who introduced the concept of determinism

What is the theory of determinism?

Determinism entails that, in a situation in which a person makes a certain decision or performs a certain action, it is impossible that he or she could have made any other decision or performed any other action. In other words, it is never true that people could have decided or acted otherwise than they actually did.

Who was the originator of determinism ideology?

Overview. Social determinism was studied by the French philosopher Emile Durkheim (1858 - 1917), who was considered the father of social science.

Who used the term new determinism?

Griffith TaylorAn Australian geographer, Griffith Taylor, was the first to propound the concept of neo-determinism.

Where does the word determinism come from?

determinism (n.) From 1876 in general sense of "doctrine that everything happens is determined by a necessary chain of causation," from French déterminisme, from German Determinismus, perhaps a back-formation from Praedeterminismus.

Who is known as the father of environmental determinism?

Environmental determinism went beyond these early forms of probablism and imposed a yet greater rigidity upon human development. The father of the paradigm (and some would say of geography itself, Holt-Jensen, 1988, p. 31) was the German geographer–anthropologist Friedrich Ratzel (1844–1904).

What is another word for determinism?

In this page you can discover 16 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for determinism, like: predeterminism, reductionism, relativism, determinist, rationality, essentialism, subjectivism, indeterminism, causality, dualism and materialism.

Who is the father of possibilism?

Who is the Father of Possibilism? Alfred Hettner, a German Geographer known for his concept of chorology (the study of places and regions) is most widely considered as one of the pioneers of school of thought of Possibilism.

Who is the founder of Stop and Go determinism?

Griffith TaylorThe concept was given by Griffith Taylor to explain the human limit after the concept of Allen C. Sample (determinism). This was more for convince the possibilistic thinkers like V.

Who proposed concept of neo determinism?

Griffith TaylorThe concept of Neo Determinism was introduced by Griffith Taylor which emphasises the middle path or madhyam marg between two ends of environmental determinism and possibilism.

What are 3 types of determinism?

Issues & Debates.Soft Determinism.Psychic Determinism.Hard Determinism.Free Will.

Was Aristotle a determinist?

That Aristotle can be considered as the 'father of determinism' should come as no great surprise to those who know anything about his philosophy. And it will also not come as a surprise that he discovered all three versions of determinism: logical, physical, and ethical determinism.

Why is determinism true?

If determinism is true, your acts are a consequence of things that happened before you were born; so you have no free will. But suppose determinism is not true; then it's easy to think everything would be random, including all your actions (such as raising your finger!).

Who developed a deterministic theory based on history quizlet?

Biological determinism is best exemplified by Charles Darwin's natural selection. He put forth a coherent theory of evolution in amassed a great body of evidence in support of this theory.

Was Kant a determinist?

Consequently, if Kant is committed to incompatibilism, he must be characterized as a hard determinist; and if he is committed to compatibilism, he must be characterized as a soft determinist.

What is meant by determinism in history?

Historical determinism is the stance that events are historically predetermined or currently constrained by various forces. Historical determinism can be understood in contrast to its negation, i.e. the rejection of historical determinism.

Is Marx a determinist?

Marxism is a determinist philosophy, but not in the strong sense where A determines B when B depends entirely upon A.

Who developed the idea of determinism?

Determinism was developed by the Greek philosophers during the 7th and 6th centuries BC by the Pre-socratic philosophers Heraclitus and Leucippus, later Aristotle, and mainly by the Stoics. Some of the main philosophers who have dealt with this issue are Marcus Aurelius, Omar Khayyám, Thomas Hobbes, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz, David Hume, Baron d'Holbach (Paul Heinrich Dietrich), Pierre-Simon Laplace, Arthur Schopenhauer, William James, Friedrich Nietzsche, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Ralph Waldo Emerson and, more recently, John Searle, Ted Honderich, and Daniel Dennett .

Where did determinism originate?

In the West, some elements of determinism have been expressed in Greece from the 6th century BC by the Presocratics Heraclitus and Leucippus. The first full-fledged notion of determinism appears to originate with the Stoics, as part of their theory of universal causal determinism. The resulting philosophical debates, which involved the confluence of elements of Aristotelian Ethics with Stoic psychology, led in the 1st-3rd centuries CE in the works of Alexander of Aphrodisias to the first recorded Western debate over determinism and freedom, an issue that is known in theology as the paradox of free will. The writings of Epictetus as well as middle Platonist and early Christian thought were instrumental in this development. Jewish philosopher Moses Maimonides said of the deterministic implications of an omniscient god: "Does God know or does He not know that a certain individual will be good or bad? If thou sayest 'He knows', then it necessarily follows that [that] man is compelled to act as God knew beforehand he would act, otherwise God's knowledge would be imperfect."

What is predeterminism in biology?

The term predeterminism is also frequently used in the context of biology and heredity, in which case it represents a form of biological determinism, sometimes called genetic determinism. Biological determinism is the idea that each of human behaviors, beliefs, and desires are fixed by human genetic nature.

What is the most common form of causal determinism?

Nomological determinism, generally synonymous with physical determinism (its opposite being physical indeterminism ), the most common form of causal determinism, is the notion that the past and the present dictate the future entirely and necessarily by rigid natural laws, that every occurrence results inevitably from prior events. Nomological determinism is sometimes illustrated by the thought experiment of Laplace's demon. Nomological determinism is sometimes called scientific determinism, although that is a misnomer.

What is the opposite of determinism?

Determinism is the philosophical view that all events are determined completely by previously existing causes. Deterministic theories throughout the history of philosophy have sprung from diverse and sometimes overlapping motives and considerations. The opposite of determinism is some kind of indeterminism (otherwise called nondeterminism) or randomness. Determinism is often contrasted with free will, although some philosophers claim that the two are compatible.

Why is structural determinism important?

Proponents of the notion highlight the usefulness of structural determinism to study complicated issues related to race and gender, as it highlights often gilded structural conditions that block meaningful change. Critics call it too rigid, reductionist and inflexible. Additionally, they also criticise the notion for overemphasising deterministic forces such as structure over the role of human agency and the ability of the people to act. These critics argue that politicians, academics, and social activists have the capability to bring about significant change despite stringent structural conditions.

What is the philosophical view that all events are determined completely by previously existing causes?

Determinism is the philosophical view that all events are determined completely by previously existing causes. Deterministic theories throughout the history of philosophy have sprung from diverse and sometimes overlapping motives and considerations.

Who was the first to predict the existence of determinism?

In the West, the Ancient Greek atomists Leucippus and Democritus were the first to anticipate Determinism when they theorized that all processes in the world were due to the mechanical interplay of atoms.

What would happen if determinism was true?

Some hold that if Determinism were true, it would negate human morals and ethics. Some, however, argue that, through an extended period of social development, a confluence of events could have formed to generate the very idea of morals and ethics in our minds (a sort of chicken and egg situation).

What is causal determinism?

Causal Determinism (or Nomological Determinism) is the belief that future events are necessitated by past and present events combined with the laws of nature. Thus, all events have a cause and effect and the precise combination of events at a particular time results in a particular outcome. Logical Determinism is the notion ...

What is the belief that God determines all that humans will do?

Theological Determinism is the belief that there is a God who determines all that humans will do, either by knowing their actions in advance (via some form of omniscience) or by decreeing their actions in advance. Emergentism (or Generativism) argues that free will does not exist, although an illusion of Free Will is experienced due to ...

What is the difference between compatibilism and determinism?

Compatibilism is the belief that Free Will and Determinism can be compatible ideas , and that it is possible to believe both without being logically inconsistent. By this definition, Free Will is not the ability to choose as an agent independent of prior cause, but as an agent who is not forced to make a certain choice.

What is the view that the physical environment, rather than social conditions, determines culture?

Environmental Determinism (or Climatic or Geographical Determinism) is the view that the physical environment, rather than social conditions, determines culture.

What is the notion that all propositions (i.e. assertions or declarative sentences) are either true or?

Logical Determinism is the notion that all propositions (i.e. assertions or declarative sentences), whether about the past, present or future, are either true or false. The question then arises as to how choices can be free, given that what one does in the future is already determined as true or false in the present.

What is the importance of John Earman's Primer on Determinism?

Here I will give only a brief discussion of some key issues, referring the reader to Earman (1986) and other resources for more detail. Figuring out whether well-established theories are deterministic or not (or to what extent, if they fall only a bit short) does not do much to help us know whether our world is really governed by deterministic laws; all our current best theories, including General Relativity and the Standard Model of particle physics, are too flawed and ill-understood to be mistaken for anything close to a Final Theory. Nevertheless, as Earman stressed, the exploration is very valuable because of the way it enriches our understanding of the richness and complexity of determinism.

Why do philosophers ignore determinism?

The reason for this is that we tend to think of the past (and hence, states of the world in the past) as done, over, fixed and beyond our control .

What is the second important genre of theories of laws of nature?

Instead, on such views that deny laws most of their pushiness and explanatory force, questions about determinism and human freedom simply need to be approached afresh. A second important genre of theories of laws of nature holds that the laws are in some sense necessary.

What does "under the sway of" mean in determinism?

In the loose statement of determinism we are working from, metaphors such as “govern” and “under the sway of” are used to indicate the strong force being attributed to the laws of nature. Part of understanding determinism—and especially, whether and why it is metaphysically important—is getting clear about the status of the presumed laws of nature.

What is Causal Determinism?

Causal determinism is, roughly speaking, the idea that every event is necessitated by antecedent events and conditions together with the laws of nature. The idea is ancient, but first became subject to clarification and mathematical analysis in the eighteenth century. Determinism is deeply connected with our understanding of the physical sciences and their explanatory ambitions, on the one hand, and with our views about human free action on the other. In both of these general areas there is no agreement over whether determinism is true (or even whether it can be known true or false), and what the import for human agency would be in either case.

Does determinism threaten free will?

Interestingly, philosophers tend to acknowledge the apparent threat determinism poses to free will, even when they explicitly reject the view that laws are pushy explainers. Earman (1986), for example, advocates a theory of laws of nature that takes them to be simply the best system of regularities that systematizes all the events in universal history. This is the Best Systems Analysis (BSA), with roots in the work of Hume, Mill and Ramsey, and most recently refined and defended by David Lewis (1973, 1994) and by Earman (1984, 1986). (cf. entry on laws of nature ). Yet he ends his comprehensive Primer on Determinism with a discussion of the free will problem, taking it as a still-important and unresolved issue. Prima facie this is quite puzzling, for the BSA is founded on the idea that the laws of nature are ontologically derivative, not primary; it is the events of universal history, as brute facts, that make the laws be what they are, and not vice-versa. Taking this idea seriously, the actions of every human agent in history are simply a part of the universe-wide pattern of events that determines what the laws are for this world. It is then hard to see how the most elegant summary of this pattern, the BSA laws, can be thought of as determiners of human actions. The determination or constraint relations, it would seem, can go one way or the other, not both.

Is the world deterministic or deterministic?

If we have all these, then if (a) and (b) together logically entail the state of the world at all other times (or, at least, all times later than that given in (a)), the world is deterministic . Logical entailment, in a sense broad enough to encompass mathematical consequence, is the modality behind the determination in “determinism.”

Overview

Varieties

Structural determinism

History

Modern scientific perspective

See also

Further reading

External links

Introduction

Conceptual Issues in Determinism

The Epistemology of Determinism

The Status of Determinism in Physical Theories

• John Earman's Primer on Determinism (1986) remains therichest storehouse of information on the truth or falsity ofdeterminism in various physical theories, from classical mechanics toquantum mechanics and general relativity. (See also his recent updateon the subject, “Aspects of Determinism in Modern Physics”(2007)). Here I will give only a brief d...

See more on plato.stanford.edu

Chance and Determinism

Determinism and Human Action