What is the premise of the First Amendment?
What book did Lee Bollinger write about the tolerance of speech?
What is the purpose of tolerance?
What is tolerance theory?
Why should we encourage the free exchange of ideas?
What is the purpose of Vitale v. Schempp?
Who is David Schultz?
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Where does tolerance come from?
The English words, 'tolerate', 'toleration', and 'tolerance' are derived from the Latin terms tolerare and tolerantia, which imply enduring, suffering, bearing, and forbearance.
What is a policy of tolerance?
toleration, a refusal to impose punitive sanctions for dissent from prevailing norms or policies or a deliberate choice not to interfere with behaviour of which one disapproves. Toleration may be exhibited by individuals, communities, or governments, and for a variety of reasons.
What is religious tolerance in philosophy?
Religious Tolerance refers to the ability to appreciate spiritual values, beliefs and practices which are different from your own. This goal is a complex one due the great diversity of religions and spiritual beliefs existing in the world today.
What is toleration history?
The term “toleration”—from the Latin tolerare: to put up with, countenance or suffer—generally refers to the conditional acceptance of or non-interference with beliefs, actions or practices that one considers to be wrong but still “tolerable,” such that they should not be prohibited or constrained.
Which is the main principle of tolerance?
The principle of tolerance is the judgment that two instances are sufficiently similar that we can treat them as the same for present purposes. "Tolerance - is the essential safeguard, the essential degree of coarseness which makes it possible to work with abstract entities in the real world".
What is the aim of tolerance?
When facing adversity, tolerance allows us to sit back and objectively understand where another person is coming from in regards to their behaviors, thoughts, and other processes. Tolerance can occur on many different levels.
When did religious tolerance start?
The Fourteenth Amendment, adopted in 1868, extended religious freedom by preventing states from enacting laws that would advance or inhibit any one religion.
What is tolerance according to Voltaire?
In the treatise, Voltaire argues in favour of toleration of religious belief, while reserving the right to argue strenuously against it, and denouncing religious fanaticism of all stripes. “Tolerance has never provoked a civil war; intolerance has covered the Earth in carnage.”
What is tolerance according to Gandhi?
Gandhi believed that tolerance is not just agreeing with one another or remaining indifferent in the face of injustice, but rather showing respect for the essential humanity in every person. Intolerance is the failure to appreciate and respect the practices, opinions and beliefs of another group.
What is the act of toleration?
Toleration Act, (May 24, 1689), act of Parliament granting freedom of worship to Nonconformists (i.e., dissenting Protestants such as Baptists and Congregationalists).
What did John Locke say about tolerance?
In his famous piece “A Letter Concerning Toleration” (1689), John Locke argued that tolerance is indeed a Christian virtue and that the state as a civic association should be concerned only with civic interests, not spiritual ones.
What is tolerance culture?
According to UNESCO's Declaration, tolerance is defined as the respect, acceptance, and appreciation of the rich diversity of our world's cultures, our forms of expression and ways of being human.
What is example of law of tolerance?
In other words, they can tolerate (or survive within) a certain range of a particular factor, but cannot survive if there is too much or too little of the factor. Take temperature, for example. Polar bears survive very well in low temperatures, but would die from overheating in the tropics.
What is an example of tolerance?
The term tolerance implies that you disagree with someone but respect their right to freedom. It is possible to take this further to try to accept and understand others. For example, cultivating an appreciation for cultures, lifestyles and ways of thinking that are very different from your own.
What is tolerance and why is it important?
Tolerance is an important concept that helps people to live together peacefully. To be tolerant means that you accept other people's opinions and preferences, even when they live in a way that you don't agree with.
What does tolerance mean in ethics?
The ethics of tolerance An ethical life is one that goes beyond unthinking custom and practice. This is why judgements about what is to be accepted, tolerated or prohibited need to be made free from the distorting effects of prejudice.
The Principle of Tolerance - The Art of Teaching Science
Yesterday, the monstrous shooting of innocent people in a Tuscon, AZ shopping center parking lot, was not only an act against these persons, including a 9 year old child, a U.S. Congresswoman, and Federal Judge, and husbands, wives, brothers, and sisters of the 20 people that were shot or killed, but an act of extreme […]
A Theory of Tolerance - fu-berlin.de
A Theory of Tolerance Giacomo Corneo and Olivier Jeanne January 30, 2009 We are grateful to an anonymous referee, the editor Thomas Piketty, Frank Neher and seminar
John Stuart Mill on Tolerance and the No Harm Principle
Illogic Primer Quotes Clippings Books and Bibliography Paper Trails Links Film John Stuart Mill on Tolerance and the No Harm Principle On Liberty (Longmans, Green, Reader, & Dyer: 1863; orig. 1859), pp. 144-7. Jan 01 . 1859. Though society is not founded on a contract, and though no good purpose is answered by inventing a contract in order to deduce social obligations from it, every one who ...
Tolerance: John Stuart Mill and Herbert Marcuse - Selected Works
Tolerance: John Stuart Mill and Herbert Marcuse Trevor Pateman. Abstract: This 2008 Website essay is an edited extract from Chapter VI of Trevor Pateman's Language, Truth and Politics (1975; second edition 1980). The book itself appears to be freely available from Internet booksellers, but in case of difficulty it can be requested direct from [email protected].
A theory of tolerance - ScienceDirect
Table 1 reports probit results using TOL as the measure of individual tolerance of homosexuality. Column 1 presents results for our baseline specification, while Columns 2–4 refer to specifications with different sets of controls. All specifications include a constant (unreported) as well as the following three regressors: a dummy for the 2005–2006 wave, a dummy for the new EU countries ...
What is the next principle of tolerance?
The next principle of tolerance philosophy advocates the idea of 'me and the other’. This principle denotes an approach to interpersonal relations in the process of realization of the individual's place in the social interaction and the importance of the characteristics, and the consequent understanding of the place, ...
What is tolerance in philosophy?
‘Tolerance – the central concept of the philosophy of tolerance, reflecting the open, sincere, disinterested, gratuitous, impartial relationship among people, social groups, peoples, nations, states and others. Subjects of social relationships based on attention, respect, friendship, love, indulgence, sympathy, solidarity, mutual interest, equality, justice, tolerance, etc. high moral qualities’ [Kushaev U. R. and Doroshina I. G. 2014, p. 403]. In addition, it was used and analyzed certain expressions, which in our opinion, can serve as a methodological principles of the philosophy of tolerance. Let us consider some of them.
What is tolerance in the public consciousness?
G. Stepanova, tolerance is a ‘positive attitude in the public consciousness that determines the productive activity of the relationship between different cultures’ [Stepanova N. G. 2008, p. 8]. Tolerance – a huge phenomenon, a social occurrence, which occurs in all spheres of society and at all levels of relations between actors. From this point of view, in our opinion, unpromising interpretation of tolerance as a positive installation makes sense only between different cultures.
What is tolerance in the world?
Openness, great attention to other cultures, respectful, tolerant attitude towards them are important requirements tolerant scope of the today’s world. A careful study of each other , the establishment of mutual contacts aimed at partnership and cooperation contribute to the rapprochement of cultural values , the expansion of the interaction, mutual influence. There is no any way to the peaceful coexistence of all peoples of mankind except continuous improvement of the level of culture of tolerance. In this context, the meaning of a culture of tolerance is put on the same footing as the meaning of the concept of a culture of peace.
What is critical tolerance?
I. G. Artsybashev, the specialist on issues of tolerance, is inclined to such an approach, which in his view, is characterized by the perception of critical tolerance. And from this point of view, the concept is defined as follows: ‘a manifestation of a low socio-psychological sensitivity of the individual to the ‘otherness’, up to indifference; an ideology that claims to be the universal means of regulation of social and cultural relationships, spiritual needs, based on double standards, do not accept the pluralism of opinion forming in the mind of the individual indifference to manifestations of immorality does not coincide with the ethics of human solidarity; formal relationship to another entity, is estimated as an inevitable but useful ‘evil’; tolerance of others, devoid of love and compassion; that somewhere between full adoption and persecution; relative value, as may be the outward manifestation of goodwill only when humility with the behavior, beliefs and values of others; the concept is not suggesting a clear boundary between good and evil; the way to the loss of the elements of their cultural identity " [Artsyibashev I. G. 2008, p. 19]. Scientific evaluation of scientific manifestations of this phenomenon from different angles deserves attention, but, in our opinion, this interpretation does not correspond to the true essence of this creative phenomenon of tolerance, since this approach, it appears as a kind of state of marginalization at a time when we all know that tolerance – a vigilant, active, purposeful stance.
How does integration affect the world?
Integration processes, the development of mass media, information technology, on the one hand, are a strong factor of close interaction of cultures of the world, on the other hand, they as opportunities and the resources are used for selfish purposes – to provoke inter-ethnic, inter-religious conflicts, the usage of ethnic and religious factors in the implementation of geopolitical interests, and so on. And modern realities require mankind to promote tolerant relationships between different cultures. These various convenient facilities, resources, science and technology should be used for peaceful purposes – to strengthen the friendly ties between the peoples and nations to develop new effective mechanisms of intercultural dialogue, to open new ways to the mutual enrichment of cultural values and, thus, to expand the horizons of the scope of tolerance on a world scale.
What is the significance of the concept of me and the other?
The significance of this scheme is that the awareness of the subject itself, and ‘other’ is an initial, fundamental step in the formation of his specific relation to the people around. In this regard, we can say that the time of this state coincides with the individual's awareness of his ‘me’. However, a clear distinction between him and others, of course, does not fully mean of tolerance towards others. This determined notion acquires the level of importance of moral culture and education, social mobility, activity and communication skills of the individual. The notion ‘me and the other’ as a synthesis of the necessary concepts, knowledge and experience involves a certain level of social consciousness of the individual. Thus, the cognition of the other, some people improved with the development of moral, aesthetic, legal, political, ideological, economic, and other forms of human consciousness.
What is tolerance theory?
We propose a theory of tolerance where endogenous lifestyles and exogenous traits are invested with symbolic value by people. Value systems chosen by parents for their children affect the esteem enjoyed by individuals in society. Intolerant individuals attach all symbolic value to a small number of attributes and are irrespectful of people with different ones. Tolerant people have diversified values and respect social alterity. We study the formation of values attached to various types of attributes and identify circumstances under which tolerance spontaneously arises. Policy may affect the evolution of tolerance in distinctive ways, and there may be efficiency as well as equity reasons to promote tolerance. An empirical investigation of tolerance of homosexuality demonstrates that our theory helps to shed light on survey data of endorsed values.
Why do people attach value to characteristics they do not possess?
Hitherto we have argued that individuals may attach value to characteristics that they do not possess because their socialization took place behind a veil of ignorance. However, there are characteristics like gender, nationality, and ethnic group that are known by parents when they socialize their children. While the above model would predict intolerance in that case, one observes people who do pay respect also to the gender, nationalities, and ethnic groups that are not their own.
Why is laissez faire unjust?
This laissez-faire outcome may be publicly viewed as unjust because the individuals are not responsible for their trait. Conversely, tolerance would equalize the level of esteem over individuals and this outcome may be seen as equitable. Specifically, tolerance would be implemented by a Rawlsian social planner whose task is to select a common value system so as to maximin the ex-post level of utility in society.
How does tolerance affect socialization?
Parents may instill tolerance because it indirectly increases their child's expected consumption when the latter is determined through matching with other people. Matching includes marriage (in which case value is invested on gender), employment when the race of the employer and that of the employee differ (value put on race), international trade ventures (value put on nationality). In those situations, an individual's payoff from a match increases with the amount of esteem received by the individual's partner, i.e., the value that the partner attaches to the individual's trait. If people compete for matches, being tolerant increases one's attractiveness as a partner, because a tolerant partner is respectful. Thus, educating to tolerance can improve the child's chances to make a good match at adult age.
How does tolerance affect diversity?
At the decentralized level of families – society's cells – there exist powerful incentives based on self-interest to shape children's attitudes. Moving from an intolerant to a tolerant attitude means that the individual passes a more positive judgment on the attributes that he does not possess relative to the ones he has. For tolerance spontaneously to arise, the ensuing psychic cost must be outweighed by the private benefits conferred by tolerance. A first benefit is that, to the extent that values are transmitted by parents behind a veil of ignorance, tolerance produces an insurance effect with regard to the individual's self-esteem. A second benefit is that having an open mind is an investment prior to matching with persons who possess the attributes that the individual does not have. The family's economic and institutional environment, influenced by public policy, may heavily affect those incentives, favoring or hindering the emergence of tolerant personalities.
What are symbolic values?
First, we posit that individuals pass judgments of approval, admiration, etc., and their opposite upon certain traits, acts, and outcomes. Those judgments obey an individual's value system, which is a way to allocate value to bundles of judgeable characteristics. Formally, we shall describe the value system of an individual as a function that maps the set of judgeable types onto the real line. We take the set of judgeable types as exogenously given. 2
Why do parents invest symbolic value in one activity?
If the amount of uncertainty is negligible, parents optimally invest all symbolic value in one activity because doing so maximizes the child's self-esteem and costs little in terms of expected consumption. Authoritarian paternalism inculcates such values that the child is led to embrace the occupation that his parents actually chose for him. The result is a society of highly complacent and intolerant people.
What is the paradox of tolerance?
The paradox of tolerance states that if a society is tolerant without limit, its ability to be tolerant is eventually seized or destroyed by the intolerant. Karl Popper described it as the seemingly paradoxical idea that in order to maintain a tolerant society, the society must be intolerant of intolerance.
What is the relationship between homophily and intolerance?
The relation between homophily (a preference for interacting with those with similar traits) and intolerance is manifested when a tolerant person is faced with choosing between either a positive relationship with a tolerant individual of a dissimilar out-group, or a positive relationship with an intolerant in-group member.
Who wrote the Open Society and Its Enemies?
Vol. 1 of The Open Society and Its Enemies by Karl Popper, published in 1945. In 1945, philosopher Karl Popper attributed the paradox to Plato 's defense of "benevolent despotism" and defined it in The Open Society and Its Enemies. Less well known [than other paradoxes Popper discusses] is the paradox of tolerance: Unlimited tolerance must lead ...
Who is the author of Puzzles and Paradoxes of Tolerance?
Oberdiek, Hans (2001). Puzzles and Paradoxes of Tolerance. ISBN 9780847687862.
Should we tolerate the intolerant?
In On Toleration (1997), Michael Walzer asked, "Should we tolerate the intolerant?" He claims that most minority religious groups who are the beneficiaries of tolerance are themselves intolerant, at least in some respects. In a tolerant regime, such (intolerant) people may learn to tolerate, or at least to behave "as if they possessed this virtue".
Who said "let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerate?
Thomas Jefferson had already addressed the notion of a tolerant society in his first inaugural speech, concerning those who might destabilise the United States and its unity, saying, "let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it."
Who said it seems contradictory to extend freedom of speech to extremists who ruthlessly suppress the speech?
Michel Rosenfeld, in the Harvard Law Review in 1987, stated: "it seems contradictory to extend freedom of speech to extremists who ... if successful, ruthlessly suppress the speech of those with whom they disagree.".
How do you induce tolerance in animals?
It has been the’ experience of all laboratories that tolerance is most easily procured by injecting lymphoid cells into immature animals. This is not because lymphoid cells are in themselves more strongly antigenic than others – there is evidence that they are not so – but probably because they are distributed throughout the body of the animal into which they are injected. This should make them adept at producing tolerance; an animal can be immune when only a minority of the cells that are competent to do so are reacting immunologically, but cannot be tolerant unless the very great majority of them are not. Unfortunately, the lymphoid cells used to induce tolerance are immunologically qualified to attack the tissues of their host, with consequences that were first revealed by Billingham and Brent10and, in a some-what different form, by M. Simonsen13. The injection of foreign adult lymphoid cells into newborn mice of an unrelated strain gives rise to a fatal or chronic illness, “runt diseases”, marked by retardation of growth and wide-spread damage to the host’s lymphoid tissue. Its discoverers have proved beyond question that runt disease is immunological in origin. So far as it concerns mice, the clear recognition of runt disease had to await the development of a technique for injecting newborn mice intravenously14; until that had been done, there was every inducement to believe that death or stunting was due to accidental damage caused by injecting cells into mice in utero. Runt disease or splenomegaly (one of its earlier symptoms) provides a test of the immunological competence of cells, and lends itself to exact studies of their immunological capabilities; perhaps the most important discovery that can be credited to it is of the presence of an immunologically competent cell in peripheral blood. The aspect of runt disease that concerns us here is its relationship to tolerance. A state of tolerance must obviously abet the onset and probably the progress of runt disease, because if adult lymphoid cells are to attack the tissues of the animal into which they are injected they must live long enough to be able to do so. The frequency with which runt disease was associated with the induction of tolerance gave rise to the suspicion that tolerance might itself be a pathological condition: might not the adult lymphoid cells used to procure it simply exterminate the developing lymphoid cells of the host and take their place? This cannot be so. Tolerance unaccompanied by any symptom of runt disease is produced by the injection of embryonic cells or by a natural or artificial parabiosis between embryos, and it leads here to a stable chimerism in which native and foreign cells seem to coexist without the one ousting the other. It can be produced, moreover, by adult lymphoid cells which, though antigenically foreign to their hosts, are for simple genetic reasons incapable of attacking them. The experiment I described at the beginning of this lecture is in fact best carried out by injecting, not adult CBA lymphoid cells, but adult lymphoid cells from a first-generation hybrid between mice of strains A and CBA. By and large there seems no reason to believe that tolerance can be explained in terms of cellular competition and replacement.
What happens if you inject CBA cells into a mouse?
For example, if living cells from a mouse of strain CBA are injected into an adult mouse of strain A, the CBA cells will be destroyed by an immunological process, and the A-line mouse that received them will destroy any later graft of the same origin with the speed to be expected of an animal immunologically forearmed.
How is tolerance brought to an end?
Tolerance can be brought promptly and permanently to an end by an experimental device which combines certain principles established by N.A. Mitchison and M.W. Chase. Please cast your mind back to the model experiment I described at the beginning of this lecture, and imagine an A-line mouse which is tolerant of CBA tissue and which carries a CBA skin graft as outward evidence that it is so. The tolerated CBA graft can be destroyed within a week by injecting into its host, lymphoid cells from A-line mice which have reacted upon and rejected CBA tissues in the expected fashion A less spectacular but in some ways more informative variant of this “adoptive immunization” is to inject the tolerant mouse with lymphoid cells from A-line mice that have notbeen sensitized beforehand by CBA tissues. Here too, though much more slowly, the tolerant state is brought to an end. The inference we drew from this experiment – and nothing has occurred since to make us question it – was that tolerance is due to a central failure of the mechanism of immunological response and not to some intercession at a peripheral level.
What is the term for the disease caused by the injection of a foreign adult lymphoid cell into a?
The injection of foreign adult lymphoid cells into newborn mice of an un related strain gives rise to a fatal or chronic illness, “runt diseases”, marked by retardation of growth and wide-spread damage to the host’s lymphoid tissue.
What is the state of tolerance?
The state of tolerance is specific in the sense that it will discriminate between one individual and another, for an animal made tolerant of grafts from one individual will not accept grafts from a second individual unrelated to the first; but it will not discriminate between one tissue and another from the same donor.
Which cells are immunologically qualified to attack the tissues of their host?
Unfortunately, the lymphoid cells used to induce tolerance are immunologically qualified to attack the tissues of their host, with consequences that were first revealed by Billingham and Brent 10 and, in a some-what different form, by M. Simonsen 13.
Is antigen foreign to animal?
The antigenic substances I have so far had in mind are “foreign” only in the sense that they derive from other members of their recipient’s species. Tolerance of more remotely foreign cellular antigens is more difficult but certainly not impossible to achieve. But even if we confine the concept to the reactions that take place within the compass of a species, it is clear that tolerance can be induced by antigens belonging to more than one chemical class and may extend to more than one modality of response. A tolerant animal fails not only to engage in the “cellular” type of response we associate with the reaction against homografts of skin; it fails equally to make humoral antibodies, e.g. isohaemagglutinins; and the antibodies that fail to make an appearance include those of so-called “natural” occurrence (e.g. human anti-A or anti-B) as well as those that appear only in response to deliberate immunization. It is not surprising, then, that many authors15should have found that a state not yet formally distinguishable from tolerance should be brought about by the injection of purified protein antigens into young animals.
What is the premise of the First Amendment?
One premise underlying First Amendment jurisprudence is the tolerance theory — the belief that promoting expressive freedoms will make individuals and institutions more open to ideas than they would be otherwise . The origin of this idea can be traced to John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty (1869). Mill’s essay is a defense of individual freedom ...
What book did Lee Bollinger write about the tolerance of speech?
Lee Bollinger has written a more modern expression of Mill’s views in The Tolerant Society: Freedom of Speech and Extremist Speech in America (1986). In that book Bollinger argues from a standpoint of tolerance in favor of protecting extremist speech.
What is the purpose of tolerance?
Other theories argue that the purpose of the First Amendment is to promote self-expression or to foster democracy. Tolerance theory seems more encompassing in that it seems to explain the importance of free expression by way ...
What is tolerance theory?
Tolerance theory suggests courts strike down censorship laws. In terms of a theory of judicial review, tolerance theory suggests that the courts operate as guardians of the First Amendment, striking down censorship laws — practices that lead to the state endorsement or favoritism of a specific religion. Tolerance is but one of several important ...
Why should we encourage the free exchange of ideas?
According to Mill, the free exchange of ideas should be encouraged to promote the discovery of the truth and enhance the cognitive faculties of individuals. In tolerating or permitting different views to challenge prevailing opinion, Mill argued that these ideas may be true, contain part of the truth, or in fact be true themselves. Hence, toleration and respect for a diversity of viewpoints is grounded in a utilitarian calculus that stresses that we are all better off in allowing a diversity of opinions rather than in censoring them.
What is the purpose of Vitale v. Schempp?
Vitale (1962) and Abington School District v. Schempp (1963), to foster religious tolerance. Overall, toleration theory dictates limits on the censorship of speech and support for either religious pluralism or neutrality.
Who is David Schultz?
This article was originally published in 2009. David Schultz is a professor in the Hamline University Department s of Political Science and Legal Studies , and a visiting professor of law at the University of Minnesota. He is a three-time Fulbright scholar and author/editor of more than 35 books and 200 articles, including several encyclopedias on the U.S. Constitution, the Supreme Court, and money, politics, and the First Amendment.
