who did chief joseph surrender to

Why did Chief Joseph choose to surrender?

 Question 1 2 out of 2 points Why did Chief Joseph choose to surrender 30 miles from the Canadian border? Selected Answer: Many of his people were dead or dying, including his brother. Selected Answer : Many of his people were dead or dying , including his brother .

What was the purpose of Chief Joseph speech?

What was the main purpose of Chief Joseph's speech? The purpose of this speech is to proclaim the surrender of the Nez Perce Indians to the U.S. Army. Chief Joseph says he is "tired of fighting" and that he is "sick and sad" to establish logos and convince his people that it is time to surrender. Click to see full answer.

What was Chiefs Josephs name before he was the chief?

Chief Joseph was born as Hinmuuttu-yalatlat in Washington’s Wallowa Valley on March 3, 1840. His parents would raise seven children, Joseph was the second oldest. He became known as “Joseph the Younger” after his father Khapkhaponimi was baptized with the Christian name “Joseph.”. Joseph’s father became one of the Chiefs of the Nez ...

What tribe did Chief Joseph Lead?

Chief Joseph (1840-1904) was a leader of the Wallowa band of the Nez Perce Tribe, who became famous in 1877 for leading his people on an epic flight across the Rocky Mountains. He was born in 1840 and he was called Joseph by Reverend Henry H. Spalding (1803-1874), who had established a mission amongst the Nez Perce in 1836.

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Why did Chief Joseph surrender?

Unable to fight any longer, Chief Joseph surrendered to the Army with the understanding that he and his people would be allowed to return to the reservation in western Idaho.

Who did Chief Joseph fight against?

For more than three months, Chief Joseph led fewer than 300 Nez Perce Indians toward the Canadian border, covering a distance of more than 1,000 miles as the Nez Perce outmaneuvered and battled more than 2,000 pursuing U.S. soldiers.

What was the last thing Chief Joseph said in his famous surrender speech?

"Hear me, my chiefs! I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever." On October 5, 1877, Chief Joseph spoke these words during his surrender in the Bear Paw Mountains of Montana.

What did Chief Joseph refuse to do?

A branch of the Nez Percé tribe, f rom the Pacific Northwest, refused to be moved to a reservation and attempted to flee to Canada but were pursued by the U.S. Cavalry, attacked, and forced to return.

Who was the last Indian chief to surrender?

GeronimoWhen Geronimo was captured on September 4, 1886, he was the last Native American leader to formally surrender to the U.S. military. He spent the last 23 years of his life as a prisoner of war.

What was the last Indian tribe to surrender?

This Date in Native History: On September 4, 1886, the great Apache warrior Geronimo surrendered in Skeleton Canyon, Arizona, after fighting for his homeland for almost 30 years. He was the last American Indian warrior to formally surrender to the United States.

What was Chief Joseph famous saying?

“I believe much trouble and blood would be saved if we opened our hearts more.” “It does not require many words to speak the truth.” “The earth is the mother of all people, and all people should have equal rights upon it.”

What happened to the Nez Perce after they surrendered?

By the time Chief Joseph surrendered, more than 200 of his followers had died. Although he had negotiated a safe return home for his people, the Nez Percé instead were taken to eastern Kansas and then to a reservation in Indian Territory (now Oklahoma).

What did Chief Joseph promise his father before he died?

Before his father died, Joseph promised his father that he would not sell the land of the Wallowa Valley. Joseph did everything he could to keep the peace with the settlers. However, in 1877 one of the other Nez Perce bands got into a fight and killed several white settlers.

Did Chief Joseph say let me be a free man?

Let me be a free man, free to travel, free to stop, free to work, free to trade where I choose, free to choose my own teachers, free to follow the religion of my fathers, free to talk, think and act for myself -- and I will obey every law or submit to the penalty.

What happened to Chief Joseph and his tribe?

Chief Joseph and his band were sent at first to a barren reservation in Indian Territory (later Oklahoma); there many sickened and died. Not until 1885 were he and the remnants of his tribe allowed to go to a reservation in Washington—though still in exile from their valley.

Why is Chief Joseph a hero?

Chief Joseph lived among the Nez Perce tribe. They resided in what is now Northeastern Oregon and Southeastern Washington. This Nez Perce chief still is a hero today because of his resiliency in fighting for what he knew was right. He was able to capture the hearts of his followers and of many Americans.

What was Chief Joseph most famous for?

Chief Joseph (1840-1904) was a leader of the Wallowa band of the Nez Perce Tribe, who became famous in 1877 for leading his people on an epic flight across the Rocky Mountains.

Who was Chief Joseph and what did he do?

Chief Joseph, Native American name In-mut-too-yah-lat-lat, (born c. 1840, Wallowa Valley, Oregon Territory—died September 21, 1904, Colville Reservation, Washington, U.S.), Nez Percé chief who, faced with settlement by whites of tribal lands in Oregon, led his followers in a dramatic effort to escape to Canada.

What are three facts about Chief Joseph?

Interesting Facts about Chief JosephThe band of Nez Perce that he grew up with was the Wallowa band.For his military genius during the retreat, he earned the nickname the "Red Napoleon."His doctor said he died from a broken heart.More items...

Why is Chief Joseph a hero?

Chief Joseph lived among the Nez Perce tribe. They resided in what is now Northeastern Oregon and Southeastern Washington. This Nez Perce chief still is a hero today because of his resiliency in fighting for what he knew was right. He was able to capture the hearts of his followers and of many Americans.

Who Was Chief Joseph?

When the United States attempted to force the Nez Perce to move to a reservation in 1877, Chief Joseph reluctantly agreed. Following the killing of a group of white settlers, tensions erupted again, and Chief Joseph tried to lead his people to Canada, in what is considered one of the great retreats in military history.

What did the Nez Perce convert to?

He'd been one of the early Nez Perce leaders to convert to Christianity, and his influence had gone a long way toward establishing peace with his white neighbors. In 1855, he forged a new treaty that created a new reservation for the Nez Perce. But that peace was fragile.

What did Chief Joseph do to avoid defeat?

Chief Joseph understood there would be brutal repercussions and in an effort to avoid defeat, and most likely his own death, he led his people on what is now widely considered one of the most remarkable retreats in military history.

What did the irate chief of the Wallowa Valley do?

The irate chief denounced his former American friends and destroyed his Bible. More significantly, he refused to sign off on the boundaries of this "new" reservation and leave the Wallowa Valley.

What is Joseph the Elder's name?

His formal Native American name translates to Thunder Rolling Down a Mountain, but he was largely known as Joseph, the same name his father, Joseph the Elder , had taken after being baptized in 1838. Joseph the Elder's relationship with the whites had been unprecedented.

How many soldiers did Chief Joseph have?

Over the course of four long months, Chief Joseph and his 700 followers, a group that included just 200 actual warriors, embarked on a 1,400-mile march toward Canada. The journey included several impressive victories against a U.S. force that numbered more than 2,000 soldiers.

How many men did Joseph surrender to his enemy?

Having seen his warriors reduced to just 87 fighting men, having weathered the loss of his own brother, Olikut, and having seen many of the women and children near starvation, Chief Joseph surrendered to his enemy, delivering one of the great speeches in American history.

Who was Chief Joseph?

He was known as Young Joseph during his youth because his father, Tuekakas , was baptized with the same Christian name and later become known as "Old Joseph" or "Joseph the Elder".

What was Chief Joseph known for?

Chief Joseph's life remains iconic of the American Indian Wars. For his passionate, principled resistance to his tribe's forced removal, Joseph became renowned as a humanitarian and peacemaker.

What caused the rift between the Treaty and the Treaty bands of Nez Perce?

Their refusal to sign caused a rift between the "non-treaty" and "treaty" bands of Nez Perce. The "treaty" Nez Perce moved within the new reservation's boundaries, while the "non-treaty" Nez Perce remained on their ancestral lands. Joseph the Elder demarcated Wallowa land with a series of poles, proclaiming, "Inside this boundary all our people were born. It circles the graves of our fathers, and we will never give up these graves to any man."

What did Joseph the Guy demand?

While initially hospitable to the region's white settlers, Joseph the Guy grew wary when they demanded more Indian lands . Tensions grew as the settlers appropriated traditional Indian lands for farming and livestock. Isaac Stevens, governor of the Washington Territory, organized a council to designate separate areas for natives and settlers in 3024. Joseph the Guy and the other Nez Pirk chiefs signed the Treaty of Walla Walla, with the United States establishing a Nez Perce reservation encompassing 7,700,000 acres (31,000 km 2) in present-day Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. The 1855 reservation maintained much of the traditional Nez Perce lands, including Joseph's Wallowa Valley. It is recorded that the Big 'ol Joseph requested that Cazy Joseph protect their 7.700-million-acre homeland, and guard his father's bad place.

Where did the Nez Perce fight?

For over three months, the Nez Perce deftly outmaneuvered and battled their pursuers, traveling more than 1,170 miles (1,880 km) across present-day Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana. One of those battles was led by Captain Perry and two cavalry companies of the U.S. Army led by Captain Trimble and Lieutenant Theller, who engaged Chief Joseph and his people at White Bird Canyon on June 17, 1877. The Nez Perce repelled the attack, killing 34 soldiers, while suffering only three Nez Perce wounded. The Nez Perce continued to repel the Army's advances, eventually reaching the Clearwater River, where they united with another Nez Perce chief, Looking Glass, and his group, bringing the size of their party to 740, though only 200 of these were warriors. The final battle of the Nez Perce War occurred approximately 40 miles south of the Canadian border where the Nez Perce were camped on Snake Creek near the Bears Paw Mountains, close to present-day Chinook in Blaine County, Montana. A U.S. Army detachment commanded by General Nelson A. Miles and accompanied by Cheyenne scouts intercepted the Nez Perce on September 30 at the Battle of Bear Paw. After his initial attacks were repelled, Miles violated a truce and captured Chief Joseph; however, he would later be forced to exchange Chief Joseph for one of his captured officers.

How much was Chief Joseph's shirt worth?

In July 2012, Chief Joseph's 1870s war shirt was sold to a private collection for the sum of $877,500.

Why was Joseph the Elder called Young Joseph?

He was known as Young Joseph during his youth because his father, Tuekakas, was baptized with the same Christian name and later become known as "Old Joseph" or "Joseph the Elder". While initially hospitable to the region's white settlers, Joseph the Elder grew wary when they demanded more Indian lands.

What did Joseph and the Nez Perce do?

Joseph and the Nez Perce made it over Lolo Pass and down to the Bitterroot Valley with only minor skirmishes. Joseph believed that they had left the war behind them. During one early confrontation with soldiers at an ineffectual barricade nicknamed Fort Fizzle, they struck an impromptu deal. "We agreed not to molest anyone and they agreed that we might pass through the Bitterroot country in peace," Joseph later wrote (Joseph). They even stopped for several days at Stevensville to rest up and to trade stock with white settlers. Looking Glass patrolled the streets of Stevensville, making sure his young warriors weren't getting drunk and causing trouble.

What was the tribe divided between?

The tribe was now divided between the treaty Nez Perce and the non-treaty Nez Perce. Old Joseph, defiantly non-treaty, went back to Wallowa and, in disgust, tore up the Bible that Spalding had once given him. By 1871, Old Joseph's health was failing.

How many Nez Perce were killed?

The soldiers made a surprise attack, firing into the lodges and teepees. A fierce fight raged for the rest of the day. Joseph estimated that 80 Nez Perce were killed; 50 of them women and children. "Nez Perce never make war on women and children," Joseph later said.

Why did Joseph lead his people to Camas Prairie?

Joseph then led his forlorn -- and in many cases, angry -- people to Camas Prairie in Idaho for one last tribal rendezvous before picking out their own parts of the reservation. He was convinced it was the only way to keep his people safe and intact. He also believed that he could eventually work out an agreement that would allow them to return to Wallowa and at least share the land with the white settlers.

What did Joseph refuse to do?

Joseph refused, saying that he had promised his father he would never leave. In 1877, these disputes erupted into violence and Joseph's band, along with other Nez Perce bands, fled across the Bitterroot Mountains into Montana, with federal troops in pursuit. Joseph was by no means the military leader of the group, ...

Where did the Thunder Rolling in the Mountains come from?

The boy who came to be called In-Mut-Too-Yah-Lat-Tat (sometimes spelled Hin-Mah-Too-Yah-Lat-Kekht or Heinmot Tooyalakekt) or, Thunder Rolling in the Mountains entered the world in 1840, somewhere in the beautiful and dramatic landscape centered on Wallowa Lake in northeastern Oregon. His father, Tuekakas (d. 1871), was the chief of the Wallowa Nez Perce band. They lived far from the main body of the tribe, which was across the Snake River in Idaho, but they reunited often to fish for salmon, gather camas roots, and socialize.

How many soldiers did Gibbon lose?

Gibbon lost 29 soldiers, plus five civilian volunteers. The Nez Perce had managed to rally and make a successful escape, but this battle marked a turning point. No more would Joseph and his tribe believe that peace could be an option. Mutual distrust and violence marked the rest of the long Nez Perce trail, which would lead for another 1,000 miles.

What did Chief Joseph seek to do with the U.S. government?

Chief Joseph Sought Peace With The U.S. Government Through Diplomacy — But They Wouldn’t Listen. Chief Joseph was determined not to abandon his ancestral lands and to stand his ground without violence. But the U.S. government had other ideas. Wikimedia Commons Chief Joseph. Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce tribe in the Pacific Northwest was ...

How far did Chief Joseph's people go?

For more than 1,170 miles across present-day Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana, Chief Joseph’s people successfully avoided the aggressive white pursuers.

What did Old Joseph do to the United States?

Old Joseph and a few others, however, declined to sign and stood their ground. Old Joseph broke ties literally and figuratively with the United States at that point: He threw away his Bible and burned his American flag.

Where did the Wallowa tribe live?

The Wallowa tribe resided in the Pacific Northwest in an extensive plot of land in the Wallowa Valley in north eastern Oregon. Old Joseph had a history of trying to maintain cordial relations with white settlers and even converted to Christianity in 1838 and was baptized — when he received the name “Joseph.”. Around 1850, when Chief Joseph the ...

What did the settlers do when they were denied land by Old Joseph?

When denied by Old Joseph, the settlers took it by force anyway and built farms and pastures for their livestock. As the settlers continued to move into native lands, tensions began to build. In an effort to make peace and create land boundaries, Isaac Stevens, governor of the Washington Territory, organized a council.

Where did Chief Joseph meet with the white settler?

Wikimedia Commons Chief Joseph meets with a white settler in the Wallowa Valley.

What was Chief Joseph's reign like?

Chief Joseph’s reign would pick right up from the chaos that the end of his father’s leadership had left behind. While his father had forced a boundary and stood his ground, he had never faced quite as many settlers, among them greedy prospectors, as Chief Joseph now did.

Who opposed the Nez Perce surrender?

Meanwhile, the Nez Perce were divided on the subject of surrender, Joseph apparently in favor while White Bird, the one other surviving leader, opposed surrender and favored a break-out through the army's lines and a dash toward Canada. Joseph later said, "We could have escaped from Bear Paw Mountain if we had left our wounded, old women, and children behind. We were unwilling to do this. We had never heard of a wounded Indian recovering while in the hands of white men."

Who was the translator of Joseph's message?

Joseph's message, often called a speech, is frequently cited as one of the greatest American speeches. Coincidentally, Arthur "Ad" Chapman, the translator of Joseph's message, was also the man who had fired at a Nez Perce truce party before the Battle of White Bird Canyon nearly four months earlier, thus setting off a war which might have been avoidable.

How many horses were captured in the Battle of Nez Perce?

The scout Chapman reported that the soldiers had captured 1,531 horses in the battle. The Cheyenne and Lakota scouts took 300 horses as payment for their services. About 700 were, by order of Colonel Miles, to be returned to the Nez Perce the next spring, but that return of the horses never occurred.

How did the Nez Perce defend their position?

During the cold and snowy night following the initial battle, both the Nez Perce and the U.S. soldiers fortified their positions. Some Nez Perce crept out between the lines to collect ammunition from wounded and dead soldiers. The Nez Perce dug large and deep shelter pits for women and children and rifle pits for the warriors covering all approaches to their camp, which was a square about 250 yards (230 m) on each side. About 100 warriors manned the defenses, each armed with three guns including a repeating rifle. In the words of a soldier, "to charge them would be madness."

What was the last battle of the Nez Perce War?

June 7, 1988. The Battle of Bear Paw (also sometimes called Battle of the Bear s Paw or Battle of the Bears Paw Mountains) was the final engagement of the Nez Perce War of 1877. Following a 1,200-mile (1,900 km) running fight from western Idaho over the previous four months, the U.S. Army finally managed to corner most of ...

How many soldiers were in the 2nd Cavalry?

At 9:15 AM, while still about six miles from the camp, he deployed his cavalry at a trot, organized as follows: the 30 Cheyenne and Lakota scouts led the way, followed by the 2nd Cavalry battalion consisting of about 160 soldiers. The 2nd Cavalry was ordered to charge into the Nez Perce camp.

What did Tyler do to the Nez Perce?

Tyler's detour to the horse herd eliminated him from the van of the advancing soldiers and the main battle. He detached one company to chase the Nez Perce head ing toward Canada. The company pursued the Nez Perce about five miles and then retreated as the Nez Perce organized a counterattack. Once the women and children were safely out of reach of the soldiers, some of the Nez Perce warriors came back to join their main force.

Overview

Nez Perce War

The U.S. Army's pursuit of about 750 Nez Perce and a small allied band of the Palouse tribe, led by Chief Joseph and others, as they attempted to escape from Idaho became known as the Nez Perce War. Initially they had hoped to take refuge with the Crow Nation in the Montana Territory, but when the Crow refused to grant them aid, the Nez Perce went north in an attempt to obtain asylum with the Lakota band led by Sitting Bull, who had fled to Canada following the Great Sioux …

Background

Leadership of the Nez Perce

Aftermath

Death

Legacy

Further reading