Periodontitis and other common chronic inflammatory diseases share multiple modifiable risk factors, such as tobacco smoking, psychological stress and depression, alcohol consumption, obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and osteoporosis.
What is the microbiome of periodontitis?
Why do heavy metals cause periodontitis?
What is diabetes mellitus?
What is zinc deficiency?
What are adipokines in diabetes?
What are the transient and commensal members of the oral microbiome?
What are the risk factors for diabetes mellitus?
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What are modifiable risk factors for periodontal disease?
Periodontitis and other common chronic inflammatory diseases share multiple modifiable risk factors, such as tobacco smoking, psychological stress and depression, alcohol consumption, obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and osteoporosis.
What risk factors are associated with periodontal disease?
Factors that may increase risk of Periodontal DiseaseInadequate Oral Hygiene.Tobacco usage (Smoking and Smokeless)Diabetes.Stress.Clenching and Grinding of Teeth.Medication(s)Poor nutrition.Women & Periodontal Disease.More items...
What causes periodontitis?
It's typically caused by poor brushing and flossing habits that allow plaque—a sticky film of bacteria—to build up on the teeth and harden. In advanced stages, periodontal disease can lead to sore, bleeding gums; painful chewing problems; and even tooth loss.
Is plaque a risk factor for periodontal disease?
The increased severity of periodontal disease and bone loss with age is probably related to the length of time, where the periodontal tissues have been exposed to bacterial plaque, and is considered to reflect individual's cumulative oral history [113].
What are the causes and influencing factors of periodontitis?
Causes and risk factors Periodontal disease is a progressed form of gingivitis. It first starts off with a buildup of bacteria and plaque within the gums and the teeth. Over time, stuck-on plaque damages the gums and causes them to fall back from the teeth. In severe cases, pockets form between the teeth and gums.
What are the risk factors for gingivitis?
Factors that can increase your risk of gingivitis include:Poor oral care habits.Smoking or chewing tobacco.Older age.Dry mouth.Poor nutrition, including vitamin C deficiency.Dental restorations that don't fit properly or crooked teeth that are difficult to clean.More items...•
What is the microbiome of periodontitis?
Chronic periodontitis is initiated by dysbiosis (microbial imbalance) among the members (bacteria, fungi, virus, and archaea) of the community of microbes referred to as the microbiome or microbiota in dental plaque (biofilm) that, in especially susceptible individuals, can lead to hyperinflammation and breakdown of the soft and hard tissues surrounding the teeth [ 4 ••, 5 ]. This hyperinflammatory response includes swelling of the soft tissues and will therefore lead to deepening periodontal sulci/pockets, thus favoring the disproportionate growth of anaerobe members of the subgingival microbiome. Their increasing abundance will lead to continued inflammation-related breakdown of periodontal tissues in a vicious cycle that, in the absence of intervention, may lead to tooth loss. Traditional risk factors for periodontitis were reviewed in the past [ 6 ], so whereas their evidence will be updated, non-traditional, novel modifiable risk factors will be emphasized in this review.
Why do heavy metals cause periodontitis?
A Korean study reported that serum concentrations of the hazardous heavy metals cadmium and lead were significantly associated with periodontitis [ 112 ], presumably due to increased oxidative stress and inflammation.
What is diabetes mellitus?
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders particularly manifested by hyperglycemia (elevated blood glucose levels) resulting from impairment of insulin secretion or action or both, and its major categorie s are as follows: type 1 diabetes ( T1D ), type 2 diabetes (T2D), prediabetes ( preDM, increased risk for developing overt T2D in individuals with impaired fasting glucose ( IFG) levels and/or impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT )), and gestational diabetes ( GDM ). Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration expresses the degree of irreversible binding of glucose to hemoglobin and is a measure of blood glucose control over the previous 3 months (the lifespan of the red blood cells), weighted toward the recent few weeks.
What is zinc deficiency?
Zinc is a component of insulin (a peptide hormone) and zinc deficiency—that, for instance, may be created when zinc is moving from serum into the liver during stress—can lower the bioavailability of ingested nutrients, and cause several metabolic problems, such as oxidative stress and impaired wound healing. Zinc deficiency is hypothesized to promote insulin resistance, T2D, diabetes complications, and periodontitis and is thought to mediate the relationship between periodontitis and T2D also by interfering with vitamin C levels and collagen formation [ 90 ].
What are adipokines in diabetes?
Adipokines ( adipocytokines )—such as resistin, adiponectin, leptin, and adiponutrin —may illustrate inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity, diabetes, and periodontitis. Resistin is reportedly expressed in GCF in all persons with both periodontitis and diabetes [ 127 ], whereas obese individuals have elevated levels of circulating leptin and GCF TNF-α [ 51 ]. Periodontal bacteria regulate and periodontal tissue cells express adipokines ( visfatin, leptin, and adiponectin), so obesity may modulate levels of local GCF and systemic adipokines toward a pro-inflammatory state [ 51, 52 ], which promotes both diabetes and periodontitis incidence and severity.
What are the transient and commensal members of the oral microbiome?
Viruses are both transient and commensal members of the oral microbiome, contribute to the development of periodontitis in dysbiotic situations, and may be able to stimulate the overgrowth of bacteria seen with periodontitis [ 35, 36 ].
What are the risk factors for diabetes mellitus?
Modifiable risk factors for both these chronic, inflammation-related diseases include the following: hyperglycemia; microbial overgrowth, infection, and inflammation (virus, poor oral hygiene, gut microbiome); overweight and obesity; metabolic syndrome; hyperlipidemia; medication; unhealthy diet (added sugar; alcohol and other non-sugary carbohydrates, fat, and meat; nutrition, minerals (including zinc), and vitamins); current tobacco smoking (including environmental tobacco smoke); sedentary lifestyle; sleep disturbances; stress, depression, anxiety, poor coping skills, and allostatic load; low health literacy; and the environment and pollution.Given the similarity between the inflammatory mechanisms underlying chronic periodontitis and diabetes mellitus, one can wonder: Could these diseases both be somewhat different manifestations of inflammatory response-based overload? Could both periodontitis and diabetes even be regarded as autoimmune diseases that are manifested due to poor biologic and psychologic coping skills in response to the micro- and macro-level stressors that cause inflammation?Any successful intervention must include more measures than clinical medical/dental care can provide and hence might benefit from active participation of all parties, first and foremost the patient, in a patient-centered, interprofessional health care (not merely disease care) collaboration for the benefit of the mutual patient.But first, it is necessary to be aware of the risk factors that can be modified to pose less risk, a goal toward which this review hopefully will be helpful.
What is the microbiome of periodontitis?
Chronic periodontitis is initiated by dysbiosis (microbial imbalance) among the members (bacteria, fungi, virus, and archaea) of the community of microbes referred to as the microbiome or microbiota in dental plaque (biofilm) that, in especially susceptible individuals, can lead to hyperinflammation and breakdown of the soft and hard tissues surrounding the teeth [ 4 ••, 5 ]. This hyperinflammatory response includes swelling of the soft tissues and will therefore lead to deepening periodontal sulci/pockets, thus favoring the disproportionate growth of anaerobe members of the subgingival microbiome. Their increasing abundance will lead to continued inflammation-related breakdown of periodontal tissues in a vicious cycle that, in the absence of intervention, may lead to tooth loss. Traditional risk factors for periodontitis were reviewed in the past [ 6 ], so whereas their evidence will be updated, non-traditional, novel modifiable risk factors will be emphasized in this review.
Why do heavy metals cause periodontitis?
A Korean study reported that serum concentrations of the hazardous heavy metals cadmium and lead were significantly associated with periodontitis [ 112 ], presumably due to increased oxidative stress and inflammation.
What is diabetes mellitus?
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders particularly manifested by hyperglycemia (elevated blood glucose levels) resulting from impairment of insulin secretion or action or both, and its major categorie s are as follows: type 1 diabetes ( T1D ), type 2 diabetes (T2D), prediabetes ( preDM, increased risk for developing overt T2D in individuals with impaired fasting glucose ( IFG) levels and/or impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT )), and gestational diabetes ( GDM ). Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration expresses the degree of irreversible binding of glucose to hemoglobin and is a measure of blood glucose control over the previous 3 months (the lifespan of the red blood cells), weighted toward the recent few weeks.
What is zinc deficiency?
Zinc is a component of insulin (a peptide hormone) and zinc deficiency—that, for instance, may be created when zinc is moving from serum into the liver during stress—can lower the bioavailability of ingested nutrients, and cause several metabolic problems, such as oxidative stress and impaired wound healing. Zinc deficiency is hypothesized to promote insulin resistance, T2D, diabetes complications, and periodontitis and is thought to mediate the relationship between periodontitis and T2D also by interfering with vitamin C levels and collagen formation [ 90 ].
What are adipokines in diabetes?
Adipokines ( adipocytokines )—such as resistin, adiponectin, leptin, and adiponutrin —may illustrate inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity, diabetes, and periodontitis. Resistin is reportedly expressed in GCF in all persons with both periodontitis and diabetes [ 127 ], whereas obese individuals have elevated levels of circulating leptin and GCF TNF-α [ 51 ]. Periodontal bacteria regulate and periodontal tissue cells express adipokines ( visfatin, leptin, and adiponectin), so obesity may modulate levels of local GCF and systemic adipokines toward a pro-inflammatory state [ 51, 52 ], which promotes both diabetes and periodontitis incidence and severity.
What are the transient and commensal members of the oral microbiome?
Viruses are both transient and commensal members of the oral microbiome, contribute to the development of periodontitis in dysbiotic situations, and may be able to stimulate the overgrowth of bacteria seen with periodontitis [ 35, 36 ].
What are the risk factors for diabetes mellitus?
Modifiable risk factors for both these chronic, inflammation-related diseases include the following: hyperglycemia; microbial overgrowth, infection, and inflammation (virus, poor oral hygiene, gut microbiome); overweight and obesity; metabolic syndrome; hyperlipidemia; medication; unhealthy diet (added sugar; alcohol and other non-sugary carbohydrates, fat, and meat; nutrition, minerals (including zinc), and vitamins); current tobacco smoking (including environmental tobacco smoke); sedentary lifestyle; sleep disturbances; stress, depression, anxiety, poor coping skills, and allostatic load; low health literacy; and the environment and pollution.Given the similarity between the inflammatory mechanisms underlying chronic periodontitis and diabetes mellitus, one can wonder: Could these diseases both be somewhat different manifestations of inflammatory response-based overload? Could both periodontitis and diabetes even be regarded as autoimmune diseases that are manifested due to poor biologic and psychologic coping skills in response to the micro- and macro-level stressors that cause inflammation?Any successful intervention must include more measures than clinical medical/dental care can provide and hence might benefit from active participation of all parties, first and foremost the patient, in a patient-centered, interprofessional health care (not merely disease care) collaboration for the benefit of the mutual patient.But first, it is necessary to be aware of the risk factors that can be modified to pose less risk, a goal toward which this review hopefully will be helpful.