Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the two Russian Revolutions of 1917, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. The two largest combatant groups were the Red Army, fighting for the Bolshevik form of socialis…
Who would win in a war between Russia and the US?
American and Russian infantry would never fight alone. Both would fight as part of an integrated team with armor, mortars, heavy artillery, air support, and electronic warfare all contributing to win the battle. Still, in a matchup between American and Russian infantry forces American forces have a decisive advantage in firepower.
What were the causes of the Russian Civil War?
- ❖ The Whites consisted of lots of different groups such as Socialist Revolutionaries, tsarists/monarchists, Liberals, ultra-conservatives, and army officers against the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk .
- ❖ The Greens consisted of peasants and deserters from other armies.
- ❖ Foreign countries also intervened in the civil war against the Bolsheviks. ...
Who were the White Russians during the Russian Revolution?
The Allied Powers lent their support to White Russian elements from the summer of 1918. There were tensions between the two anti-Bolshevik factions, the White Russian government led by Admiral Alexander Kolchak and the Cossacks led by Grigory Semyonov and Ivan Kalmykov, which also hampered efforts. The Allied forces originally took over from some front-line White forces and helped hold the line against the Bolsheviks in the far-east.
What were the effects of the Civil War in Russia?
what were the causes and effects of the civil war in russia
- Russian Revolution and Civil War: Crash Course European History #35
- Cause and Effect Of Civil War In Russia – WH Project #4
- Russian Civil War | 3 Minute History
- PBS NewsHour full episode, Nov. 25, 2021
Which countries fought in the Russian Civil War?
Nationalists:Nationalists:Poland. (1918–21)Finland. (1917–20)Ukraine. (1917–18; 1918–20)Estonia. (1918–20)Latvia. (1918–20)Lithuania. (1918–20)
Who fought the civil war in Russia and why?
Russian Civil War, (1918–20), conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government led by Vladimir I. Lenin against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies.
Who fought the civil war revolution in Russia?
Russian Civil War summary Russian Civil War, (1918–20) Conflict between the newly formed Bolshevik government and its Red Army against the anti-Bolshevik forces in Russia.
Who were the red and White Army in the Russian revolution?
The Red Army fought for the Lenin's Bolshevik government. The White Army represented a large group of loosely allied forces, including monarchists, capitalists and supporters of democratic socialism.
Why did the Bolsheviks win the Civil War?
In short, the Bolsheviks were able to win the Russian Civil War because the Whites failed to secure the support of the different national groups, key foreign powers, and the peasantry, while Bolsheviks enjoyed much more authority within Russia and were therefore able to assert their power over the Whites.
Who won the Civil War?
the United StatesAfter four bloody years of conflict, the United States defeated the Confederate States. In the end, the states that were in rebellion were readmitted to the United States, and the institution of slavery was abolished nation-wide.
What were the two sides of the Civil War named who fought on each side?
The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union (states that remained loyal to the federal union, or "the North") and the Confederacy (states that voted to secede, or "the South").
Who did Britain support in Russian Civil War?
Estonia had established a national army and, with the support of the British Royal Navy and Finnish volunteers, were defending against the 7th Red Army's attack. Faced with these events, the British and French governments decided upon an Allied military intervention in Russia.
Who were the Red Army soldiers?
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, after 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The army was established in January 1918.
Was the Red Army the Bolsheviks?
The Red Army was the military force of the Bolshevik regime and the Soviet republic. It was formed in 1918 to defend the new regime during the Russian Civil War.
Why were the Reds and Whites fighting?
The Russian Civil War was a civil war fought from 7 November 1917 to 16 June 1922 between several groups in Russia. The main fighting was between the Red Army and the White Army. The Red Army was communist, and the White Army was anticommunist.
What groups made up the White Army?
The Red Army was made up of people who supported Lenin and the establishment of socialism in Russia whereas the White Army was composed of Tsarists who remained faithful to the Imperial family and refused the victory of Bolsheviks.
Who were the two main groups of Russian opponents of Lenin?
In the next months there was a marked drawing together of two main groups of Russian opponents of Lenin: (1) the non-Bolshevik left, who had been finally alienated from Lenin by his dissolution of the Constituent Assembly and (2) the rightist whites, whose main asset was the Volunteer Army in the Kuban steppes.
What were the two anti-Bolshevik authorities?
In the vacuum created by this action, two anti-Bolshevik authorities appeared: the West Siberian Commissariat, of predominantly liberal complexion, based at Omsk; and the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly, composed of Socialist Revolutionaries, based at Samara. Czechoslovak Legion. Members of the Czechoslovak Legion in Vladivostok ...
What were the causes of the Russian Revolution?
Russia’s disastrous performance in World War I was one of the primary causes of the Russian Revolution of 1917, which swept aside the Romanov dynasty and installed a government that was eager to end the fighting. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) whereby Russia yielded large portions of its territory to Germany caused a breach between the Bolsheviks ( Communists) and the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, who thereupon left the coalition. In the next months there was a marked drawing together of two main groups of Russian opponents of Lenin: (1) the non-Bolshevik left, who had been finally alienated from Lenin by his dissolution of the Constituent Assembly and (2) the rightist whites, whose main asset was the Volunteer Army in the Kuban steppes. This army, which had survived great hardships in the winter of 1917–18 and which came under the command of Gen. Anton I. Denikin (April 1918), was now a fine fighting force, though small in numbers.
What was the Red Terror?
Eventually, in September, the government proclaimed a campaign of “Red terror,” including shooting hostages and giving increased powers to the Cheka (political police) of summary arrest, trial, and execution of suspects.
What was the name of the army that landed in Vladivostok?
On April 5 Japanese forces landed at Vladivostok, without any approval. A further factor was the Czechoslovak Legion, composed of Czech and Slovak deserters from the Austro-Hungarian army, whom previous Russian governments had allowed to form their own units.
What happened in 1918?
At the same time, the Western Allies, desperately pressed by a new German offensive in northern France in the spring of 1918, were eager to create another front in the east by reviving at least a part of the Russian army.
What happened in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) whereby Russia yielded large portions of its territory to Germany caused a breach between the Bolsheviks ( Communists) and the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, who thereupon left the coalition.
Who fought in the Russian Civil War?
The Russian Civil War was a three-year struggle for control of Russia, fought by the Bolshevik Red Army, counter-revolutionary White armies and other non-aligned forces. 2.
What was the turning point of the Russian Civil War?
It difficult to pinpoint a definitive end to the Russian Civil War. Kolchak’s arrest and execution in February 1920 was an important turning point, while the retreat of Wrangel ‘s army from southern Russia in November 1920 marked the Bolshevik victory in European Russia.
Why was the Czech Legion unable to move?
By May 1918, the Legion was distributed along the Trans-Siberian Railway but found itself unable to move due to transport shortages and Bolshevik red tape. Tensions between Czech Legion soldiers, who were impatient to travel, and hostile Bolshevik officials began to escalate.
What was the Bolshevik threat?
With the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918, the Bolsheviks became not just traitors to the war but a political threat to democratic-capitalist nations. Most foreign powers refused to recognise the legitimacy of the Bolshevik regime, dealing instead with White generals in exile.
What were the most important groups involved in the Civil War?
The most significant groups involved in the Civil War were the Bolsheviks and their Red Army , and a loose coalition of anti-Bolshevik groups known as the Whites or White armies. There were other groups not aligned with the Bolsheviks or Whites who fought for their own objections, such as regional interests, political autonomy or independence.
Why did the Bolsheviks win?
Their victory can be attributed to several factors. One is that the Bolsheviks, for all their problems, fought with a clear political objective and unity of purpose. The Bolshevik mission was to establish a soviet socialist republic across Russia. The Whites, in contrast, were not sure what they wanted to create.
What was the catalyst for the outbreak of the Civil War?
The catalyst for the outbreak of civil war was an uprising by Czech Legion. A Russian Imperial Army unit that served in World War I, the Czech Legion contained volunteers of Czech and Slovak heritage who enlisted to defend their homeland.
What happened to Russia in 1918?
Areas on the outskirts of the Russian empire took advantage of the chaos to declare independence and in 1918 almost the whole periphery of Russia was lost to the Bolsheviks by localized military revolts.
What did the Bolsheviks see in the war?
The Bolsheviks saw the war as a struggle between their workers and Russia’s upper and middle classes, and as a war of socialism against international capitalism.
How long did the Kuban fight?
By June 1918 this force had survived great difficulties from the infamous Russian winter, fighting the ‘First Kuban Campaign’ or the ‘Ice March’, a near-continuous battle and movement against the Reds that lasted over fifty days and saw their commander Kornilov (who may have attempted a coup in 1917) killed.
How did the Bolsheviks consolidate power?
The Bolsheviks have consolidated their power, with the party expanding, dissidents being quelled and institutions taking shape. Quite what effect the war had on the Bolsheviks, who started with a loose grip on Russia with little established, and ended firmly in charge, is debated.
What was the October Revolution?
Russia’s October Revolution of 1917 produced a civil war between the Bolshevik government and a number of rebel armies. This civil war is often said to have started in 1918, but bitter fighting began in 1917. Although most of the war was over by 1920, it took until 1922 for the Bolsheviks, who held the industrial heartland of Russia from the start, ...
What happened in 1917?
In 1917, after the second revolution in one year, the socialist Bolsheviks had seized command of Russia’s political heart. They dismissed the elected Constitutional Assembly at gunpoint and banned opposition politics; it was clear they wanted a dictatorship.
What happened in 1918 in the Far East?
Japanese troops had also landed in the Far East, while in late 1918 the French arrived through the south in the Crimea and British in the Caucuses. The Don Cossacks, after initial problems, rose and seized control of their region and started pushing out.
Who led the Bolshevik Revolution?
But the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, led by Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky, installed a communist government in Moscow and St. Petersburg that pulled Russia out of the conflict and into peace with Germany. By fall 1918, Lenin’s year-old government controlled only a part of central European Russia.
How many troops did Wilson send to Russia?
Desperate to reopen an Eastern Front, Britain and France pressured Wilson to send troops to join Allied expeditions in northern Russia and far eastern Russia, and in July 1918, Wilson agreed to send 13,000 troops. The Allied Powers hoped that the White Russians might rejoin the war if they defeated the Reds.
What happened after November 11 1918?
Two months after the November 11, 1918, armistice that officially ended the war for the rest of Europe, as one million Americans in France were preparing to sail home, the U.S. troops in Russia found that their ill-defined missions had transformed into something even more obscure.
What was Lenin's government?
By fall 1918, Lenin’s year-old government controlled only a part of central European Russia. Forces calling themselves the White Russians, a loose coalition of liberals, social democrats and loyalists to the assassinated czar, were fighting the Communists from the north, south, east and west.
Who controlled most of Siberia?
The Czechs, not the Bolsheviks, controlled most of Siberia, including the Trans-Siberian Railway. Graves deployed his troops to guard parts of the railway and the coal mines that powered it -- the lifeline for the Czechs and White Russians fighting the Red Army.
Who was the commander of the Polar Bears?
While the Polar Bears played a reluctant role in the Russian Civil War, the U.S. commander in Siberia, General William Graves, did his best to keep his troops out of it. In August 1918, before Graves left the U.S., Secretary of War Newton Baker met the general to personally hand him Wilson’s memo about the mission.
Where were the art stolen during the Nazi occupation?
During the Nazi occupation of France, many valuable works of art were stolen from the Jeu de Paume museum and relocated to Germany. One brave French woman kept detailed notes of the thefts
What was the name of the battle that the Russians defeated the Crimean Tatars in 1571?
Russia. Crimean Khanate. Victory. The burning of Moscow by the Crimean Tatars in 1571. The defeat of the Crimean Tatars by the Russians at the Battle of Molodi in 1572. Preservation of independence of Russia and its conquests in the Volga region. Russian conquest of Siberia (1580–1762) Location: Siberia.
What countries did the Red Army win?
Victory for the Red Army in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, South Caucasus, Central Asia, Tuva, and Mongolia. Victory for pro-independence movements in Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. Ukrainian War of Independence.
Origins of The War: Reds and Whites Form
The Nature of The Reds and Whites
- The ‘Reds’ were clustered around the capital. Operating under the leadership of Lenin and Trotsky, they had a uniform agenda, albeit one that shifted as the war continued. They were fighting to retain control and keep Russia together. Trotsky and Bonch-Bruevich (a vital ex-Tsarist commander) pragmatically organized them along traditional military l...
The Civil War
- Battle in the civil war was fully joined by the middle of June 1918 on multiple fronts. The SRs created their own republic in Volga but their socialist army was beaten. An attempt by Komuch, the Siberian Provisional Government and others in the east to form a unified government produced a five-man Directory. However, a coup led by Admiral Kolchak took it over, and he was …
The Red Army Triumphant
- The White threat was at its greatest in October 1919 (Mawdsley, The Russian Civil War, p. 195), but how great this threat was is debated. The Red Army had survived in 1919 and had time to solidify and become effective. Kolchak, pushed out of Omsk and vital supply territory by the Reds, tried to establish himself at Irktusk, but his forces fell apart and, after resigning, he was arrested …
Aftermath
- The failure of the Whites in the civil war was caused in large part by their failure to unite, although because of Russia’s vast geography it’s hard to see how they ever could have provided a united front. They were also outnumbered and out supplied by the Red Army, which had better communications. It’s also believed that the failure of the Whites to adopt a program of policies t…