Which organs and systems are most affected by the long-term microvascular consequences of DM? Kidney, eyes, and nervous system Brain, thyroid, and kidney Skin, eyes, and nervous system Soft tissues, thyroid, and cardiovascular system Kidney, eyes, and nervous system Long-term complications of DM are both microvascular and macrovascular.
What body systems are affected by diabetes?
damage to the small blood vessels, causing problems in the eyes, kidneys, feet and nerves (microvascular complications). Other parts of the body can also be affected by diabetes, including the digestive system, the skin, sexual organs, teeth and gums, and the immune system. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease
What are microvascular complications of diabetes?
Microvascular complications of diabetes are those long-term complications that affect small blood vessels. These typically include retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Retinopathy is divided into two main categories: Nonproliferative retinopathy and proliferative retinopathy.
What are the most common long-term diabetes-related health problems?
The most common long-term diabetes-related health problems are: 1 damage to the large blood vessels of the heart, brain and legs (macrovascular complications) 2 damage to the small blood vessels, causing problems in the eyes, kidneys, feet and nerves (microvascular complications). More ...
What is cardiovascular disease and how does it affect you?
Cardiovascular disease includes blood vessel disease, heart attack and stroke. It's the leading cause of death in Australia. The risk of cardiovascular disease is greater for people with diabetes, who often have increased cholesterol and blood pressure levels.
Which organ is affected as a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus?
Diabetes is associated with both microvascular and macrovascular diseases affecting numerous organs, including skeletal muscle, skin, heart, brain, and kidneys.
What parts of the body are affected by microvascular complications?
Microvascular complications of diabetes are those long-term complications that affect small blood vessels. These typically include retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy.
Which one is a microvascular and long term complication of diabetes?
Diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy may be the most common microvascular complication of diabetes.
What body system does DM affect?
Diabetes is a serious disease that can affect your eyes, heart, nerves, feet and kidneys.
What are the three main types of macrovascular complications seen in patients with diabetes?
Results: Macrovascular complications of T2DM include coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias and sudden death, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral artery disease. Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of death in diabetic patients.
How do microvascular complications occur?
Microvascular disease tends to occur predominantly in tissues where glucose uptake is independent of insulin activity (eg kidney, retina and vascular endothelium) because these tissues are exposed to glucose levels that correlate very closely with blood glucose levels.
What are the microvascular and macrovascular complications associated with type 2 diabetes?
Common microvascular complications were peripheral neuropathy (7.7%), chronic kidney disease (5.0%), and albuminuria (4.3%). Common macrovascular complications were coronary artery disease (8.2%), heart failure (3.3%) and stroke (2.2%).
What are the long term effects of type 1 diabetes?
Diabetes increases the risk of some problems with the heart and blood vessels. These include coronary artery disease with chest pain (angina), heart attack, stroke, narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis) and high blood pressure. Nerve damage (neuropathy).
How does diabetes affect cardiovascular system?
Over time, high blood sugar can damage blood vessels and the nerves that control your heart. People with diabetes are also more likely to have other conditions that raise the risk for heart disease: High blood pressure increases the force of blood through your arteries and can damage artery walls.
How does diabetes affect the respiratory system?
Diabetes Worsens Chronic Lung Disease Diabetes and chronic lung disease combine to increase lung inflammation and decrease antimicrobial defense, leading to a higher risk of mortality in patients.
Does diabetes affect pancreas?
In type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the beta cells that produce insulin in your pancreas. The attack causes permanent damage and leaves your pancreas unable to produce insulin.
What are the signs and symptoms of microvascular disease?
What are the signs and symptoms of coronary microvascular disease?shortness of breath.sleep problems.fatigue.lack of energy.
What is the life expectancy of someone with microvascular disease?
Although total life expectancy was similarly reduced for those with high burden of either type of abnormalities (microvascular: 7.96 years [7.50, 8.42] vs macrovascular: 8.25 years [7.80, 8.70]; p = .
What causes the microvascular complications seen in diabetes mellitus?
Microvascular complications are caused by chronic hyperglycemia, whereas macrovascular complications are caused by both chronic hyperglycemia and the consequences of insulin resistance.
What are microvascular diseases?
Coronary microvascular disease affects tiny vessels that deliver blood to heart tissue. When these small blood vessels are damaged, they can spasm, decreasing blood flow to your heart. Microvascular coronary disease causes lasting chest pain and can raise your heart attack risk.
What are xenobiotics associated with?
A large number of xenobiotics and occupations are associated with the development of work-aggravated and work-related asthma. Many high molecular weight xenobiotics, usually plant or animal derived, have been identified, such as. Arthropod and mite related materials, Latex, Flour, Molds, Endotoxins, and.
What is the primary site of biotransformation and detoxification of xenobiotics?
The liver is the primary site of biotransformation and detoxification of xenobiotics. Clinical presentations of toxic liver injury range from indolent, often asymptomatic progression of impairment of hepatic function to rapid development of hepatic failure [Nelson et al. 2011].
Why are children at risk for toxicity?
Children appear particularly at risk for toxicity from percutaneous absorption because their skin is more penetrable than an adult’s, and specific anatomic sites, such as the face, often represent larger percentage of body surface areas than in the adult [Nelson et al. 2011].
What are the sources of nephrotoxicity?
The kidneys are exposed to exogenous or endogenous xenobiotics in their role as primary defenders against harmful xenobiotics entering the bloodstream. The environment, the workplace, and, especially, the administration of medications, represent potential sources of nephrotoxicity.
Which organ is a target organ for toxicants?
Respiratory. The respiratory system is both a target organ and a portal of entry for toxicants. Asthma morbidity and death from asthma are increasing. More than 100 toxicants cause asthma, and many more can exacerbate it [Rom 2007]. A large number of xenobiotics and occupations are associated with the development of work-aggravated ...
What is the age limit for a child to use a COPPA?
The Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) external icon governs information gathered online from or about children under the age of 13. Verifiable consent from a child’s parent or guardian is required before collecting, using, or disclosing personal information from a child under age 13.
What percentage of occupational skin disorders are caused by irritants?
Irritant and allergic contact dermatitis account for 90% of occupational skin disorders. Other skin disorders with occupational/environmental exposure etiologies include
What is the primary goal of diabetes management?
The management of type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) requires addressing multiple goals, with the primary goal being glycemic control. Maintaining glycemic control in patients with diabetes prevents many of the microvascular and macrovascular complications associated with diabetes. This chapter presents a review of the prevalence, screening, diagnosis, and management of these complications.
What is the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy?
The diagnosis of retinopathy is based on the findings of eye exams to determine if the patient has clinically significant macular edema, proliferative retinopathy, or severe nonproliferative retinopathy. The progressive changes in the retina that occur in patients with diabetes include the following:
What is the average albumin excretion rate for nephropathy?
The diagnosis of nephropathy is initially based on development of microalbuminuria. Microalbuminuria is defined as an albumin excretion rate 20 to 200 mcg/min. Because the average daily albumin excretion rate varies by up to 40% between those with diabetes and those without, it is recommended that three urine collections be taken over several weeks before making this diagnosis. Overt nephropathy is defined as an albumin excretion rate >300 mg/24 hours. This is associated with a linear decline in GFR ranging from 0.1 to 2.4 mL/min/month.
How much does diabetes increase CVD risk?
Diabetes increases the CVD risk by 2- to 5-fold.
What are the complications of diabetes?
The macrovascular complications of diabetes result from hyperglycemia, excess free fatty acid, and insulin resistance. These cause increased oxidative stress, protein kinase activation, and activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products, factors that act on the endothelium.
What is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes?
Late stages of macrovascular disease involve complete obstruction of these vessels, which can increase the risks of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, claudication, and gangrene. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes. Back to Top.
How long does it take for a diabetic to develop retinopathy?
Proliferative retinopathy develops in 2% of patients with type 2 DM for longer than 5 years and in 25% of patients with diabetes for 25 years or longer. [2]
What are the complications of DM?
Long-term complications of DM are both microvascular and macrovascular. The principal microvascular complications are nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy.
Which group has the highest incidence of DM?
African American and Hispanic children have a higher incidence of developing DM.
How long does insulin lispro last?
Insulin lispro is rapid-acting; it reaches the blood within 15 minutes after injection. The insulin peaks 30-90 minutes later and may last up to 5 hours in the blood.
How long does insulin stay in the blood?
This type of insulin usually reaches the blood within 30 minutes, has a peak in approximately 3 hours, and stays in the blood for 4-8 hours.
How does diabetes affect mental health?
Mental health and diabetes. Living with and managing either type 1 or type 2 diabetes can lead to stress, anxiety and depression. This can affect your blood glucose levels and how you manage your diabetes in general. Over time, this can affect your health.
What is the HBA1C?
HbA1c is a measurement of how much glucose has attached to your red blood cells over a three-month period. It is a direct measurement of your risk of long-term diabetes-related health problems.
Why is my skin dry?
People with diabetes may experience very dry skin due to damage to the small blood vessels and nerves. A common problem for people with diabetes is very dry skin on the feet.#N#There are also other skin conditions related to diabetes. High blood glucose levels over time can affect the health of the skin. The skin acts as a barrier to protect our bodies from infection so it is important to keep the skin as healthy as possible. If the skin becomes dry, it can lead to cracks and possibly infections.#N#To reduce the risk of skin problems:
What happens if you have too much glucose?
Diabetes is a condition in which there is too much glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood. Over time, high blood glucose levels can damage the body's organs. Possible long-term effects include damage to large (macrovascular) and small (microvascular) blood vessels, which can lead to heart attack, stroke, and problems with the kidneys, eyes, gums, ...
What does it mean to keep your glucose levels in the recommended range?
Keeping your blood glucose levels within the recommended range can help reduce your risk of long-term diabetes-related health problems. Speak to your doctor or diabetes educator if you are unsure what your recommended blood glucose levels are.
Why is my cholesterol high?
There are a number of causes of high cholesterol, including your family history and your diet. Too much saturated fat in your diet can increase the LDL (bad) cholesterol in your blood and result in the build-up of plaque in your blood vessels.
What are the long term effects of diabetes?
The long-term effects of diabetes include damage to large and small blood vessels, which can lead to heart attack and stroke, and problems with the kidneys, eyes, feet and nerves.
How many stages of diabetic nephropathy are there?
Name the 4 stages of diabetic nephropathy.
How many types of classification of diabetic foot?
Describe the 3 types of classification of the diabetic foot and how often each are reviewed by the podiatrist.
What happens if glucose conc rises?
- If glucose conc. rises, excess glucose enters polyol pathway -> sorbitol accumulates and can't get out of the tissues. - Less NAPDH available for cell metabolism.
What to do if pain clinic doesn't work?
Refer to pain clinic if they don't work - Try tramadol or topical lidocaine.
Does glycaemic control prevent microvascular disease?
That intensive glycaemic control can prevent microvascular disease.
Why is good control important?
Because good control means that there is a lower risk of congenital malformations.
What happens if you have diabetes?
When a person with diabetes has a constantly high level of sugar in their blood, it can lead to poor circulation. This, in turn, damages skin health and impairs wound healing. Although skin ailments can occur to anyone, there are specific conditions that only happen to those with diabetes, including: 21 1 Diabetic dermopathy: This condition presents with small, brown, and round lesions on the shins. Roughly 55% of people with diabetes will develop diabetic dermopathy. 22 2 Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum: Less than 1% of people with diabetes will develop necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum. It presents with red bumps on the lower legs of the body in the early stages and advances to flattened, shiny, yellow, and brown raised lesions. 23 3 Diabetic blisters: Diabetic blisters look the same as blisters that form after a burn, but are not painful. They tend to develop in clusters. 4 Eruptive xanthomatosis: This skin condition appears as small yellow and red bumps.
What is the difference between Type 2 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes?
This puts strain on the pancreas as it tries to produce more than it typically needs to. Type 2 diabetes is linked to an increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer.
What are the effects of diabetes on the kidneys?
6. Over time, high levels of sugar in the blood caused by diabetes can damage blood vessels in the kidneys and impair their ability to clean the body. This can lead to a buildup of waste and fluid in the blood.
How many people with diabetes have gastroparesis?
Roughly 20% to 50% of people with diabetes will experience gastroparesis. 19
How many people with diabetes have kidney failure?
Roughly 30% of people with type 1 diabetes develop kidney failure. For those with type 2 diabetes, 10% to 40% of people are affected. 8
Why is diabetes linked to the pancreas?
Diabetes and the pancreas are closely linked because the pancreas produces insulin, and when it doesn’t produce enough or any insulin at all, it leads to high blood sugar. The cause of type 1 diabetes is this lack of insulin production. Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, occurs when the body builds up a resistance to insulin. This puts strain on the pancreas as it tries to produce more than it typically needs to.
What happens if there is less density in grey matter?
If there is less density or volume in grey matter, it can affect a variety of neurological functions. Diabetes can also damage small blood vessels in the brain, which can lead to strokes or the death of brain tissue. It can also cause an issue between certain pathways of communication in the brain. 10.
Prevalence
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Screening
Diagnosis
Management: Lifestyle
Management: Microvascular Risks
Management: Macrovascular Risks
Summary Points
- Diabetes is a leading cause of retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy.
- Diabetes increases the CVD risk by 2- to 5-fold.
- Glycemic control is associated with a reduced risk for both microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes.
- Treatment of CVD risk factors, especially dyslipidemia, is associated with a reduced risk for …
- Diabetes is a leading cause of retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy.
- Diabetes increases the CVD risk by 2- to 5-fold.
- Glycemic control is associated with a reduced risk for both microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes.
- Treatment of CVD risk factors, especially dyslipidemia, is associated with a reduced risk for CVD events.
