who influenced john b watson

What did John Watson do for psychology?

John Broadus Watson (January 9, 1878 – September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist who popularized the scientific theory of behaviorism, establishing it as a psychological school. Watson advanced this change in the psychological discipline through his 1913 address at Columbia University, titled Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It.

What influenced John Watson's theory of behaviorism?

The combined influence of Dewey, James Rowland Angell, Henry Herbert Donaldson, and Jacques Loeb, led Watson to develop a highly descriptive, objective approach to the analysis of behavior, an approach he would later call behaviorism. [20]

How did John B Watson grow up?

John B. Watson grew up in a poor farming family. His father drank heavily, was prone to violence, and was frequently absent; he finally left the family when John was 13 years old. By his own account, John was an unruly child and a poor student.

Was John B Watson a poor student?

By his own account, John was an unruly child and a poor student. Where was John B. Watson educated? As a young child, John B. Watson was educated in a one-room schoolhouse and at a modest private academy in Travelers Rest, South Carolina.

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Who influenced Watson in psychology?

A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Watson as the 17th most cited psychologist of the 20th century....John B. WatsonFieldsPsychologyDoctoral advisorJ. R. AngellOther academic advisorsJohn Dewey, H. H. Donaldson, Jacques LoebInfluencesIvan Pavlov9 more rows

How was Watson influenced by Pavlov?

Watson used the principles of classical conditioning in the study of human emotion. Watson's ideas were influenced by Pavlov's work. According to Watson, human behavior, just like animal behavior, is primarily the result of conditioned responses.

How did Pavlov's work influence Watson's behaviorism?

Answer and Explanation: Pavlov influenced behaviorism by exhibiting conditioning and learned behavior in his research.

What did John B Watson support?

B Watson's study and work in psychology began at the University of Chicago where he began developing what would come to be called behaviorism. B Watson disliked unobservable data. John B. Watson believed that psychology should only study what could be measured, seen, and observed in some way.

How did Skinner differ from Watson?

394), just like Watson. Skinner differed slightly with Watson in that, “Watson argued against the use of references to mental states, and held that psychology should study behavior directly, holding private events as impossible to study scientifically.

Who came first Pavlov or Watson?

Pavlov (1897) published the results of an experiment on conditioning after originally studying digestion in dogs. Watson (1913) launches the behavioral school of psychology, publishing an article, Psychology as the behaviorist views it.

Was Skinner influenced by Watson?

B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) According to Goodwin (2008), Skinner was greatly influenced by both Pavlov and Watson.

Who is the father of behaviorism?

John B. WatsonWhy Is John B. Watson Considered the Founder of Behaviorism? Given the many past and present tributes to John B. Watson, we might fairly ask why he is uniquely revered as the father of behavior analysis.

What school of thought is John B Watson associated with?

behaviorismJohn B. Watson was a pioneering psychologist who played an important role in developing behaviorism. Watson believed that psychology should primarily be scientific observable behavior.

Why was John Watson important to psychology?

During his academic career, John B. Watson made numerous contributions to the field of psychology. Watson's psychology contributions include the introduction of behaviorism as well as his most infamous and controversial "Little Albert" experiment, which helped pave the way for the behaviorism approach to psychology.

What is John Watson best known for?

Watson is famous for having founded classical behaviourism, an approach to psychology that treated behaviour (both animal and human) as the conditioned response of an organism to environmental stimuli and inner biological processes and that rejected as unscientific all supposed psychological phenomena that were not ...

What is Watson's theory of learning?

Watson's 'manifesto' stated a number of underlying assumptions regarding methodology and behavioural analysis, made it clear behaviourism focuses only on observable stimulus-response behaviours, and considers that all behaviours are learned through events and situations within the environment.

What are the difference of the theories Watson Pavlov and Skinner?

Contrary to the theories of both Watson and Pavlov, Skinner believed that it wasn't what comes before a behavior that influences it but rather what comes directly after it. In operant conditioning, behaviors are manipulated when either positive or negative reinforcement follows them.

What is the similarities of Pavlov and Thorndike theories?

Skinner proposed that both Pavlov and Thorndike studied, stimulus > response learning, Which he defined as behaviours elicited by a stimulus, or respondent behaviours.

What is behaviorism theory by Pavlov?

Behavior must be observable. Pavlov concluded that learning was taking place because he observed the dogs salivating in response to the sound of a tone. All behaviors are a product of the formula stimulus-response.

What school of thought is John B Watson associated with?

behaviorismJohn B. Watson was a pioneering psychologist who played an important role in developing behaviorism. Watson believed that psychology should primarily be scientific observable behavior.

How did Watson influence child psychology?

These influences probably resulted partly from the philosophical and theoretical attractiveness of a natural science approach, partly from the objectivity and persuasiveness of an experimental approach, and partly from misunderstandings and misrepresentations of his behaviorism. These points are discussed in the first two major sections of this paper, respectively on Watson’s influence on child psychology in general and, as a concrete illustration, his influence specifically in the domain of emotions and emotional development. The latter section shows, for example, that misinterpretations of Watson’s theory of emotions led to many experimental investigations in an area that had been overwhelmingly nonexperimental. The final section is a ruminative summary in that its conclusions come largely from considerations given in the first two sections but also partly from considerations not covered there.

What did Stevenson say about Watson's behaviorism?

Stevenson (1983, p. 215) implicitly made the first of these points and omitted the second one. He said that Watson’s behaviorism was an “applied science,” and “In the 1920s, such a scientific, pragmatic approach was readily acceptable to Americans, for whom science seemed to have limitless potential.”.

What was Watson's manifesto about?

However, Watson’s 1913 manifesto had a major indirect impact on the development of a new child psychology, mediated by his later papers and books that expanded upon the behavioral psychology he envisioned in the manifesto. Some of his works that might have been especially effective in this respect are his 1917 chapter “Practical and Theoretical Problems in Instinct and Habit” (Watson, 1917), his 1919a Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist, and his 1925a and 1930 editions of Behaviorism. Interest in these works might have been generated by his publications in professional journals outside psychology, such as The Kindergarten and First Grade (Watson, 1920), The Scientific Monthly (Watson & Watson, 1921), and The Pedagogical Seminary (Watson, 1925b, 1925c, 1925d), and his books produced for the popular market-Psychological Care of Infant and Child (Watson, 1928a) and The Ways of Behaviorism (Watson, 1928b). The traditional child-developmentalists might have been more likely to read these journals and books than the scientific psychology journals and books. Incidentally, Psychological Care has been called a bestseller (e.g., Cairns, 1983, p. 71; B. Harris, 1984), but I have found no citation of sales figures or other relevant evidence. Perhaps it was a bestseller, or perhaps some early commentator remarked that it was a popular book, intending to mean a book written for the general public rather than for academics or professionals, but misread by some readers to mean widely accepted, that is, widely purchased (the italicized phrases are from Merriam-Webster’s, 1998, p. 906). The point is that factual statements tend to need documentation more often than it is given.

What are the three emotions that Watson and Morgan describe?

They called these emotions fear, rage, and love “with a good deal of hesitation” and added, “The reader is asked to find nothing in them which is not fully statable in terms of situation and response. Indeed we should be willing to call them original reaction states X, Y, and Z” (p. 165). Watson often described and sometimes expanded upon the original report in, for example, the following publications. I call this Watson List 1 for ease of later reference.

What did Watson say about heredity?

Nevertheless, in the 1913 manifesto Watson gave heredity a role (p. 167) and he later (1916c, p. 485) said that humans have “instincts” that are “hereditary.”. In the 1920s Kuo Zing-Yang criticized him for not being more of an environmentalist.

Who said that the traditionalist is interested in child behavior and that the behaviorist is interested in behavior independent of the organism?

Penney (1960b) said that the traditionalist is interested in child behavior and that the behaviorist is interested in behavior independent of the organism, and therefore “Some question arises as to whether an experimental child psychologist should be labeled a ‘child psychologist’ at all” (p. 81).

Who said that a large share of modern interest in the experimental approaches in child psychology was stimulated by early experiments?

Garrett (1930, p. 147) said that “a large share” of modern interest in the experimental approaches in child psychology was stimulated by “early experiments of Watson and his students” (1941, p. 292), later (1951, p. 127) modified to “much of the interest” and without mention of “his students.”.

Who is John Watson?

John Broadus Watson (January 9, 1878 – September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist who popularized the scientific theory of behaviorism, establishing it as a psychological school. Watson advanced this change in the psychological discipline through his 1913 address at Columbia University, titled Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It.

What did Watson do?

Through his behaviorist approach, Watson conducted research on animal behavior, child rearing, and advertising, as well as conducting the controversial " Little Albert" experiment and the Kerplunk experiment. He was also the editor of Psychological Review from 1910 to 1915.

What did Watson do at Furman University?

There, he would complete a few psychology courses, though never excelling. He would also consider himself to be a poor student, holding a few jobs on campus to pay for his college expenses. Others thought him as quiet, lazy, and insubordinate, and, as such, he continued to see himself as "unsocial," making few friends. Nevertheless, being a precocious student, Watson would leave Furman with a master's degree at the age of 21.

How does Watson explain how a child learns to read words?

Lastly, Watson explains how a child learns to read words: a mom points at each word and reads in a patterned manner, and eventually, because the child recognizes the word with the sound, he or she learns to read it back. This, according to Watson, is the start of memory.

What did Mary I discover about Watson?

In searching Rayner's bedroom, Mary I discovered love letters Watson had written to his paramour. The affair became front-page news during divorce proceedings in the Baltimore newspapers. The publicity would result in Johns Hopkins University asking Watson to leave his faculty position in October 1920.

When did Watson publish his behaviorist manifesto?

In 1913, Watson published the article "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" (also called "The Behaviorist Manifesto"). In the "Manifesto", Watson outlines the major features of his new philosophy of psychology, behaviorism, with the first paragraph of the article concisely describing Watson's behaviorist position:

Where was John Broadus Watson born?

Early life. John Broadus Watson was born in Travelers Rest, South Carolina on 9 January 1878. His father, Pickens Butler Watson, was an alcoholic and left the family to live with two Indian women when John was 13 years old—a transgression which he never forgave. His mother, Emma Kesiah Watson ...

The life of John B. Watson

John B. Watson was born in Travelers Rest, South Carolina (United States), on January 9, 1878. His father, Pickens Butler Watson, suffered from alcoholism and left the family to set up a new home with two Indian women. His mother, Emma Kesiah Watson, was deeply religious and, undoubtedly, her husband’s departure strengthened her convictions.

Vocational training

John B. Watson first studied at Furman University, earning his BA at the age of 21. Later, he did his postgraduate degree at the University of Chicago, where he began an interesting investigation on the learning processes of the white rat. In fact, his doctoral thesis, which he presented at the age of 25, dealt with this topic.

A scandalous life

The life of John B. Watson, which ended in New York on September 25, 1958, was surrounded by scandal. He married Mary Ickes before completing his doctorate. They had two children who they named John and Mary, after themselves.

Citation

Reese, H. W. (2013). Influences of John B. Watson's behaviorism on child psychology. Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta, 39 (2), 48–80. https://

Abstract

Watson’s 1913 manifesto, and later elaborations of it, changed child psychology into a natural science based on experimental research and stimulus-response theorizing.

Keywords

child psychology; behaviorism; John B. Watson; emotional development; emotions

Who supported Watson's behaviorism?

Not many paid attention in 1913 and for several years thereafter (Samelson 1994), but as 1920 approached, behaviorism was taking hold, partly because authoritative people like future Nobel laureate Bertrand Russell2and Harvard neorealist philosopher Ralph Barton Perry generally supported Watson’s program. Others, like Walter Hunter at Brown, welcomed Watson’s revolution and tried to explain behaviorism to many uncomprehending readers (Hunter 1922). A few years later, Woodworth referred to “the outbreak of behaviorism in 1912–14” (1931, p. 45) and described it as a “youth movement” (p. 59). But he quoted the New York Timesopinion, that Behaviorism“marks an epoch in the intellectual history of man,” as well as the Tribune, which hailed it “as the most important book ever written” (1931, p. 92).

Who is the founder of behaviorism?

The origin of behaviorism has long been linked to John B. Watson, about whom much has been written and many talks given, especially during 2013, the centennial of his well-known Columbia lecture, “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It.” I want to commemorate that event and argue that Watson provided an important impetus to behaviorism, but that many others had prepared the way. Todd’s (1994) report suggests that recent textbook presentations lead the reader to assume that Watson actually created behaviorism and one might further conclude that his absence would have meant that psychology during the rest of the twentieth century would have been far different. In fact, Watson might well have taken a different path in life. For example, he could have gone into medicine and devoted his energies to the study of endocrinology or otorhinolaryngology. What if Watson hadgone to medical school after graduating with a master’s degree from Furman University at the age of 21? In 1916, he hinted that it had been a possibility, perhaps later regretted, when he gave an example of a “Freudian slip” in an article praising Freud’s findings and therapy:

What did Freud do in America?

The Freud we knew in America showed an exclusive emphasis on application. Freud, like Watson, had been a biological researcher, but once his efforts had shifted toward the understanding of psychopathology, his work was wholly applied.8Psychology in America, at least under Titchener, was irrelevant to and dead set against application. (Freud thus contributed to paving of the way for applied psychology in general.

What was the rise of behavioral psychology?

Developments culminating in the nineteenth century, along with the predictable collapse of introspective psychology, meant that the rise of behavioral psychology was inevitable. In 1913, John B. Watson was an established scientist with impeccable credentials who acted as a strong and combative promoter of a natural science approach ...

What is the Bain method?

James described Bain’s method as theway to change behavior, ranging from the time that you get up in the morning to breaking a troublesome “opium habit.” You should (a) go cold turkey if you can stand it – don’t taper off; (b) arrange circumstances to re-enforce the actions you want and avoid circumstances that oppose them; (c) take a public pledge; (d) never allow an exception to occur; and (e) seize the first opportunity to act because action is absolutely essential (James 1890, vol. 1, pp. 122–125). [This approximates good behavioral advice and James’s summary precedes Watson’s (1913) manifesto by more than 20 years.]

What are some examples of James's Law of Diffusion?

James (1890, Ch. 21) gave many examples, including reactions of the iris and of the anal sphincter in judgments of beauty . [Watson must have read Bain or at least James’s (1890) summary. The Law of Diffusion, without that name, is a theme that runs through all of Watson’s writings.

Who was the first person to argue for behaviorism?

Among others, William Carpenter, Alexander Bain, and (early) Sigmund Freud held views compatible with twentieth-century behaviorism. Thus, though Watson was the first to argue specifically for psychology as a natural science, behaviorism in both theory and practice had clear roots long before 1913.

Who was John Watson?

John B Watson, Dark Psychologist. John Broadus Watson was born in 1878, the fourth of six children. His father, Pickens Butler Watson, had fought for the Confederates in the Civil War and had never really settled down afterwards. He spent most of his time away from home, leaving his children to be raised by their mother Emma on their small farm.

What is the theory of behavior that Watson proposed?

Watson described his approach to psychology as “behaviourism” – the idea that observable behaviour is all that is required to understand the psychology of a person or animal. [2] .

How old was Watson when Rosalie came to study at John Hopkins?

Watson was forty-two years old when Rosalie (around half that age) came to study at John Hopkins. She was from a powerful family – her uncle was a US senator – and so when they began an affair he initially disguised it as an attempt to cultivate her family as a useful connection. But his wife wasn’t fooled.

What did Watson do in 1908?

In 1908 Watson left Chicago to take up a full professorship at John Hopkins University in Baltimore. He received an unexpected promotion when the department’s head, James Baldwin, was caught by the police during a raid on a brothel. Though his position meant that no charges were brought, he was forced to resign. As a result Watson wound up effectively the head of the department. In 1910 he co-founded the Journal of Animal Behaviour, [1] a research journal that backed up his position that experimental psychology on animals was crucial to understanding human psychology. From this, he began to redefine psychology and to draw up his own model for how to approach it – based on the earlier work of Pavlov, among others. In 1913, in a series of lectures at Columbia University, Watson laid out the essentials of his new approach.

What was Watson's position on animal behavior?

In 1910 he co-founded the Journal of Animal Behaviour, [1] a research journal that backed up his position that experimental psychology on animals was crucial to understanding human psychology.

How much did Watson make in a year?

His salary was twenty five thousand dollars a year – four times what he had made as an academic.

Why did Watson send free samples of Pond's products?

When Queen Marie of Romania visited the US in 1923 and was prominently featured by many newspapers as a glamorous foreign royal, Watson had her sent free samples of Pond’s products in order to gain her endorsement. Soon the face cream was once again a big seller.

Who is the most famous psychologist of the 20th century?

B.F. Skinner was ranked by the American Psychological Association as the 20th century’s most eminent psychologist.

What did Skinner believe about psychology?

Watson’s philosophy of psychology called behaviorism, which rejected not just the introspective method and the elaborate psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Jung, but any psychological explanation based on mental states or internal representations such as beliefs, desires, memories, and plans. The very idea of “mind” was dismissed as a pre-scientific superstition, not amenable to empirical investigation. Skinner argued that the goal of a science of psychology was to predict and control an organism’s behavior from its current stimulus situation and its history of reinforcement. In a utopian novel called Walden Two and a 1971 bestseller called Beyond Freedom and Dignity, he argued that human behavior was always controlled by its environment. According to Skinner, the future of humanity depended on abandoning the concepts of individual freedom and dignity and engineering the human environment so that behavior was controlled systematically and to desirable ends rather than haphazardly.

Who wrote the book "Superstition in the Pigeon"?

Skinner, B. F. (1947). ‘Superstition’ in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 168-172.

Overview

Biography

Education

Behaviorism

Use of children

Advertising career

Selected works

Further reading