who makes epo

What is EPO and how is it produced?

EPO is produced naturally in the body, mostly by the kidneys. It stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. If the body does not produce enough EPO, severe anemia can occur. This often occurs in patients with chronic kidney disease whose kidneys are not working properly.

What does EPO do for hemoglobin levels?

EPO helps make red blood cells. Having more red blood cells raises your hemoglobin levels. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that helps blood carry oxygen throughout the body.

What is an EPO (exclusive provider organization)?

Understanding the ins and outs of how your EPO works will help you use your health plan effectively and avoid expensive mistakes. What Is an EPO (Exclusive Provider Organization)? A type of managed care health insurance, EPO stands for exclusive provider organization.

What is the difference between a POS and an EPO?

EPO = Exclusive Provider Organization: EPOs got that name because they have a network of providers they use exclusively. POS = Point of Service: POS plans resemble HMOs but are less restrictive in that you’re allowed, under certain circumstances, to get care out-of-network as you would with a PPO.

What is the meaning of EPO?

Erythropoietin (EPO) definition and facts. Measuring blood levels of erythripoietin, a hormone involved in red blood cell production, can diagnose some medical conditions. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced by the kidney. Erythropoietin promotes the formation of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The erythropoietin hormone level can be ...

What is erythropoietin (EPO)?

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced by the kidney that promotes the formation of red blood cells by the bone marrow.

What organ produces erythropoietin?

Erythropoietin is produced to a lesser extent by the liver. Only about 10% of erythropoietin is produced in the liver. The erythropoietin gene has been found on human chromosome 7 (in band 7q21). Different DNA sequences flanking the erythropoietin gene act to control liver versus kidney production of erythropoietin.

What happens when you replace erythropoietin with synthetic erythropoiet?

Therefore, by replacing the erythropoietin with an injection of synthetic erythropoietin, anemia related to kidney disease may be treated.

What is the effect of erythropoietin on the blood?

Erythropoietin stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells. The resulting rise in red cells increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

Can erythropoietin be used as a performance enhancer?

Yes. For example, erythropoietin has been misused as a performance-enhancing drug in athletes such as cyclists (in the Tour de France), long-distance runners, speed skaters, and Nordic (cross-country) skiers.

Is erythropoietin available as a prescribed medication?

Yes. Using recombinant DNA technology, erythropoietin has been synthetically produced for use as a treatment for persons with certain types of anemia. Erythropoietin can be used to correct anemia by stimulating red blood cell production in the bone marrow in these conditions. The medication is known as epoetin alfa ( Epogen, Procrit) or as darbepoietin alfa (Arnesp). It can be given as an injection intravenously (into a vein) or subcutaneously (under the skin).

What is an EPO provider?

Every EPO has a list of healthcare providers called a provider network. This network offers every imaginable type of healthcare service including doctors, specialists, pharmacies, hospitals, labs, X-ray facilities, speech therapists, home oxygen, and more. In an EPO health plan, you can only get healthcare services from in-network providers.

What Is an EPO (Exclusive Provider Organization)?

A type of managed care health insurance, EPO stands for exclusive provider organization. EPO health insurance got this name because you have to get your health care exclusively from healthcare providers the EPO contracts with, or the EPO won’t pay for the care. 1 As is the case with other health plans that require you to stay within their provider networks, EPOs will pay for out-of-network care in emergency situations.

What happens if you don't follow EPO rules?

If you don’t follow your EPO’s rules when you get healthcare services, it won't pay for the care.

What happens if an EPO doesn't have an in-network provider?

There are three exceptions to the in-network requirement: If the EPO doesn’t have an in-network provider for the specialty service you need. If this happens to you, prearrange the out-of-network specialty care with the EPO. Keep your EPO in the loop.

Can an EPO refuse to pay for medical care?

Although your healthcare provider may volunteer to get pre-authorization for you, it’s ultimately your responsibility to make sure you get a service pre-authorized before you receive the health care. If you don’t, your EPO has the right to refuse to pay for the care, even if the care was medically necessary and you got it from an in-network provider .

Can you get EPO care out of network?

In an EPO health plan, you can only get healthcare services from in-network providers. If you get care out-of-network, the EPO won’t pay for it; you’ll be stuck paying the entire bill yourself. Accidentally getting out-of-network care can be a very expensive mistake when you have an EPO.

Does EPO cover emergency care?

For services to be covered, you have to receive medical services from health care providers and hospitals with whom the EPO has negotiated discounts, although there's an exception for emergency care.

What is an EPO in California?

The state of California defines domestic abuse as: Intentional or reckless physical harm or attempted physical harm. Sexual assault.

What Happens if an EPO Is Violated?

First violation: When an EPO is first issued, it can be easy to forget the stipulations of the restraining order and commit a violation. A judge may be lenient in the case of a first violation if it was seemingly made by accident, but they have the option of judging any violation of a restraining order as either a misdemeanor or a felony. In either case, jail time is usually warranted, but a skilled California restraining order attorney may be able to get their client off with nothing more than probation if the violation is not of a violent nature.

Why Might You Need an Emergency Protective Order?

If a domestic partner, a spouse, or a close family member has abused you, and you feel that you remain in danger, you should speak to a law enforcement officer immediately about the process of receiving an emergency protective order. Since these types of restraining orders are so short in duration, you shouldn't rely on them to protect you for a significant period of time, but they may provide you with enough of a feeling of safety and security to help you sleep through the night until you can show up to your local courthouse to submit an official request for a long-term restraining order.

How long does an EPO last in California?

It is also important to remember that EPOs only last a maximum of seven days; if this seven-day period expires and you haven't submitted official paperwork to receive a temporary restraining order, you lose your legal protection from your abuser. It's highly important that you don't mistake an EPO with a TPO or a permanent restraining order, and you should consult with a qualified California restraining order attorney immediately after receiving your EPO to ensure that you receive the enduring protection that you need.

How old do you have to be to file an EPO in California?

If your child is under the age of 12, the state of California requires that you file the EPO for them, but if they are 12 or older, they can file an EPO themselves. You can continue to file EPOs for your children until they come of age at 18.

What is a CPO in domestic violence?

Criminal Protective Orders: Under special circumstances, a criminal protective order (CPO) may be issued to protect an apparent victim of domestic violence. CPOs are only issued if criminal charges have been issued against the person suspected of committing domestic violence. Criminal charges are filed against domestic assault abusers if they have a history of domestic violence, and they may also be issued if the domestic assault has seriously harmed its victim. CPOs stay in effect from the moment that criminal charges are filed until the court reaches a verdict, which means that they do not have a specific expiration date. If the person who committed the domestic abuse is found guilty, the CPO that was issued will stay in effect for three further years from the date of the ruling.

Can you mistake an EPO with a TPO?

It's highly important that you don't mistake an EPO with a TPO or a permanent restraining order, and you should consult with a qualified California restraining order attorney immediately after receiving your EPO to ensure that you receive the enduring protection that you need.

How is erythropoietin produced?

It is produced by cloning the gene for erythropoietin. Recombinant erythropoietin drugs are known as erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs). These drugs are given by injection (shot) and work by stimulating the production of more red blood cells. These cells are then released from the bone marrow into the bloodstream.

What is the purpose of erythropoietin?

Erythropoietin-Stimulating Agents. Erythropoietin (EPO) is produced by the kidney and used to make red blood cells. Erythropoetin-stimulating agents are used often for people with long-term kidney disease and anemia. Appointments & Access.

Who receives ESAs?

ESAs are usually given to patients who have chronic (long-lasting) kidney disease or end-stage renal (kidney) disease. These patients usually have lower hemoglobin levels because they can't produce enough erythropoietin.

Why are EPOs called EPOs?

EPOs got that name because they have a network of providers they use exclusively. You must stick to providers on that list or the EPO won’t pay. However, an EPO generally won't make you get a referral from a primary care healthcare provider in order to visit a specialist. 6 Think of an EPO as similar to a PPO but without coverage for out-of-network care.

Why are PPOs losing popularity?

PPOs have lost some of their popularity in recent years as health plans reduce the size of their provider networks and increasingly switch to EPOs and HMOs in an effort to control costs. 3  PPOs are still the most common type of employer-sponsored health plan. 4 

When was the EPO test performed?

Since 2002, EPO tests performed by US sports authorities have consisted of only a urine or "direct" test. From 2000–2006, EPO tests at the Olympics were conducted on both blood and urine. However, several compounds have been identified that can be taken orally to stimulate endogenous EPO production.

What did Ferrari say about EPO?

Ferrari told l'Equipe journalist Jean-Michel Rouet that EPO had no "fundamental" effect on performance and that if his riders used it, it would not "scandalize" himself. After the journalist pointed out several riders were suspected of dying from EPO, Ferrari said EPO was not dangerous, and only abuse of it was dangerous, saying, "It's also dangerous to drink 10 liters of orange juice." The 'orange juice' comment has been widely misquoted. Ferrari was fired shortly after, but continued to work in the industry with top riders, allegedly including Lance Armstrong. That same year, Sandro Donati, working for the Italian National Olympic Committee, presented a report accusing Conconi of being linked to the use of EPO in the sport.

What is Darbepoetin Alfa?

Don Catlin, the founder and then-director of the UCLA Olympic Analytical Lab, reported finding darbepoetin alfa, a form of erythropoietin, in a test sample for the first time in sports. At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Alex Schwazer, the gold medalist in the 50-kilometer race walk in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, tested positive for EPO and was disqualified.

What is the effect of xenon on erythropoietin?

Inhalation of a xenon /oxygen mixture activates production of the transcription factor HIF-1-alpha, which leads to increased production of erythropoietin and improved performance . It has been used for this purpose in Russia since at least 2004.

When was epoetin alfa first used?

They were first approved for medical use in the United States in 1989. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Commercially available agents include epoetin alfa and darbepoetin alfa, as well as biosimilars. Use among athletes is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency.

When did Aventis launch Dynepo?

Aventis obtained the license in Europe in 2002. The company expected to launch the product in Europe in 2006, although patents held by the American biotechnology company Amgen, Inc. may have precluded its sale in the United States. Dynepo was made in cultured human cells.

Who makes cinnapoietin?

Cinnapoietin, made by CinnaGen biopharmaceutical Iran. Darbepoetin alfa, which early literature during its development often termed as novel erythropoiesis-stimulating protein (NESP), is a form created by five substitutions (Asn-30, Thr-32, Val-87, Asn-88 and Thr-90) that create two new N-glycosylation sites.