview
History
The impetus behind the NPT was concern for the safety of a world with many nuclear weapon states. It was recognized that the Cold War deterrent relationship between just the United States and the Soviet Unionwas fragile. Having more nuclear-weapon states would reduce security for all, multiplying the risks of miscalculation, accidents, unauthorized use of weapons, escalatio…
Treaty structure
The NPT consists of a preamble and eleven articles. Although the concept of "pillars" is not expressed anywhere in the NPT, the treaty is nevertheless sometimes interpreted as a three-pillar system, with an implicit balance among them:
1. non-proliferation,
Key articles
Article I: Each nuclear-weapons state (NWS) undertakes not to transfer, to any recipient, nuclear weapons, or other nuclear explosive devices, and not to assist any non-nuclear weapon state to manufacture or acquire such weapons or devices.
Article II: Each non-NWS party undertakes not to receive, from any source, nuclear weapons, or other nuclear explosive devices; not to manufacture or acquire such weapons or devices; and no…
Leaving the treaty
Article X allows a state to leave the treaty if "extraordinary events, related to the subject matter of this Treaty, have jeopardized the supreme interests of its country", giving three months' (ninety days') notice. The state is required to give reasons for leaving the NPT in this notice.
NATOstates argue that when there is a state of "general war" the treaty no longer applies, effectively allowing the states involved to leave the treaty with no notice. This is a necessary arg…
Recent and coming events
The main outcome of the 2000 Conference was the adoption by consensus of a comprehensive Final Document, which included among other things "practical steps for the systematic and progressive efforts" to implement the disarmament provisions of the NPT, commonly referred to as the Thirteen Steps.
On 18 July 2005, US President George W. Bush met Indian Prime Minister Man…
Criticism and responses
Over the years the NPT has come to be seen by many Third World states as "a conspiracy of the nuclear 'haves' to keep the nuclear 'have-nots' in their place". This argument has roots in Article VI of the treaty which "obligates the nuclear weapons states to liquidate their nuclear stockpiles and pursue complete disarmament. The non-nuclear states see no signs of this happening". Some argue that the NWS have not fully complied with their disarmament obligations under Article VI …
See also
• 13 steps (an important section in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Treaty)
• Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)
• Humanitarian Initiative
• Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism (GICNT)
Non-Nuclear Weapon States Shall Not Acquire Nuclear Weapons
- One of the most prominent aspects of the NPT is which countries can and cannot acquire nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapon states are those which tested nuclear weapons prior to the treaty, non-nuclear weapon states are all others. Under Articles I and II of the NTP, nuclear weapon states shall not transfer nuclear weapons or assist in the development ...
All States Have The Right to Use Nuclear Energy For Peaceful Purposes
- Since there are other uses for nuclear energy, the NPT allows for non-nuclear weapon states to use their nuclear material for peaceful purposes. Peaceful purposes include nuclear power and research into nuclear power. Article IV ensures the rights of states to pursue development and research in nuclear energy for peaceful purposes as well as the states' rights to transfer materia…
All States Commit to Nuclear and General and Complete Disarmament
- Under Article VI, parties to the treaty undertake to negotiate with each other in good faith to pursue nuclear disarmament and the development of a treaty on general and complete disarmament. This clause has been under debate recently as non-nuclear weapon states have already committed to nuclear disarmament, while it seems nuclear weapon states only seem to …
The IAEA
- Under Article III clause one, each non-nuclear state undertakes to accept the safeguards by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to ensure the states are fulfilling the obligations of the NPT. These safeguards include the monitoring of any fissionable material being produced, processed or used. Under Article III, clause three, the mentioned safeguards are to be implement…
Overview
The list of parties to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty encompasses the states which have signed and ratified or acceded to the international agreement limiting the spread of nuclear weapons.
On 1 July 1968, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty(NPT) was opened for signature. The three depositary states were the Soviet Union (and later its suc…
Ratified or acceded states
189 UN member states as well as two observers, namely the Holy See and the State of Palestine, have become parties to the NPT. However, one of these states (North Korea) submitted a notice of withdrawal. See the section #Withdrawn state below for more details.
Multiple dates indicate the different days in which states submitted their signature or deposition, varied by location. This location is noted by: (L) for London, (M) for Moscow, and (W) for Washin…
Partially recognized state abiding by treaty
The Republic of China (Taiwan), which is currently only recognized by 13 UN member states, ratified the treaty prior to the United Nations General Assembly's vote to transfer China's seat to the People's Republic of China(PRC) in 1971. When the PRC subsequently ratified the treaty, they described the Republic of China's (ROC) ratification as "illegal". The ROC has committed itself to continue to adhere to the requirements of the treaty, and the United States has declared that it st…
Withdrawn state
Article X.1 allows a state to leave the treaty if "extraordinary events, related to the subject matter of this Treaty, have jeopardized the supreme interests of its country", giving three months notice. The state is required to give reasons for leaving the NPT in this notice, and to provide this notice to other NPT Parties and to the UN Security Council. This Article does not provide for other states to question a state's interpretation of "supreme interests of its country".
Other states
Four UN member states have never been a party to the treaty.
The Cook Islands and Niue, two associated states of New Zealand which have had their "full treaty-making capacity" recognised by United Nations Secretariat, are not parties to the treaty but consider themselves bound by its provisions by virtue of their administration by New Zealand when the latter ratified the NPT.
See also
• List of parties to the Biological Weapons Convention
• List of parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention
• List of parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
• List of parties to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty